Polysynthetic Structures of Lowland Amazonia
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Split-Ergativity in Mäori
SPLIT-ERGATIVITY IN MÄORI __________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics in the University of Canterbury by Anna Pucilowski ________________________ University of Canterbury 2006 Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………….................. 1 Abbreviations………………………………...………………………………….. 2 Chapter 1: Introduction..……………………………………………………. 3 1.1 Background………………………………………………………..... 5 1.2 Verbs in Mäori………………………………………………………. 6 1.2.1 Two argument verbs……………………………………… 6 1.2.2 Intransitive verbs…………………………………………. 7 1.3 Passive universals……………………………………………………. 9 Chapter 2: Mäori: accusative or ergative……………………………….... 11 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………... 11 2.2 Mäori as an accusative language…………………………………….. 14 2.2.1 Morphological “markedness”…………………………….. 14 2.2.2 Control……………………………………………………. 14 2.2.2.1 Restrictions on the controller……………………... 15 2.2.2.2 Restrictions on the controllee – ki te……………… 18 2.2.2.3 Restrictions on the controllee – hei control………. 20 2.2.2.4 Restrictions on the controllee – participle formation 22 2.2.2.5 Summary of control………………………………. 23 2.2.3 Raising……………………………………………………. 24 2.3 Mäori as an ergative language……………………………………….. 26 2.3.1 Frequency and “basicness”……………………………….. 28 2.3.2 Imperatives……………………………………………….. 28 2.3.3 Raising……………………………………………………. 29 2.3.4 ko-clefting………………………………………………… 29 2.3.5 Relative clauses…………………………………………... 31 2.3.6 The preposition i…………………………………………. 33 2.3.7 Pronominalisation and definiteness………………………. 34 2.4 Accounting for the –Cia suffix………………………………………. 36 2.5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 42 Chapter 3: The Split-Ergative Hypothesis………………………………. 43 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….. 43 3.2 Morphological split-ergativity……………………………………….. 46 3.2.1 The Transitivity Hypothesis (Hopper & Thompson 1980).. 47 3.2.2 The Transitivity Hypothesis and Mäori………………….. 48 3.2.2.1 Participants………………………………………. -
The Languages of Amazonia Patience Epps University of Texas at Austin
Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America Volume 11 Article 1 Issue 1 Volume 11, Issue 1 6-2013 The Languages of Amazonia Patience Epps University of Texas at Austin Andrés Pablo Salanova University of Ottawa Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/tipiti Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Epps, Patience and Salanova, Andrés Pablo (2013). "The Languages of Amazonia," Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America: Vol. 11: Iss. 1, Article 1, 1-28. Available at: http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/tipiti/vol11/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Trinity. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Trinity. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Epps and Salanova: The Languages of Amazonia ARTICLE The Languages of Amazonia Patience Epps University of Texas at Austin Andrés Pablo Salanova University of Ottawa Introduction Amazonia is a linguistic treasure-trove. In this region, defined roughly as the area of the Amazon and Orinoco basins, the diversity of languages is immense, with some 300 indigenous languages corresponding to over 50 distinct ‘genealogical’ units (see Rodrigues 2000) – language families or language isolates for which no relationship to any other has yet been conclusively demonstrated; as distinct, for example, as Japanese and Spanish, or German and Basque (see section 12 below). Yet our knowledge of these languages has long been minimal, so much so that the region was described only a decade ago as a “linguistic black box" (Grinevald 1998:127). -
The Syntactic and Semantic Relationship in Synthetic Languages
This is the published version of the bachelor thesis: Navarro Caparrós, Raquel; van Wijk Adan, Malou, dir. The Syntactic and Semantic Relationship in Synthetic Languagues : Linear Modification in Latin and Old English. 2016. 41 pag. (838 Grau en Estudis d’Anglès i de Clàssiques) This version is available at https://ddd.uab.cat/record/164293 under the terms of the license The Syntactic and Semantic Relationship in Synthetic Languages: Linear Modification in Latin and Old English TFG – Grau d’Estudis d’Anglès i Clàssiques Supervisor: Malou van Wijk Adan Raquel Navarro Caparrós June 2016 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Ms. Malou van Wijk Adan for her assistance and patience during the period of my research. This project would not have been possible without her guidance and valuable comments throughout. I would also like to thank all my teachers of Classical Studies and English Studies for sharing their knowledge with me throughout these four years. Finally, I wish to acknowledge my mum and my sister Ruth whose invaluable support helped me to overcome any obstacle, especially in the last two years. Without them, I am sure that I would have never been able to get where I am now. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... ii List of Tables .................................................................................................................. iii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... -
II Levels of Language
II Levels of language 1 Phonetics and phonology 1.1 Characterising articulations 1.1.1 Consonants 1.1.2 Vowels 1.2 Phonotactics 1.3 Syllable structure 1.4 Prosody 1.5 Writing and sound 2 Morphology 2.1 Word, morpheme and allomorph 2.1.1 Various types of morphemes 2.2 Word classes 2.3 Inflectional morphology 2.3.1 Other types of inflection 2.3.2 Status of inflectional morphology 2.4 Derivational morphology 2.4.1 Types of word formation 2.4.2 Further issues in word formation 2.4.3 The mixed lexicon 2.4.4 Phonological processes in word formation 3 Lexicology 3.1 Awareness of the lexicon 3.2 Terms and distinctions 3.3 Word fields 3.4 Lexicological processes in English 3.5 Questions of style 4 Syntax 4.1 The nature of linguistic theory 4.2 Why analyse sentence structure? 4.2.1 Acquisition of syntax 4.2.2 Sentence production 4.3 The structure of clauses and sentences 4.3.1 Form and function 4.3.2 Arguments and complements 4.3.3 Thematic roles in sentences 4.3.4 Traces 4.3.5 Empty categories 4.3.6 Similarities in patterning Raymond Hickey Levels of language Page 2 of 115 4.4 Sentence analysis 4.4.1 Phrase structure grammar 4.4.2 The concept of ‘generation’ 4.4.3 Surface ambiguity 4.4.4 Impossible sentences 4.5 The study of syntax 4.5.1 The early model of generative grammar 4.5.2 The standard theory 4.5.3 EST and REST 4.5.4 X-bar theory 4.5.5 Government and binding theory 4.5.6 Universal grammar 4.5.7 Modular organisation of language 4.5.8 The minimalist program 5 Semantics 5.1 The meaning of ‘meaning’ 5.1.1 Presupposition and entailment 5.2 -
Aspersión Aérea De Cultivos En Colombia: UNA
LA ASPERSIÓN AÉREA DE CULTIVOS EN COLOMBIA UNA ESTRATEGIA FALLIDA UNA ESTRATEGIA FALLIDA A Antonio Orduz Oficina en Washington para Asuntos Latinoamericanos WOLA, 2008 LA ASPERSIÓN AÉREA DE CULTIVOS EN COLOMBIA UNA ESTRATEGIA FALLIDA Oficina en Washington para Asuntos Latinoamericanos (WOLA) 1630 Conneticut Avenue, NW, Suite 200, Washington, D.C. 20009 Teléfono: 202.797.2171 • Fax: 202.797.2172 Email: [email protected] • Web: www.wola.org ISBN: XX-XXXX-XX AUTORES John Walsh Coordinador de Programas, Andes y Política Narcótica – WOLA Gimena Sánchez-Garzoli Coordinadora de Programas, Colombia y Haití – WOLA Yamile Salinas Abdala Asesora – Indepaz Edición dE tExtOs, disEñO E imprEsión Forma Gráfica Editores S.A. Bogotá D.C., abril de 2008 Impreso en Colombia Es una falacia y en cierto sentido un crimen de guerra, sostener que la única manera para combatir el narcotráfico y doblegar a la guerrilla y a los paramilitares sea destruyendo la naturale- za y atacando a la gente pobre. Eduardo Cifuentes Muñoz ex Defensor del Pueblo CONTENIDO CONTENIDO Introducción 11 Capítulo 1 13 Colombia: megadiversidad y multiculturalidad Megadiversidad biótica, fragilidad de los ecosistemas e importancia global 15 Diversidad Cultural 17 Estrategias para la protección de la diversidad natural y cultural en Colombia 18 Acciones judiciales en torno a la afectación de los derechos étnicos por las fumigaciones 18 • Acción de tutela de la Organización de Pueblos Indígenas de la Amazonia Colombiana (OPIAC) 19 • Acción de tutela del Pueblo Indígena Nasa del Resguardo de Calderas en Tierradentro, Cauca 19 Capítulo 2 21 Situación agraria nacional Contexto básico para entender las causas del crecimiento de los Cultivos de uso ilícito 23 El fondo del problema 23 Reforma agraria vs. -
Subject and Ergativity in Middle Indo-Aryan
Subject and Ergativity in Middle Indo-Aryan Alessandra Roberta Caviglia University of Pavia, Italy 1. Introduction In literature, a significant attention has been devoted to the problem of subject in Indo-Aryan (henceforth IA) languages (Anderson 1976, Verma 1976, Hock 1986, Peterson 1998, Stroński 2011, Bickel & Yādava 2000). However, despite the numerous studies, Middle Indo-Aryan (henceforth MIA) languages, which represent the crucial stage in the rise of ergativity, have not yet been analyzed in all their complexity. In my paper I will present the data from a MIA language, Jain Māhārāṣṭṛī (henceforth JM). JM is a Middle Indo-Aryan language and the main language of the non-canonical literature of the Śvetambara group of Jainism. The data presented here are based on nine tales written by Devendra in the 11th century AD as a commentary of the Uttarajjhāyā, which is one of the canonical books of Jain literature. The original manuscript is in the British Library and was edited and published by Jacobi in 1886. Table 1: Chronological progression of Indo-Aryan (IA) languages Old Indo-Aryan (OIA) Vedic (until 600BC) Classical Sanskrit (600BC-200 AD) Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA): Pāḷi and Prakrits (200 BC – 1000AD) New Indo-Aryan (NIA): Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati… (1000 AD – present) Since Dixon (1979), the symbols A, S and O have been used to indicate the subject of a transitive clause (A), the subject of an intransitive clause (S), and the object of 46 LSO Working Papers in Linguistics 11: 46-60. Proceedings of WIGL 2014 Subject and Ergativity in MIA a transitive clause (O). -
PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/42006 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2017-12-06 and may be subject to change. Kwaza in a Comparative Perspective Author(s): Hein van der Voort Reviewed work(s): Source: International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 71, No. 4 (October 2005), pp. 365- 412 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/501245 . Accessed: 13/07/2012 09:37 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of American Linguistics. http://www.jstor.org KWAZA IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE1 Hein van der Voort Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi In view of the previous sparsity of data, the existing claims with regard to a genea- logical classification of the Aikanã, Kanoê, and Kwaza languages of Rondônia, on the Brazilian side of the Guaporé River, are premature and unconvincing. -
Grammatical Analyticity Versus Syntheticity in Varieties of English
Language Variation and Change, 00 (2009), 1–35. © Cambridge University Press, 2009 0954-3945/09 $16.00 doi:10.1017/S0954394509990123 1 2 3 4 Typological parameters of intralingual variability: 5 Grammatical analyticity versus syntheticity in varieties 6 7 of English 8 B ENEDIKT S ZMRECSANYI 9 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies 10 11 12 ABSTRACT 13 Drawing on terminology, concepts, and ideas developed in quantitative morphological 14 typology, the present study takes an exclusive interest in the coding of grammatical 15 information. It offers a sweeping overview of intralingual variability in terms of 16 overt grammatical analyticity (the text frequency of free grammatical markers), 17 grammatical syntheticity (the text frequency of bound grammatical markers), and 18 grammaticity (the text frequency of grammatical markers, bound or free) in English. 19 The variational dimensions investigated include geography, text types, and real time. 20 Empirically, the study taps into a number of publicly accessible text corpora that 21 comprise a large number of different varieties of English. Results are interpreted in 22 terms of how speakers and writers seek to achieve communicative goals while 23 minimizing different types of complexity. 24 25 This study surveys language-internal variability and short-term diachronic change, 26 along dimensions that are familiar from the cross-linguistic typology of languages. 27 The terms analytic and synthetic have a long and venerable tradition in linguistics, 28 going back to the 19th century and August Wilhelm von Schlegel, who is usually 29 credited for coining the opposition (Schlegel, 1818). This is, alas, not the place to 30 even attempt to review the rich history of thought in this area (but see Schwegler, “ 31 1990:chapter 1 for an excellent overview). -
The Corrientes River Case: Indigenous People's
THE CORRIENTES RIVER CASE: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S MOBILIZATION IN RESPONSE TO OIL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON by GRACIELA MARIA MERCEDES LU A THESIS Presented to the Department of International Studies and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master of Arts December 2009 ---------------- ii "The Corrientes River Case: Indigenous People's Mobilization in Response to Oil Development in the Peruvian Amazon," a thesis prepared by Graciela Marfa Mercedes Lu in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of International Studies. This thesis has been approved and accepted by: lT.. hiS man.u...s. c. ript .has been approved by the advisor and committee named~ _be'oV\l __~!1_d _~Y--'3:~c~_ard Linton, Dean of the Graduate Scho~I_.. ~ Date Committee in Charge: Derrick Hindery, Chair Anita M. Weiss Carlos Aguirre Accepted by: III © 2009 Graciela Marfa Mercedes Lu IV An Abstract of the Thesis of Graciela M. Lu for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of International Studies to be taken December 2009 Title: THE CORRIENTES RIVER CASE: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S MOBILIZATION IN RESPONSE TO OIL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON Approved: Derrick Hindery Economic models applied in Latin America tend to prioritize economic growth heavily based on extractive industries and a power distribution model that affects social equity and respect for human rights. This thesis advances our understanding of the social, political and environmental concerns that influenced the formation of a movement among the Achuar people, in response to oil exploitation activities in the Peruvian Amazon. -
State of the World's Indigenous Peoples
5th Volume State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples Photo: Fabian Amaru Muenala Fabian Photo: Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources Acknowledgements The preparation of the State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples: Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources has been a collaborative effort. The Indigenous Peoples and Development Branch/ Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues within the Division for Inclusive Social Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat oversaw the preparation of the publication. The thematic chapters were written by Mattias Åhrén, Cathal Doyle, Jérémie Gilbert, Naomi Lanoi Leleto, and Prabindra Shakya. Special acknowledge- ment also goes to the editor, Terri Lore, as well as the United Nations Graphic Design Unit of the Department of Global Communications. ST/ESA/375 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Inclusive Social Development Indigenous Peoples and Development Branch/ Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 5TH Volume Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources United Nations New York, 2021 Department of Economic and Social Affairs The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environ- mental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. -
Years in the Abanico Del Pastaza - Why We Are Here Stop Theto Degradation of the Planet’S Natural Environment and to Build a Nature
LESSONS LEARNED years10 in + the Abanico del Pastaza Nature, cultures and challenges in the Northern Peruvian Amazon In the Abanico del Pastaza, the largest wetland complex in the Peruvian Amazon, some of the most successful and encouraging conservation stories were written. But, at the same time, these were also some of the toughest and most complex in terms of efforts and sacrifices by its people, in order to restore and safeguard the vital link between the health of the surrounding nature and their own. This short review of stories and lessons, which aims to share the example of the Achuar, Quechua, Kandozi and their kindred peoples with the rest of the world, is dedicated to them. When, in the late nineties, the PREFACE WWF team ventured into the © DIEGO PÉREZ / WWF vast complex of wetlands surrounding the Pastaza river, they did not realize that what they thought to be a “traditional” two-year project would become one of their longest interventions, including major challenges and innovations, both in Peru and in the Amazon basin. The small team, mainly made up of biologists and field technicians, aspired to technically support the creation of a natural protected area to guarantee the conservation of the high local natural diversity, which is also the basis to one of the highest rates of fishing productivity in the Amazon. Soon it became clear that this would not be a routine experience but, on the contrary, it would mark a sort of revolution in the way WWF Patricia León Melgar had addressed conservation in the Amazon until then. -
Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion.