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Baure: an Arawak Language of Bolivia Indigenous Languages of Latin America (Illa)

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Baure: an Arawak Language of Bolivia Indigenous Languages of Latin America (Illa) BAURE: AN ARAWAK LANGUAGE OF BOLIVIA INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF LATIN AMERICA (ILLA) This series, entitled Indigenous Languages of Latin America, is a result of the collabo- ration between the CNWS research group of Amerindian Studies and the Spinoza re- search program Lexicon and Syntax. LENGUAS INDÍGENAS DE AMÉRICA LATINA (ILLA) La serie Lenguas Indígenas de América Latina es el resultado de la colaboración en- tre el equipo de investigación CNWS de estudios americanos y el programa de inves- tigación Spinoza denominado Léxico y Sintaxis. Board of advisors / Consejo asesor: Willem Adelaar (Universiteit Leiden) Eithne Carlin (Universiteit Leiden) Pieter Muysken (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen) Leo Wetzels (Vrije Universiteit) Series editors / Editores de la serie: Mily Crevels (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen) Simon van de Kerke (Universiteit Leiden) Hein van der Voort (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen) The word illa means ‘amulet’ in Aymara and Quechua. INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF LATIN AMERICA (ILLA) 6 BAURE AN ARAWAK LANGUAGE OF BOLIVIA Swintha Danielsen Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS) Universiteit Leiden The Netherlands 2007 CNWS PUBLICATIONS VOLUME 155 INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF LATIN AMERICA (ILLA) 6 CNWS publishes books and journals which advance scholarly research in Asian, Af- rican and Amerindian Studies. Correspondence should be addressed to: CNWS Publications, c/o Research School CNWS, Leiden University PO Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. [email protected]; www.cnwspublications.com Baure: An Arawak language of Bolivia Swintha Danielsen Leiden: CNWS Publications. (CNWS Publications, Vol. 155) ISBN: 978-90-5789-155-7 Subject headings: Linguistics; Latin America; Endangered Languages; Indigenous Languages Printing: Ridderprint, Ridderkerk Cover design: Arnoud Bernard, xpressie Cover photos: Swintha Danielsen © Copyright 2007 Research School CNWS Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands Copyright reserved. Subject to the exceptions provided for by law, no part of this publication may be re- produced and/or published in print, by photocopying, on microfilm or in any other way without the written consent of the copyright-holder(s); the same applies to whole or partial adaptations. The publisher retains the sole right to collect from third parties fees in respect of copying and/or take legal or other action for this purpose. Acknowledgements This work would never have been possible without the great support and collabora- tion of the Baure people in Bolivia. My greatest thanks go therefore to the speakers of the language: Justina Cajareico, Dolores Chimanacay Imopoco, Estéban Chipeno Tacaná, Hercilia Chipeno Tacaná, Marcial Chonono Chipeno, Eustáquia Churipuy Ojopi, Asunta Durán, Isabel Imanareico Esero, Julián Imanareico Antesana, Rafaela Imopoco, Ignacio Martinez Ojopi, Mirian Melgar, Aurelina Ojopi Ojopi, Lucio Oni Emorisé, Guillermina Pinaicobo Peña, Rosalía Pinaicobo Peña, Candelaria Sosa, “Sower” Isabel Sosa; and in particular to Melquiades Durán and Juanita Pinaicobo Peña for their in depth analysis of the grammar together with me. In the village Baures I also owe very much to the hospitality of Pedro Ortíz Melgar and Clara Camama, who always treated me like their own daughter, and to Julián Imanareico (jr.), Ferrufino Oni Pinaicobo, and Daniel León Camama for introducing me to all the speakers. My study of Baure has been rewarded with strong friendships, in particular my close friend Asunta Durán (jr.), who spent much time with me and helped me understand the Baures’ daily life in the villages. I also appreciated very much the overall support by the Subcentral Indígena Baures, who for their part acknowledged my study of the language very much and familiarized the Baure people with my work. In Trinidad my thanks go to the Pastoral Indígena and the Librería in the Casa de la Cultura. In Cochabamba I want to thank the students Cristián Salvatierra and his friends Yazmin and Miguel for sharing and discussing their knowledge on Boliv- ian culture and languages with me. I further want to give thanks to the Universidad Mayor de San Simón (Patricia Alandia Mercado), PROEIB Andes, and the Universi- dad Católica (Don Pedro) for their help and collaboration. In addition I have always been very glad about all comments and the interest in my work by all students at the Universidad Mayor San Simón who came to my classes and motivated and encour- aged me very much. I appreciate very much the work with the indigenous people of Baures by Henri- ette Eva Szabo in the 1990s, which helped significantly to change the bad image of the Baure language in the community. The study of Baure and the development of an orthographical representation was facilitated by the alphabetization workshops in Lowland Bolivia in the 1990s, organized by Colette Grinevald. The work of Pilar Valenzuela within this framework has been of great importance. First and foremost, I would like to express all my gratitude to the team in Ni- jmegen I worked with and to the promotores of this dissertation. The study of Baure was carried out within the Spinoza program “Lexicon and Syntax” at the Radboud University Nijmegen, supervised by Pieter Muysken. In addition I received technical support from the Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (Nijmegen). I am deeply indebted to my promotores Pieter Muysken and Mily Crevels, who have guided me through the sometimes difficult analyses of the Baure language. They have com- mented on all chapters and presentations and always given insightful suggestions. Without their help and encouragement at any time this grammar would never have been completed. My thanks also go out to my close colleagues of the group around Pieter Muysken and Mily Crevels, with whom I was able to discuss many specific points in linguistics and about our fieldwork and other subjects: Rik van Gijn, Katharina Haude, Katja Hannß, Hein van der Voort. Of very great help was also the group of linguists work- ing on South American languages, and also that of the typologists who attended the Americanist Colloquium in Nijmegen: Willem Adelaar, Astrid Alexander, Eithne Carlin, Connie Dickinson, Wolfgang Dietrich, Rafael Fischer, Jesus Mario Giron, Roland Hemmauer, Andrej Malchokov, Loretta O’Connor, Norval Smith, Leon Stas- sen, and Lucrecia Villafañe. All these colleagues have given most valuable advice and fruitful comments in the meetings, from which my research benefited greatly. In addition I am deeply indebted to the editors of this grammar, Hein van der Voort, Simon van de Kerke, and Mily Crevels. Furthermore I owe many thanks to the other linguists who I received helpful comments from: Chris Beyer, Michael Donohue, Carola Emkow, Patty Epps, An- toine Guillaume, Frank Seifart, and Zygmunt Frajzyngier. My special thanks go to the linguists Sasha Aikhenvald, Tania Granadillo, Lev Michael, Francoise Rose, and Lucrecia Villafañe for sharing their vast knowledge on Arawak languages with me. I hope that this collaboration will continue in the future. The anthropologists Mickaël Brohan and Isabel Daillant are acknowledged for their openness to discuss their knowledge on Bolivian Lowland cultures with me. I would also like to give special thanks to Jeanette Sakel, who introduced me to descriptive work on the languages of Bolivia and stimulated me to participate in the documentation of endangered lan- guages. Last but not least, I do not want to forget all my friends and the great social net- work in Leipzig, London, Hanover, and Nijmegen, which supported me through sometimes hard times and gave me the power and energy to complete my thesis, most of them my partner Mark Hiller and his and my family. I alone am responsible for the errors that this book may contain. Further research may reveal the necessity for new analyses of specific details in the Baure grammar. CONTENTS Acknowledgements Table of contents Abbreviations List of figures List of tables Maps 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Background 1 1.1.1 The time before the European invasion 2 1.1.2 The Jesuit missions 3 1.1.3 The rubber boom (1860–1920) 5 1.1.4 The 20th century 6 1.1.5 Indigenous movements 7 1.2 The history and status of the Baure language 8 1.2.1 Language history 8 1.2.2 The study of Baure 11 1.2.3 The status of Baure today 11 1.2.4 Spanish influence on Baure 12 1.2.5 The name Baure 16 1.3 Fieldwork 17 1.3.1 Fieldwork and description of the site 17 1.3.2 The consultants 19 1.3.3 Data collection, storage and representation 22 1.4 The Arawak language family and Amazonian languages 25 1.4.1 The Arawak language family and its subdivisions 25 1.4.2 Baure within Bolivian South Arawak 27 1.4.3 The structural features of Baure: genetic and areal features 30 1.5 The structure of the book 32 2. Phonology 33 2.1 Phonemes 33 2.1.1 Vowels 33 2.1.1.1 The phoneme /a/: [a] 33 2.1.1.2 The phoneme /i/: [i], [], [ə] 34 j 2.1.1.3 The phoneme /e/: [e], [], [ə], [ ] 35 2.1.1.4 The phoneme /o/: [o], [], [], [u] 35 2.1.2 Vowel sequences, diphthongs and triphthongs 36 2.1.3 Consonants 39 2.1.3.1 Plosives: /p/: [p] and [b] 40 2.1.3.2 Plosives: /t/: [t] and [d] 40 2.1.3.3 Plosives: /k/: [k] and [g] 41 2.1.3.4 Plosives: The glottal stop [] 41 2.1.3.5 Affricates: /t/: [t] and [d] 42 2.1.3.6 Fricatives /v/: [v], [], [], and [b] 43 2.1.3.7 Fricatives /s/: [s] 46 2.1.3.8 Fricatives: //: [] 46 2.1.3.9 Fricatives: /h/: [h] 46 2.1.3.10 Nasals: /m/: [m] 46 2.1.3.11 Nasals: /n/: [n] and [] 47 2.1.3.12 Rhotics: /r/: [r] and [] 47 2.1.3.13 Approximants/ Semivowels: /w/: [w] and [] 48 2.1.3.14 Approximants/ Semivowels: /j/: [j] 48 2.1.4 Sounds in Spanish loanwords 49 2.2 Segmental phonology 51 2.2.1 Vowel elision 51 2.2.2 Palatalization 55 2.2.3 Delabialization 56 2.2.4 Nasal spread 57 2.3 Orthography 58 2.4 Phonotactics 61 2.4.1 Syllable structure 61 2.4.2 The phonological word 63 2.4.3 Word stress 64 2.5 Morphophonology 67 2.5.1 Voicing of non-continuous consonants 67 2.5.2 Vowel assimilation and loss 70 2.5.3 Vowel harmony 73 2.5.4 Metathesis 74 2.5.6 Encliticization 75 2.6 The phonological phrase 78 3.
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