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Subordination in Native South American Languages Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2010 Subordination in native South American languages Edited by: Van Gijn, Rik ; Haude, Katharina ; Muysken, Pieter Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-84759 Edited Scientific Work Originally published at: Subordination in native South American languages. Edited by: Van Gijn, Rik; Haude, Katharina; Muysken, Pieter (2010). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Subordination in Native South American Languages Typological Studies in Language (TSL) A companion series to the journal Studies in Language. Volumes in this series are functionally and typologically oriented, covering specific topics in language by collecting together data from a wide variety of languages and language typologies. Editor Spike Gildea University of Oregon Editorial Board Balthasar Bickel John Haiman Marianne Mithun Leipzig St Paul Santa Barbara Bernard Comrie Martin Haspelmath Doris L. Payne Leipzig / Santa Barbara Leipzig Eugene, OR Denis Creissels Bernd Heine Franz Plank Lyon Köln Konstanz William Croft Paul J. Hopper Anna Siewierska Albuquerque Pittsburgh Lancaster Nicholas Evans Andrej A. Kibrik Dan I. Slobin Canberra Moscow Berkeley Carol Genetti František Lichtenberk Sandra A. Thompson Santa Barbara Auckland Santa Barbara Volume 97 Subordination in Native South American Languages Edited by Rik van Gijn, Katharina Haude and Pieter Muysken Subordination in Native South American Languages Edited by Rik van Gijn Radboud University Nijmegen Katharina Haude CNRS, SeDyL/CELIA Pieter Muysken Radboud University Nijmegen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Subordination in native South American languages / edited by Rik van Gijn, Katharina Haude, Pieter Muysken. p. cm. (Typological Studies in Language, issn 0167-7373 ; v. 97) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. South America--Languages. 2. Language and languages--Variation. 3. Indians of South America--Languages. I. Gijn, Rik van. II. Haude, Katharina. III. Muysken, Pieter. PM5008.S83 2011 498--dc22 2011000214 isbn 978 90 272 0678 7 (Hb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 8709 0 (Eb) © 2011 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents List of contributors Subordination in South America: An overview Rik van Gijn, Katharina Haude & Pieter Muysken Subordinate adverbial constructions in Mekens Ana Vilacy Galucio Relative clauses in Mẽbengokre Andrés Pablo Salanova Clause embedding strategies in Baure (Arawakan) Swintha Danielsen Subordinate clauses, switch-reference, and tail-head linkage in Cavineña narratives Antoine Guillaume Referring to states and events: Subordination in Movima Katharina Haude Semantic and grammatical integration in Yurakaré subordination Rik van Gijn Subordination in Cholón Astrid Alexander-Bakkerus Cofán subordinate clauses in a typology of subordination Rafael Fischer & Eva van Lier Relative clauses in Ecuadorian Quechua Pieter Muysken Participial clauses in Tarma Quechua Willem F.H. Adelaar Complex sentences in Uchumataqu in a comparative perspective with Chipaya Katja Hannß Subordination in Native South-American Languages Author index Language index Subject index List of contributors Willem F.H. Adelaar Rik van Gijn Centre for Linguistics Taalwetenschap P.N. van Eyckhof 2 Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen 2311 BV Leiden, Netherlands Erasmusplein 1 [email protected] 6525 HT Nijmegen, Netherlands [email protected] Astrid T. Alexander-Bakkerus Romaanse Taalkunde Antoine Guillaume Universiteit van Amsterdam Laboratoire Dynamique Du Langage Spuistraat 134 Institut des Sciences de l’Homme 1012 VB Amsterdam, Netherlands 14 avenue Berthelot [email protected] 69363 Lyon Cedex 07, France [email protected] Swintha Danielsen Institute of Linguistics Katja Hannß University of Leipzig Taalwetenschap Beethovenstr. 15 Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen 04107 Leipzig, Germany Erasmusplein 1 [email protected] 6525 HT Nijmegen, Netherlands [email protected] Rafael Fischer Algemene Taalwetenschap Katharina Haude Universiteit van Amsterdam 7, rue Guy Môquet Spuistraat 210 94800 Villejuif, France 1012 VT Amsterdam, Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] Eva van Lier Ana V. Galucio Department of Linguistics and English Coordenação Ciencias Humanas/ Language Linguistica Lancaster University Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi LA1 4YL, Lancaster, United Kingdom Av Magalhaes Barata, 376 [email protected] C.P. 399 66040-170 Belém-Pará, Brasil [email protected] Subordination in Native South-American Languages Pieter C. Muysken Andrés P. Salanova Taalwetenschap Département de Linguistique Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen Université d’Ottawa Erasmusplein 1 70 Av. Laurier Est, pièce 401 6525 HT Nijmegen, Netherlands Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada [email protected] [email protected] Subordination in South America An overview* Rik van Gijn, Katharina Haude & Pieter Muysken Radboud University Nijmegen/CNRS/Radboud University Nijmegen In terms of its linguistic and cultural make-up, the continent of South America provides linguists and anthropologists with a complex puzzle of language diver- sity. The continent teems with small language families and isolates, and even languages spoken in adjacent areas can be typologically vastly different from each other (cf. Adelaar, with Muysken 2004: 2). With some notable exceptions, South-American languages have long been understudied. The Amazon basin has been called “the least known and least understood linguistic region in the world” (Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999: 1). As a result, South-American languages have often been underrepresented in typological samples and theory-developing con- tributions to linguistics. In the last decade a remarkable change in this situation has occurred: over 40 descriptive grammars of South American languages have been produced at various academic institutions all over the world, disclosing an enormous wealth of new linguistic data. This volume intends to provide a taste of the linguistic diversity found in South America within the area of subordination. The potential variety in the strategies that languages can use to encode subordinate events is enormous, yet there are clearly dominant patterns to be discerned in South America, like switch reference marking (whether or not in combination with clause chaining), nominalization, and verb serialization. However, these general contours should not be taken to mean that the linguistic diversity in the domain of subordination is limited in the area. Within each major type, there is still much room for variation. The collection of articles presented here originates from a workshop entitled Subordination in South-American languages, which was held at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and facilitated by the Center for Language Studies of the Radboud University Nijmegen in December 2007. Not all contributors were presenters at the workshop: the contributions by Galucio, Guillaume, Muysken, and Salanova were included later. *We would like to thank Robert van Valin and Spike Gildea for useful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Remaining errors are ours. Rik van Gijn, Katharina Haude & Pieter Muysken South America 1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 19 23 24 25 26 27 29 28 30 31 32 33 Enchanted Learning.com Map 1. Approximate locations of languages discussed in this chapter 1. Northern 10. Nadëb 18. Yanesha’ 26. Nambikuara Embera 11. Shuar 19. Coastal 27. Uchumataqu 2. Paez 12. Shipibo- Peruvian (Uru) 3. Guayabero Konibo Quechua 28. Aymara 4. Muisca 13. Mẽbengokre 20. Mekens 29. Mosetén 5. Sanuma 14. Capanahua 21. Kwaza 30. Yurakaré 6. Makushi 15. Apurinã 22. Kipeá 31. Pilagá 7. Tiriyó 16. Huallaga 23. Cavineña 32. Mapuche 8. Cofán Quechua 24. Baure (Mapudungun) 9. Tariana 17. Wari’ 25. Movima 33. Yahgan Subordination in South America . What is subordination? Probably the most traditional view of subordination is to regard it as a construction in which two (or more) clauses are combined with each other in such a way that one clause (the subordinate clause) is a constituent of the other (the main clause). Within this view of subordination, there are three subtypes of subordinate clauses: complement clauses, which function as arguments of the verb of the higher clause, relative clauses, which function as modifiers of a noun in the higher clause, and adverbial clauses, which modify the verb of the higher clause or the higher clause in its entirety. For a comparative perspective on subordination, this traditional definition poses problems in the sense that not all languages have these structures. One solu- tion to this problem is to simply exclude languages that do not have them. However, if one language is identified as having, for instance, subordinate purpose clauses and another language is identified as not having
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