De Vertaling Van Het Bijbelse Woord God Naar Het Chinees

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De Vertaling Van Het Bijbelse Woord God Naar Het Chinees Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2010-2011 De Termkwestie: De vertaling van het Bijbelse woord God naar het Chinees Verhandeling voorgelegd Aan de Faculteit der Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, tot het verkrijgen van de graad van Master in de Oosterse talen en culturen door Promotor: Prof. dr. Christoph Anderl Annelies Van de Walle. Inhoudsopgave. Woord vooraf .................................................................................................................................. 2 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................ 3 1 Theoretisch kader: taalkundig ................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Comparatieve taalkunde ............................................................................................. 5 1.2 Etymologie .................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 De comparatieve methode ................................................................................ 11 1.2.2 Betekenisverandering ........................................................................................ 13 2. Historisch gebruik .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Tianzhu 天主 .............................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Shen 神/神 ................................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Shangdi 上帝 .............................................................................................................. 26 2.4 Andere termen ........................................................................................................... 29 3. Overzicht Bijbelvertalingen en hun woorden voor God ..................................................... 31 3.1 Katholieke Bijbelvertalingen...................................................................................... 32 3.2 Protestantse Bijbelvertalingen .................................................................................. 37 4. Het woord God vertalen in de Chinese Bijbel...................................................................... 44 4.1 Discussie onder de katholieken: de controverse over de riten. ............................. 46 4.2 Discussie onder de protestanten: de termkwestie. ................................................. 52 4.2.1 Argumenten betreffende het gebruik van shangdi ......................................... 54 4.2.2 Argumenten betreffende het gebruik van shen ............................................... 56 4.2.3 Argumenten voor het gebruik van een nieuwe term ...................................... 57 Besluit............................................................................................................................................. 60 Bibliografie ..................................................................................................................................... 64 1 Woord vooraf Deze masterproef was niet tot stand gekomen zonder de hulp van een aantal mensen. Mijn dank gaat eerst en vooral uit naar mijn promotor, prof. dr. C. Anderl. Verder bedank ik ook alle professoren en Chinese lectrices die mij in mijn carrière als student aan de Universiteit Gent gevormd hebben. In het bijzonder prof. dr. B. Dessein en prof. dr. A. Heirman, zonder wiens educatie deze verhandeling niet mogelijk zou zijn geweest. Ook de professoren van de Algemene Universiteit van Nanjing, Huang Ziran, Yang Qiangqiang en Zhang Meixia voor het verschaffen van inzicht in de Chinese taal in Klassiek en Modern Chinees. Daarnaast ben ik ook veel dank verschuldigd aan mijn vrienden en familie, voor hun morele ondersteuning en geduld. Tenslotte bedank ik ook mijn vriend Martijn voor zijn interesse in het onderwerp, de vele gesprekken en discussies over mijn werk en het lezen van de eindversie. Annelies Van de Walle, Nanjing, 28 mei 2011. 2 Inleiding Vanuit mijn verschillende interesses, namelijk de Chinese taal en het christendom, ben ik tot de keuze van dit onderwerp gekomen. Aan de ene kant is dit een interessant taalkundig onderwerp waarbij de betekenis van verschillende woorden door de eeuwen heen wordt onderzocht. Aan de andere kant geeft dit onderwerp inzicht in hoe de missionarissen het christendom in China probeerden te verspreiden en de problemen die ze daarbij ondervonden. De Bijbelvertalingen op zich combineren deze interesses al en de termkwestie is een interessant deel daarvan. Een andere reden waarom ik de termkwestie tot onderwerp van mijn Masterproef heb gekozen, is mijn persoonlijke ervaring met het christendom in China. Na gesprekken met Chinezen in kerken verspreid over het hele land, viel mij op dat het christendom steeds meer aantrekkingskracht heeft. Daardoor begon ik mij af te vragen hoe het christendom verspreid werd en wordt in China. In de kerk let ik er altijd op hoe de blijde boodschap overgebracht wordt naar de Chinese toehoorders. Belangrijk blijkt daarbij welke termen de Chinezen aangeleerd krijgen als het gaat om de inhoud van het geloof. Duidelijkheid bij het verwijzen naar God is iets wat een evidentie zou moeten zijn. Ik vind deze termkwestie op zich interessant omdat er in het Nederlands niets vergelijkbaars bestaat. In het Nederlands is het vanzelfsprekend dat God God genoemd wordt. Er zijn wel andere woorden voor God, maar die worden gebruikt in specifieke situaties en iedereen weet dat die enkel andere benamingen voor de ene God zijn. Daarom trok dit onderwerp mijn aandacht toen ik las over deze kwestie. In mijn onderzoek zal ik nagaan hoe en waarom dit probleem precies ontstaan is en of het nog opgelost kan worden. De hoofdvraag van dit onderzoek is: “Welk woord kan het best gebruikt worden als vertaling voor God in de Chinese Bijbel?”. Het is niet zo dat er nu moet begonnen worden met het zoeken naar een geschikt woord. Eeuwenlang zijn christenen al bezig met deze kwestie. Ze proberen de Bijbel correct te vertalen en God met het juiste woord te benoemen. Dit onderzoek bekijkt hoe men God tot nu toe heeft vertaald, wat de redenen daarvoor zijn en of de juiste keuze gemaakt is. De woorden waartoe besloten werd om ze te gebruiken, zijn tianzhu, shangdi en shen. Een belangrijk deel van dit onderzoek is de zoektocht naar de precieze betekenis van deze woorden om na te gaan of ze de betekenis van God goed weergeven. 3 Mijn onderzoek is gevoerd op een aantal vlakken. Eerst en vooral leg ik uit hoe de taalkundige theorieën toegepast kunnen worden in het onderzoek naar de termkwestie. In het tweede hoofdstuk ga ik zelf aan de slag op etymologisch vlak met onderzoek naar de betekenis van tianzhu, shangdi en shen in belangrijke Chinese woordenboeken. In het derde hoofdstuk geef ik een overzicht van de verschenen Bijbelvertalingen met de gekozen woorden als vertaling voor God. In het vierde en afsluitende hoofdstuk ga ik dieper in op de termkwestie an sich. Wat is de termkwestie precies en waarom zouden tianzhu, shangdi of shen gekozen moeten worden als correcte vertaling voor het woord God in de Chinese Bijbel. Over de termkwestie bestaat nog geen gepubliceerd alomvattend werk. Er bestaan wel veel werken die zich toegespitst hebben op een aspect van de termkwestie of iets dat ermee te maken heeft. Er zijn bijvoorbeeld veel werken geschreven over een Bijbelvertaling. Daarin wordt dan zijdelings vermeld welk woord de vertaler gebruikt voor God en soms komt ook de termkwestie aan de orde. Er zijn ook verschillende werken geschreven over de geschiedenis van de missionarissen in China gedurende een bepaalde periode. Ook daarin wordt het vertalen van de Bijbel aangeduid als belangrijk en soms wordt er ook op de termkwestie gewezen. Er is nood aan een goed en duidelijk overzichtswerk over wat de termkwestie precies is, hoe het probleem ontstaan is en hoe het opgelost kan worden. Dit onderzoek is evenmin een alomvattend werk over de termkwestie, maar mogelijk kan het wel fungeren als een begin van een aanzet daartoe. 4 1 Theoretisch kader: taalkundig Het theoretisch kader waarbinnen dit onderzoek gebeurt, is de comparatieve taalkunde. Zoals in de inleiding vermeld, is een belangrijke onderzoeksvraag namelijk “Wat verstaan Chinezen onder de begrippen shen 神, shangdi 上帝 en tianzhu 天主?” Comparatieve taalkunde vergelijkt verschillende talen om op zoek te gaan naar hun historische verwantschap. Het meest relevante onderdeel van de comparatieve taalkunde is voor dit onderzoek de etymologie1. Etymologie gaat op zoek naar de herkomst van woorden en wordt ook vaak als op zichzelf staande wetenschap gebruikt. Enkele methodes van etymologie zijn in dit onderzoek voornamelijk bruikbaar2. De eerste is de comparatieve methode die talen vergelijkt en verbanden zoekt. Voor dit onderzoek is het handig om te zien of de woorden een betekenisoorsprong hebben in een andere taal of elementen uit een andere taal bevatten. De tweede methode is de studie van de betekenisverandering. Het is belangrijk te weten wanneer, hoe en waarom een woord van betekenis veranderde. In dit eerste hoofdstuk ga ik dieper in op de gebruikte theorieën en methodes. 1.1 Comparatieve taalkunde Comparatieve taalkunde is het deel van historische taalkunde dat genetische verwantschappen tussen talen wil vaststellen en ophelderen3. Comparatieve taalkunde is verwarbaar met contrastieve taalkunde. Maar in contrastieve
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