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La Notion De Zhi Et Ses Corrélats Dans La Culture Chinoise. Une Méthode Pour Conduire Sa Vie

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La Notion De Zhi Et Ses Corrélats Dans La Culture Chinoise. Une Méthode Pour Conduire Sa Vie La notion de zhi et ses corr´elatsdans la culture chinoise. Une m´ethode pour conduire sa vie. Manh Trung Ho To cite this version: Manh Trung Ho. La notion de zhi et ses corr´elatsdans la culture chinoise. Une m´ethode pour conduire sa vie.. Anthropologie sociale et ethnologie. Universit´eParis-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. Fran¸cais. <tel-00690248> HAL Id: tel-00690248 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690248 Submitted on 22 Apr 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7) Ecole doctorale: Langue, littérature, image : civilisation et sciences humaines Doctorat : Asie Orientale et Sciences Humaines HO Manh Trung La notion de zhi et ses corrélats dans la culture chinoise. Une méthode pour conduire sa vie. Thèse dirigée par Monsieur le Professeur François JULLIEN Soutenue le 29 septembre 2011 JURY : Mr Pierre CHARTIER……..Président Mr François JULLIEN……..Directeur Mr Rémi MATHIEU……..Rapporteur Mr Patrick DOAN………..Rapporteur 2 A mes parents Avec ma piété attendrie. A Monsieur le Professeur François Jullien Avec ma reconnaissance et mon respect. A mon épouse Avec mon amour 3 LA NOTION DE ZHI ET SES CORRELATS DANS LA CULTURE CHINOISE. UNE METHODE POUR CONDUIRE SA VIE (a). Auteur : HO Manh Trung Résumé : Le caractère zhi est traduit en français par différents mots : ambition, aspiration, résolution, volonté....Afin d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension du contenu de la notion de zhi nous l’avons étudiée dans des textes de natures variées (documents historiques, écrits et enseignements des sages, poèmes, romans…) depuis la première utilisation du caractère dans le Livre des Documents (env. mille ans av. J.C.) jusqu’aux dictionnaires de l’époque actuelle. Dans le Livre des Documents l’idée de zhi comprend celle d’une orientation du cœur (- esprit) humain vers un objectif à atteindre ; Les Entretiens de Confucius, le Mencius , le Xunzi affirment l’autonomie de l’être humain et de son cœur (-esprit) ; le Huainanzi (2 ème siècle av. J.C.) a utilisé l’expression binaire yi zhi à la place de zhi ; le Glossaire du Maître de Beixi (entre les 12 ème et 13 ème siècle ap. J.C.) a donné les définitions pour yi et zhi ; il en résulte que zhi , équivalent de yi zhi , a le sens de : Orientation du cœur vers un objectif à atteindre, orientation adoptée après délibération. L’expression « Orientation du cœur vers un objectif » signifie que la personne se concentre sur l’objectif choisi et fait des efforts nécessaires pour l’atteindre. C’est à chacun de déterminer son objectif qui peut être divers: poursuivre la Voie, réussir une carrière politique, vivre une vie simple proche de la nature… Ainsi, à côté d’une gamme d’emplois assez large, la notion de zhi a une définition principale claire, elle forme avec ses corrélats une méthode pour conduire sa vie. L’expression yi zhi très usitée actuellement sert aussi à traduire la notion européenne de « volonté ». Mots clés : Résolution, zhi , volonté, Chine, détermination, ambition, vie, intention. THE NOTION OF ZHI AND ITS CORRELATES IN THE CHINESE CULTURE. A METHOD FOR LEADING ONE’S LIFE. Author: HO Manh Trung Summary: The character zhi is translated into English by various words: ambition, aspiration, resolution, will…. In order to get a better comprehension of the content of the notion of zhi we have studied it in various texts ( historical documents, writings and teachings of sages, poems, novels,…) from the earliest use of this character in the Book of Documents (a millenary BC) to dictionaries of the present day. In the Book of Documents , the idea of zhi includes that of a turning of the human heart (- spirit) to a purpose to be achieved; The Analects of Confucius, the Mencius , the Xunzi affirm the autonomy of the human being and of his heart (-spirit); the Book of the Master of Huainan (2 nd century BC) utilized the binary expression yi zhi instead of zhi ; the Glossary of the Master of Beixi (between the 12 th and 13 th centuries AD) gave the definition of yi and zhi ; as a result, zhi equivalent to yi zhi is defined as : The turning of the heart toward a purpose to be achieved, this turning of the heart is adopted after a stage of deliberation. “The turning of the Heart toward an objective” means that the person is concentrated on the selected purpose and make the required efforts to achieve this goal.It is up to every man to determine his own purpose which can be varied: to follow the Way, to have a successful political career, to live a simple life near to nature… Thus, beside a rather broad range of uses, the notion of zhi has a clear main definition which, with its correlates make up a method that each one can use for directing his own life. Yi zhi , a much-used expression currently, also serves to translate into Chinese the European concept of “will”. Keywords: Resolution, zhi , will, China, determination, ambition, life, intention. (a)Note: Pour cette version publiée en ligne, nous y avons inclus les deux Résumés en français et en anglais et avons mis la Table des matières au début du document. 4 Table des matières Résumés en français et en anglais 3 Table des matières 4 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Généralités 6 1.2 Un thème important sur le plan pratique 6 1.3 Un thème peu étudié 7 2. Méthodologie 9 2.1 Des précautions linguistiques spéciales pour un domaine complexe et subtil 9 2.2 Démarche adoptée 10 3. Etude préliminaire 13 3.1 Recherche de la première utilisation du caractère zhi et du caractère yi 13 3.2 Indications fournies par des lexiques et dictionnaires de langue 15 3.3 Indications fournies par des dictionnaires d’expressions toutes faites 23 3.4 Observations sur les résultats de l’étude préliminaire 26 4. L’étude des premiers emplois des caractères zhi 志 et yi 意 28 4.1 Le Livre des documents 28 4.2 Le Livre des odes 38 4.3 Conclusions partielles 40 5. Les enseignements et écrits des sages de tradition confucéenne 41 5.1 Les Entretiens de Confucius 41 5.2 Le Livre de Mencius 54 5.3 Le Grand apprentissage (Da xue) 68 5.4 L’Application constante de la centralité (Zhong yong) 76 5.5 Le Livre de Xun Zi 88 5.6 Le Glossaire du Maître de Beixi 103 5.7 Explication de l’établissement du zhi par Wang Yangming 109 6. Les enseignements et écrits des sages de tradition taoïste 112 6.1 Etude de la notion de zhi dans le Laozi 112 6.2 Etude de la notion de zhi dans le Zhuangzi 121 6.3 Etude de la notion de zhi dans le Liezi 146 7. Etudes d’autres textes 149 7.1 Généralités 149 7.2 Etude de la notion de zhi en poésie 149 7.3 Etude de la notion de zhi dans des romans 179 8. Mise en regard des notions de : volonté, will et yi zhi 211 8.1 Généralités 211 8.2 La notion de volonté selon des dictionnaires français 212 8.3 La notion de will (substantif) selon des dictionnaires de langue anglaise 216 8.4 La notion de yi zhi selon des dictionnaires chinois 219 8.5 Conclusions partielles 223 5 9. Conclusions 227 9.1 Le zhi et ses corrélats, une méthode pour conduire sa vie 227 9.2 Sur la question de la nature du zhi 234 Bibliographie 239 6 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1Généralités La présente recherche fait suite à notre travail de maîtrise qui a consisté à analyser une collection d’une cinquantaine d’articles de presse du continent chinois se rapportant à des faits réels avec comme but d’identifier des valeurs qui y sont invoquées ou évoquées 1 . Un des résultats auxquels a conduit cette analyse d’articles de presse est la persistance dans la société chinoise de la grande importance accordée aux qualités des personnes, aux études et aux efforts personnels pour réussir ; ce thème (comme quelques autres) comprend des valeurs qui, nous semble-t-il, touchent de si près à la façon d’être des chinois que ceux-ci ne seraient pas près d’accepter de les abandonner totalement malgré les vicissitudes de l’histoire. Nous souhaitons poursuivre notre travail en approfondissant le thème défini par l’idée du zhi 志2 et de celles qui en sont des corrélats tels que yi zhi 意志, li zhi 立 志 … 1.2 Un thème important sur le plan pratique. Bien que peu étudié sur le plan théorique, le thème du zhi 志 présente une grande importance pratique dans la culture chinoise et dans celles de pays proches tels que le Vietnam. C’est un sujet qui a été enseigné aux enfants dès leur plus jeune âge, comme le montre, par exemple, le Classique en trois caractères 3 (Sanzijing 三字经). Cet ouvrage, comprenant plus de mille caractères, rédigé sous la dynastie des Song, a tenu en Chine, pendant des siècles, une place importante dans l’éducation élémentaire en tant que document pour l’apprentissage des caractères mais aussi pour l’enseignement des règles de bonne conduite ; selon Yang Dan, auteur d’une étude sur l’ouvrage, publiée en 2003, « l’extrême popularité du Classique en trois caractères réside vraisemblablement dans le fait qu’il est non seulement un manuel de lecture pour enfants, mais aussi un livre d’initiation à la culture pour tous » ; elle indique aussi qu’après une longue éclipse, il a été réédité en décembre 1988 par la maison d’édition Shanghai guji chubanshe et a connu un vif succès puisqu’en 1991, il en était déjà à sa douzième édition ; plusieurs autres éditeurs ont suivi l’exemple de la Shanghai guji chubanshe et le manuel se trouve réhabilité et redevient une lecture recommandée aux adolescents.
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