DOCSLIB.ORG

Representations of History in the Poetry of Zheng Jing Writing About Identity in the Southern Ming

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Representations of History in the Poetry of Zheng Jing Writing About Identity in the Southern Ming Ming Qing Yanjiu 21 (2017) 58–92 brill.com/mqyj Representations of History in the Poetry of Zheng Jing Writing about Identity in the Southern Ming Olivia Milburn Seoul National University [email protected] Abstract Zheng Jing 鄭經 (1642–1681), the first classically trained Chinese-language poet to write about Taiwan’s landscape, also addressed a number of other themes. This paper will consider his small group of historical poems dealing with the achievements of the founders of earlier imperial dynasties; his poems about contemporary events, in particular the ongoing conflict between the Qing government and the remnants of the Southern Ming dynasty (which he supported) on Taiwan; his poems about his experi- ences as a military commander; and his poems criticizing the Manchu imperial house for their alien customs and culture. These works aren’t read here as straightforwardly autobiographical; instead we’ll interpret them as works of literature, ones carefully constructed to send specific political messages to a contemporary readership. Keywords Zheng Jing – Southern Ming – Ming-Qing transition – poetry – identity – history Introduction In the second half of the seventeenth century, Zheng Jing 鄭經 (1642–1681) became the first classically trained Chinese language poet to write about the landscape of the island of Taiwan. His writings record scenes from the Jinmen and Penghu islands and from Taiwan itself, and he provides the earliest po- etic accounts of the customs and culture of Taiwan’s inhabitants. For this he is justifiably famous within the history of Taiwanese literature. Studies of Zheng © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/24684791-12340014Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 11:11:42AM via free access Representations of History in the Poetry of Zheng Jing 59 Jing’s poetry have approached his work from a number of angles. Some schol- ars have focused on his significance as the first poet to incorporate Taiwanese images in his writings, specifically through poems that describe landscape— the topic that he returned to more times than any other.1 There have also been a small number of studies that focus on his use of particular images, most notably Ruan Xiaoqi’s 阮筱琪 analysis of Zheng Jing’s self-representation as a lonely, isolated figure.2 However, the great majority of readings of Zheng Jing’s poetry concentrate on its relationship to his life, with the verse being read autobiographically and assigned to specific dates and stages of develop- ment—often on very arbitrary grounds. In addition, considerable efforts have been made to draft the poet into modern arguments concerning the relation- ship between China and Taiwan.3 By contrast, this paper takes as its subject Zheng Jing’s writings on history and on ethnic and cultural identity, and his patriotic engagement with the Southern Ming dynasty in his role as one of the chief military leaders of the ongoing resistance to the Manchu Qing. These works will here be read as deliberate literary self-representations, rather than as statements of fact. This paper will consider three specific themes found in the poetry of Zheng Jing. First, he wrote a small group of historical poems that consider the achieve- ments of the founders of earlier imperial dynasties. Secondly, he produced a number of poems about contemporary events, in particular the ongoing con- flict between the Qing government and the remnants of the Southern Ming dynasty (which he supported) on Taiwan; these include works treating his own experiences as a commander in the war. Finally, he wrote about the Manchu imperial house, arguing that their alien customs and culture made them un- suitable to rule in China. These poems are interpreted here not as pieces of autobiography but as works of literature that have been carefully constructed to send specific messages to a contemporary readership. Zheng Jing was keenly aware of his position and understood the value of his poetry as a means for communicating his opinions to friends and enemies. Therefore, Zheng Jing’s poetry will be analyzed here as a reflection of how he wished to be seen, not of how he was. 1 For example, see Gong Xianzong 2002 and Huang Tengde 2013. 2 Ruan Xiaoqi 2009. 3 Wu Yuqi 2012 gives an interesting political reading of Zheng Jing’s poetry as a reflection of his status as the second King of Yanping, and in doing so manages to avoid mention of modern conflicts over Taiwan. Other studies show significantly less restraint; for example, see Zhu Shuangyi 2005 and Liu Jianming 2014. Ming Qing Yanjiu 21 (2017) 58–92 Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 11:11:42AM via free access 60 Milburn The Zheng Family: Political Identities in the Southern Ming The identity—and recorded self-identification—of the various individual members of the Zheng family was highly fluid throughout the Ming-Qing transition era, the period when the family was historically and politically significant.4 The simplest way to show the hybrid and multivalent way in which they constructed their identity is through a consideration of the social and geographical mobility they showed and the wide variety of names that they used at different stages of their lives. This process of constructing a com- plex and multilayered personal identity is recorded from the time of Zheng Jing’s grandfather, usually known by his Chinese name, Zheng Zhilong 鄭芝龍 (1604–1661). A native of Tong’an 同安 in Fujian province, as a young man he travelled to Macau. There he learned Portuguese, converted to Catholicism, and adopted a new name: Nicholas Iquan (Yiguan 一官) Gaspard.5 Subsequently, Zheng Zhilong moved to Hirado in Japan, where he worked for some years before returning to Fujian. Operating from his home province, he built an in- creasingly extensive—but largely illegal—international trading network.6 In 1628, he achieved an accommodation with the Ming government that allowed him to legitimize his activities and obtain official rank within the regime. After the collapse of the Ming central government following the fall of Beijing in 1644, Zheng Zhilong became associated with the court of the first Southern Ming regime. He accepted an earldom (Nan’an bo 南安伯) from Zhu Yousong 朱由崧 (1607–1646), formerly the King of Fu 福王 (r. 1642–44), who ruled as the Hongguang Emperor 弘光帝 (r. 1644–45). When Qing forces captured the Hongguang Emperor’s capital of Nanjing and ended his reign, Zhu Yujian 朱聿鍵 (1602–1646), the King of Tang 唐王 (r. 1632–36, 1645), established himself 4 Struve 1984 is the most detailed study of this period to be in English and from the Ming loyal- ist perspective. The work concludes with the death of Zheng Chenggong in 1662, during the final retreat of the Zheng forces to Taiwan. For an exhaustive history of the Qing conquest, see Wakeman 1985. 5 This was the beginning of a long-term engagement between the Zheng family and various different European powers, and the family also retained close links with the Catholic Church for several generations. See Mateo 2002; Zhang Xianqing and Wang Hui 2015; and Chen Zhongchun 2010. 6 It is now thought by some scholars that the famous Selden Map (depicting trade routes link- ing Fujian with Japan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, and the Philippines) was produced for Zheng Zhilong, and that this indicates something of the extent of his activities; for example, see Lin Meicun 2013. Another option put forward by some scholars is that the map was origi- nally produced for Li Dan 李旦 (d. 1625), Zheng Zhilong’s employer in Hirado; see Batchelor 2013: 56–57. Ming QingDownloaded Yanjiu from 21Brill.com10/02/2021 (2017) 58–92 11:11:42AM via free access Representations of History in the Poetry of Zheng Jing 61 as the Longwu Emperor 隆武帝 (r. 1645–46) in Fuzhou. Seeking local support, he promoted Zheng Zhilong to the rank of marquis, with the title Pinglu hou 平虜侯 (Marquis of Pacifying the Caitiffs), and then to the rank of duke, with the title Pingguo gong 平國公 (Duke of Pacifying the State).7 In 1646, Zheng Zhilong made the strategic decision to defect to the Qing, as a result of which he was granted membership of the Plain Yellow Banner as a Martial Han and given the Manchu title of Jingqini hafan 精奇尼哈番 (equivalent to viscount) of the third rank. In 1654, he was again raised to the rank of marquis, this time with the title Tong’an hou 同安侯, which referenced his place of birth. But two years later, in the face of continuing hostilities involving his son, Zheng Zhilong was stripped of all his titles and honours, and he spent the rest of his life in prison before his execution in 1661.8 Zheng Zhilong experienced an ex- traordinary rise in wealth and rank before his downfall, and his career spanned a number of regimes and involved interaction with a wide variety of ethnic groups.9 At each stage of change, he either adopted a new name or else was granted a new title. Attempting to peel apart these layers and find a definitive version of the man would negate Zheng Zhilong’s success at being himself. A similar complexity can be seen in the identity of Zheng Zhilong’s old- est son, Zheng Chenggong 鄭成功 (1624–1662). Although he is usually desig- nated in modern scholarship by this name, it was not the name he preferred to use, and his other identities should be recognized. During his childhood in Nagasaki under the care of his mother, a member of the Tagawa 田川 fam- ily, Zheng Chenggong was known by the personal name of Fukumatsu 福松. Subsequently, when he joined his father in Fujian, he was renamed Zheng Sen 鄭森.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World
    Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory and Practice in Language Studies Contents
    Theory and Practice in Language Studies ISSN 1799-2591 Volume 8, Number 6, June 2018 Contents REGULAR PAPERS Learning Styles and Motivations for Practicing English as a Foreign Language: A Case Study of 555 Role-play in Two Ecuadorian Universities Jhonny S. Villafuerte, Maria A. Rojas, Sandy L. Hormaza, and Lourdes A. Soledispa Criteria and Scale for Argumentation 564 Chamnong Kaewpet Female Teachers’ Perspectives of Learner Autonomy in the Saudi Context 570 Jameelah Asiri and Nadia Shukri Jordanian Arabic: A Study of the Motivations for the Intentionality in Dialect Change 580 Ahmad M. Saidat Using New Media in Teaching English Reading and Writing for Hearing Impaired Students—Taking 588 Leshan Special Education School as an Example Bo Xu An Analytic Study of Ironic Statements in Ahlam Mistaghanmi’s Their Hearts with Us While Their 595 Bombs Launching towards Us Hayder Tuama Jasim Al-Saedi A Study of Students’ English Cooperative Learning Strategy in the Multimedia Environment 601 Ling Wang The Role of EFL Teacher’s Talk and Identity in Iranian Classroom Context 606 Afsaneh Alijani and Hamed Barjesteh Exploration of the Non-normal Students’ Attitude to Taking Part in the Teacher Qualification 613 Examination in China Lu Gong A Study on English Acquisition from the Perspective of the Multimodal Theory 618 Huaiyu Mu Social Identity and Use of Taboo Words in Angry Mood: A Gender Study 623 Mohammad Hashamdar and Fahimeh Rafi On the Norm Memes in English Translation of Classics—A Case Study of the Translation of the 629 Works by Jiangxi Native
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 20 • Issue 4 • February 28, 2020
    VOLUME 20 • ISSUE 4 • FEBRUARY 28, 2020 IN THIS ISSUE: Beijing Purges Wuhan: The CCP Central Authorities Tighten Political Control Over Hubei Province By John Dotson……………………………………………………pp. 1-6 Beijing’s Appointment of Xia Baolong Signals a Harder Line on Hong Kong By Willy Lam………………………………………………………...pp. 7-11 Fair-Weather Friends: The Impact of the Coronavirus on the Strategic Partnership Between Russia and China By Johan van de Ven………………………………………………...pp. 12-16 The PRC’s Cautious Stance on the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy By Yamazaki Amane…………………………………………………pp. 17-22 China’s Declining Birthrate and Changes in CCP Population Policies By Linda Zhang…………………………………………………….…pp. 23-28 Beijing Purges Wuhan: The CCP Central Authorities Tighten Political Control Over Hubei Province John Dotson Introduction: The CCP Center Presses a Positive Narrative About Its Response to COVID-19 Following a slow reaction to the initial outbreak of the COVID-19 virus, since late January the zhongyang (中 央), or central authorities, of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have conducted a concerted public relations effort to present themselves as actively engaged in directing efforts to combat the epidemic. This has included the creation of a new senior-level CCP “leading small group” focused on the epidemic (China Brief, February 5), and a messaging campaign to assert that CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping has been personally “commanding China’s fight” against the outbreak (Xinhua, February 2). Senior officials have also made a range 1 ChinaBrief • Volume 20 • Issue 4 • February 28, 2020 of recent public appearances intended to demonstrate zhongyang concern for, and control over, the campaign against the epidemic.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence and Predation, Mainly in the Form of Piracy, Were Two Of
    violence and predation robert j. antony Violence and Predation on the Sino-Vietnamese Maritime Frontier, 1450–1850 iolence and predation, mainly in the form of piracy, were two of V the most persistent and pervasive features of the Sino-Vietnamese maritime frontier between the mid-fifteenth and mid-nineteenth cen- turies.1 In the Gulf of Tonkin, which is the focus of this article, piracy was, in fact, an intrinsic feature of this sea frontier and a dynamic and significant force in the region’s economic, social, and cultural devel- opment. My approach, what scholars call history from the bottom up, places pirates, not the state, at center stage, recognizing their impor- tance and agency as historical actors. My research is based on various types of written history, including Qing archives, the Veritable Records of Vietnam and China, local Chinese gazetteers, and travel accounts; I also bring in my own fieldwork in the gulf region conducted over the past six years. The article is divided into three sections: first, I discuss the geopolitical characteristics of this maritime frontier as a background to our understanding of piracy in the region; second, I consider the socio-cultural aspects of the gulf region, especially the underclass who engaged in clandestine activities as a part of their daily lives; and third, I analyze five specific episodes of piracy in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin (often referred to here simply as the gulf), which is tucked away in the northwestern corner of the South China Sea, borders on Vietnam in the west and China in the north and east.
    [Show full text]
  • P020110307527551165137.Pdf
    CONTENT 1.MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03 2.ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 05 3.HIGHLIGHTS OF ACHIEVEMENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 Coexistence of Conserve and Research----“The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species ” services biodiversity protection and socio-economic development ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 The Structure, Activity and New Drug Pre-Clinical Research of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids ………………………………………… 09 Anti-Cancer Constituents in the Herb Medicine-Shengma (Cimicifuga L) ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of Yaoshan Mountain in Northeast Yunnan …………………………………………………………………… 11 Higher Fungi Resources and Chemical Composition in Alpine and Sub-alpine Regions in Southwest China ……………………… 12 Research Progress on Natural Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Inhibitors…………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Predicting Global Change through Reconstruction Research of Paleoclimate………………………………………………………………………… 14 Chemical Composition of a traditional Chinese medicine-Swertia mileensis……………………………………………………………………………… 15 Mountain Ecosystem Research has Made New Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Plant Cyclic Peptide has Made Important Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 Progresses in Computational Chemistry Research ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 New Progress in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Zheng Chenggong: the Politics of Dramatizing
    , - 'I ., . UN1VERSIlY OF HAWAII UBRARY 3~31 INTERPRETING ZHENG CHENGGONG: THE POLITICS OF DRAMATIZING A HISTORICAL FIGURE IN JAPAN, CHINA, AND TAIWAN (1700-1963) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAW AI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THEATRE AUGUST 2007 By Chong Wang Thesis Committee: Julie A. Iezzi, Chairperson Lurana D. O'Malley Elizabeth Wichmann-Walczak · - ii .' --, L-' ~ J HAWN CB5 \ .H3 \ no. YI,\ © Copyright 2007 By Chong Wang We certity that we have read this thesis and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Theatre. TIIESIS COMMITTEE Chairperson iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to give my wannest thanks to my family for their strong support. I also want to give my since're thanks to Dr. Julie Iezzi for her careful guidance and tremendous patience during each stage of the writing process. Finally, I want to thank my proofreaders, Takenouchi Kaori and Vance McCoy, without whom this thesis could not have been completed. - . iv ABSTRACT Zheng Chenggong (1624 - 1662) was sired by Chinese merchant-pirate in Hirado, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. A general at the end of the Chinese Ming Dynasty, he was a prominent leader of the movement opposing the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and in recovering Taiwan from Dutch colonial occupation in 1661. Honored as a hero in Japan, China, and Taiwan, he has been dramatized in many plays in various theatre forms in Japan (since about 1700), China (since 1906), and Taiwan (since the 1920s).
    [Show full text]
  • The Tokugawa, the Zheng Maritime Network, and the Dutch East India Company Adam Clulow and Xing Hang
    Restraining violence on the seas 8 Restraining violence on the seas: the Tokugawa, the Zheng maritime network, and the Dutch East India Company Adam Clulow and Xing Hang In 1665, the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) called in its fleet. Intended to strike back against the sprawling Zheng maritime network, which had successfully evicted the Dutch from their colony on Taiwan, the fleet had been sent to restore the Company’s damaged prestige in the region while netting valuable goods. Instead, the governor-general had been forced to declare that all Zheng shipping sailing to Japan, the richest market in the region, would be safe from attack. It was a sudden ending for a campaign that had begun in 1662 with oversized plans of carrying the war against Zheng Chenggong, or Koxinga as he was widely known, into the coastal waters of Japan itself, striking vessels where they were most vulnerable as they entered and exited key ports. The decision to halt the campaign stemmed from concerted pressure applied from Nagasaki. There, prohibitions against attacking Chinese vessels on their way to Japan, first articulated over a decade earlier, had been repeated with increasing frequency by Tokugawa officials determined to secure vulnerable shipping lanes. From the Company’s perspective, such injunctions were an essentially illegal action taken by a regime that was determined to favour a group they described as the ‘Koxinga Chinese’ over all others, while preventing the organization from taking its ‘lawful revenge’ for the loss of Taiwan.1 But, fearful that its ships would be arrested, its assets confiscated, or its merchants expelled from Japan, VOC officials were forced to step back.
    [Show full text]
  • The Princeton Journal of East Asian Studies
    THE PRINCETON JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES VOLUME IV SPRING 2013 PRINCETON JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Anji Shin ’13 Jenna Song ’14 COPY EDITORS Gavin Cook ’15 Charles Fortin ’15 Kevin Liaw ’15 LAYOUT EDITOR Jiweon Kim ’15 FINANCE & OPERATIONS TEAM Ben Chang ’14 Ryan T. Kang ’14 Kevin Liaw ’15 Jay Park ’16 Samantha Wu ’16 IT TEAM IT MANAGER Pavel Shibayev ’15 STAFF Jenny Nan Jiang ’16 CHINA EDITORIAL TEAM JAPAN EDITORIAL TEAM KOREA EDITORIAL TEAM ASSOCIATE EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR Charles Fortin ’15 Ben Chang ’14 Ryan T. Kang ’14 EDITORS EDITORS EDITORS Ben Chang ’14 Charles Fortin ’15 Jennifer Cho ’15 Gavin Cook ’15 Tzu-Yung Huang ’15 Jisoo Han ’14 Adrienne Fung ’14 Marina Kaneko ’15 Jee Eun Lee ’15 Rebecca Haynes ’15 Ryan T. Kang ’14 Jay Park ’16 Tzu-Yung Huang ’15 Christian Edwards van Alicia Huaze Li ’16! Muijen ’15 Cameron White ’14 ! ! TABLE OF CONTENTS ! ! 1. PRETTIER IN PINK: IDENTITY RECONSTRUCTION AMONG RURAL MIGRANT WOMEN IN MARY KAY CHINA | JAMNAH MORTON | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 1 2. THE PARADOX OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND OTHER CHALLENGES: LABOR RESISTANCE IN CONTEMPORARY BEIJING | RUODI DUAN | AMHERST COLLEGE 26 3. THE INTERSECTION OF CHRISTIANITY AND SUICIDE IN SOUTH KOREA| KRISTEN KIM | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 39 4. EURASIANS IN EARLY COLONIAL HONG KONG | KIM DENG | THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG 53 5. THE EXOTIC WOMEN OF THE WEST: DEPICTIONS OF NANBAN WOMEN IN THE MOMOYAMA PERIOD | AMANDA TSAO | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 73 6. KOREAN COMFORT WOMEN: NATIONALIST DISCOURSE IN CONTEMPORARY SOUTH KOREA | JUDY PARK |HARVARD UNIVERSITY 83 7.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-27-2008 The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 Wei Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Li, Wei, "The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2008. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Under the Direction of Toshi Kii ABSTRACT The case of late Qing China is of great importance to theories of economic development. This study examines the question of why China’s industrialization was slow between 1865 and 1895 as compared to contemporary Japan’s. Industrialization is measured on four dimensions: sea transport, railway, communications, and the cotton textile industry. I trace the difference between China’s and Japan’s industrialization to government leadership, which includes three aspects: direct governmental investment, government policies at the macro-level, and specific measures and actions to assist selected companies and industries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My
    THE DIARY OF A MANCHU SOLDIER IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA The Manchu conquest of China inaugurated one of the most successful and long-living dynasties in Chinese history: the Qing (1644–1911). The wars fought by the Manchus to invade China and consolidate the power of the Qing imperial house spanned over many decades through most of the seventeenth century. This book provides the first Western translation of the diary of Dzengmeo, a young Manchu officer, and recounts the events of the War of the Three Feudatories (1673–1682), fought mostly in southwestern China and widely regarded as the most serious internal military challenge faced by the Manchus before the Taiping rebellion (1851–1864). The author’s participation in the campaign provides the close-up, emotional perspective on what it meant to be in combat, while also providing a rare window into the overall organization of the Qing army, and new data in key areas of military history such as combat, armament, logistics, rank relations, and military culture. The diary represents a fine and rare example of Manchu personal writing, and shows how critical the development of Manchu studies can be for our knowledge of China’s early modern history. Nicola Di Cosmo joined the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, in 2003 as the Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies. He is the author of Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and his research interests are in Mongol and Manchu studies and Sino-Inner Asian relations. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES
    [Show full text]
  • Final Program of CCC2020
    第三十九届中国控制会议 The 39th Chinese Control Conference 程序册 Final Program 主办单位 中国自动化学会控制理论专业委员会 中国自动化学会 中国系统工程学会 承办单位 东北大学 CCC2020 Sponsoring Organizations Technical Committee on Control Theory, Chinese Association of Automation Chinese Association of Automation Systems Engineering Society of China Northeastern University, China 2020 年 7 月 27-29 日，中国·沈阳 July 27-29, 2020, Shenyang, China Proceedings of CCC2020 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP2040A -USB ISBN: 978-988-15639-9-6 CCC2020 Copyright and Reprint Permission: This material is permitted for personal use. For any other copying, reprint, republication or redistribution permission, please contact TCCT Secretariat, No. 55 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. All rights reserved. Copyright@2020 by TCCT. 目录 (Contents) 目录 (Contents) ................................................................................................................................................... i 欢迎辞 (Welcome Address) ................................................................................................................................1 组织机构 (Conference Committees) ...................................................................................................................4 重要信息 (Important Information) ....................................................................................................................11 口头报告与张贴报告要求 (Instruction for Oral and Poster Presentations) .....................................................12 大会报告 (Plenary Lectures).............................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the Spaniards in Taiwan (1626‐1642)
    1 西班牙人在台灣活動考述 (1626‐1642) An overview of the Spaniards in Taiwan (1626‐1642) 鮑曉鷗教授 Professor José Eugenio Borao 台灣大學外文系 National Taiwan University Foreign Languages and Literature The Spaniards stayed in Taiwan in the 17th century for only 16 years. In such a short time they did few things and left behind little influence in the island when they left (a huge fortress, some place names, more than one thousand converts, etc.). But if we see them exploring their own self-consciousness, we can think that their presence was a metaphor of the decline of the Spanish Empire, which became a secondary power after the treaties of Westphalia in 1648. In this paper I would like to present, first, an introduction of all the driving forces that brought the Spaniards to Taiwan; second, the encounter that they had with the Chinese, focusing particularly in the parian of Manila and the small parians of Quelang and Tamchui, and finally how the idea of law was very much present in the official self-consciousness: on their arrival by “justifying” the conquest, and on their departure by looking for the responsibilities of the defeat. I will focus in the ideology behind one of the most important trials ever held in Manila, the one against the Governor General Corcuera, accused of being the ultimate culprit of the loss of the Spanish garrison of Quelang (present Jilong). Spaniards in Taiwan, Spaniards and Chinese in the 17th century, The parians of Isla Hermosa, Corcuera’s trial. Introduction The arrival of the Spaniards in the East was motivated by their search for easy access to the Spice Islands.
    [Show full text]