La Musica Nella Cina Antica Traduzione E Commento Di Alcuni Articoli Scientifici Sull’Argomento

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La Musica Nella Cina Antica Traduzione E Commento Di Alcuni Articoli Scientifici Sull’Argomento Corso di Laurea magistrale in Interpretariato e Traduzione Editoriale, Settoriale Tesi di Laurea La musica nella Cina antica Traduzione e commento di alcuni articoli scientifici sull’argomento Relatore Ch. Prof. Attilio Andreini Laureando Michela Feroldi Matricola 832805 Anno Accademico 2014 / 2015 夫樂者,樂也, 人情之所必不免也, 故人不能無樂。 La musica è gioia, [ed] è quella parte delle emozioni umane da cui di certo non ci si sottrae, per questa ragione l’uomo non può fare a meno della musica. (Xunzi) Vită sine musicā quam corpŭs sine animā est. Una vita senza musica è come un corpo senza anima. (Marco Tullio Cicerone) Indice Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………. 9 摘要 ………………………………………………………………………………. 11 Capitolo I: Introduzione ………………………………………………………….. 13 1. Introduzione …………………………………………………………………… 15 1.1. La musica nella Cina antica e nell’antica Grecia: Oriente e Occidente a confronto ……………………………………………………………………... 15 1.1.1. La caratteristica trascendentale e spirituale della musica ……………. 18 1.1.2. L’aspetto etico-morale della musica …………………………………. 19 1.1.3. Le implicazioni politiche …………………………………………….. 20 1.2. La cornice della musica nella società cinese antica …………………………. 21 1.2.1. Un’estetica del suono ……………………………………………….... 22 1.2.2. Il ruolo della musica nella società cinese ……………………………. 23 1.2.3. L’armonia come base della musica rituale .………………………….. 24 1.2.4. La musica come trasformazione …………………………………...… 24 1.2.5. Il musicista nella società tradizionale ………………………………... 25 1.3. La concezione della musica nelle varie scuole di pensiero: confuciani, taoisti e moisti a confronto ……………………………………………………………. 27 1.3.1. La scuola confuciana ………………………………………………… 27 1.3.2. La scuola taoista ……………………………………………………... 29 1.3.3. La scuola moista ……………………………………………………... 30 1.4. La concezione della musica per Xunzi ……………………………………… 32 1.5. Due esempi di musica liturgica: le cerimonie imperiali e i rituali quotidiani . 35 1.5.1. L’origine di tutto: Maestro delle Foreste …………………………….. 35 1.5.2. Le cerimonie imperiali ……………………………………………….. 37 1.5.3. Il rituale quotidiano ………………………………………………….. 38 1.6. Gli strumenti musicali della Cina antica …………………………………….. 39 1.6.1. La remota antichità …………………………………………………... 39 1.6.2. Lo sviluppo degli strumenti musicali durante la dinastia Zhou ……… 43 1.6.2.1. Bayin 八音: gli otto timbri …………………………………….... 44 1.7. Le notazioni e i sistemi di altezze della musica cinese antica ………………. 49 1.8. Musica e gioia: origini ed etimologia del carattere 樂 ……………………… 51 5 1.8.1. Etimologia del carattere 樂 …………………………………………... 51 1.8.2. Struttura ed evoluzione grafica del carattere 樂 ……………………... 52 1.9. Presentazione dei testi scelti ………………………………………………… 55 Capitolo II: Traduzioni …………………………………………………………... 57 2.1. Testo 1: L’importanza educativa della musica nello Yuelun 乐论 del Xunzi 荀子 ………………………………………………………………………….. 59 2.2. Testo 2: Confronto tra lo Yuelun 乐论 di Xunzi e le teorie musicali di Mozi ………………………………………………………………………….. 67 2.3. Testo 3: Confronto tra le teorie musicali in Confucio, in Xunzi e nel Lüshi chunqiu ………………………………………………………………………. 78 Capitolo III: Commento alla traduzione ………………………………………..... 95 3.1. Analisi traduttologia ........................................................................................ 97 3.1.1. La tipologia testuale ……………………………...…………………… 98 3.1.2. La dominante …...…………………………………………………….. 99 3.1.3. Il lettore modello …...………………………………………………... 100 3.1.4. Macrostrategia traduttiva ……...…………………………………….. 101 3.2. Commento traduttologico al testo 1 ………………………………………... 104 3.2.1. I fattori linguistici: il livello della parola ……………………………. 104 3.2.1.1. Fattori lessicali …………………………………………………. 104 3.2.2. Fattori linguistici: il livello della frase e del testo ……………...…… 110 3.2.2.1. L’organizzazione sintattica …………………………………….. 110 3.2.2.2. Fattori testuali ………………………………………………….. 112 3.2.3. Altri fattori …………………………………………………………... 117 3.3. Commento traduttologico al testo 2 ………………………………………... 118 3.3.1. I fattori linguistici: il livello della parola ……………………………. 118 3.3.1.1. Fattori lessicali …………………………………………………. 118 3.3.2. Fattori linguistici: il livello della frase e del testo ………………....... 124 3.3.2.1. Organizzazione sintattica ………………………………………. 124 3.3.2.2. Fattori testuali ………………………………………………….. 127 3.3.3. Fattori extralinguistici: i fattori culturali ……………………………. 134 3.3.4. Altri fattori …………………………………………………………... 135 3.4. Commento traduttologico al testo 3 ………………………………………... 137 3.4.1. I fattori linguistici: il livello della parola ……………………………. 137 3.4.1.1. Fattori lessicali …………………………………………………. 137 6 3.4.2. Fattori linguistici: il livello della frase e del testo …………………... 147 3.4.2.1. Organizzazione sintattica ………………………………………. 147 3.4.2.2. Fattori testuali ………………………………………………….. 149 3.4.3. Altri fattori …………………………………………………………… 154 3.5. Conclusioni ………………………………………………………………... 155 Bibliografia ……………………………………………………………………... 157 7 Abstract As the last exponent among Confucian great masters in the pre-Qin period, Xunzi presents a rich and varied way of thinking, which is mostly reflected in his work, Xunzi. He attaches great importance to music theories and its social function, and firmly believes that music is the expression of joy and it’s indispensable for human temperament, therefore people cannot live without music. In Xunzi’s eyes, music is sufficient to rule the basic principles of conducting oneself and to regulate the changes occurring in human thoughts and feelings. Thereupon, music and rites are equally important as means to safeguard a stable society. Xunzi’s conception of music is mostly exposed in the treatise On Music, which occupies a prominent position in his book. From this treatise, we can understand the important position music occupies in running a country and educating people. In short, Xunzi’s thought about education is an absolutely necessary phenomenon in the history of Chinese education, and the above- mentioned treatise is regarded as the first monograph on music aesthetics in Chinese history. During the pre-Qin period, Chinese music aesthetics was relatively flourishing, and like Xunzi, many others thinkers exposed their aesthetics: for example, Confucius’ discourse on music is regarded as the origin of music aesthetics in pre-Qin era and he advances the importance of music in his Analects, while the Lüshi chunqiu, instead, assimilates and combines all discourses on music raising from different schools of thoughts during the pre-Qin period. By making a comparison between the two thinkers Mozi and Xunzi, we can see that the former, who lived in the early years of the Warring States period, esteems li (profit) and believes that music is unfavourable to the people, so he advances his treatise Against Music; while the latter, who lived in the middle-late years of the same period, believes that music is divided into two categories, rites and music of former sovereigns and new-born evil sounds, so one should treasure rites and music and despise evil sounds. 9 摘要 作为先秦儒家最后一位大师,荀子的思想是丰富多彩的,多体现 于《荀子》一书中。荀子非常重视音乐的理论和社会功能,认为音乐 是人的喜乐感情的表现,也是人的情性所不可缺少的,因此人不能没 有音乐。在荀子眼中,乐足以统率为人的根本道理,足以调整人们的 各种思想感情的变化,于是,乐和礼一样,都是维护社会稳定的一个 重要手段。其音乐思想多见于《乐论》,该篇在书中占有重要的地位, 从其论著中我们可以得出结论,音乐教育在治国育人方面占据很重要 的地位。总之而言,荀子的教育思想是中国乐教发展史中不可或缺的 一朵奇葩,其《乐论》是中国历史上第一篇音乐美学专论。 先秦时期,中国音乐美学思想比较发达,别的思想家也像荀子一 样地表达他们的音乐思想:比如,儒家创始人孔子的乐论被认为是先 秦音乐美学的创始,在其《论语》中提出了音乐的重要性,而《吕氏 春秋》则吸收并融合了先秦各家乐论。战国中晚期的荀子与战国初年 的墨子之比较,墨子尚利,认为乐不利于民,而提出《非乐》;荀子 则认为乐分先王之礼乐和后起之邪音,应贵礼乐而贱邪音。 11 Capitolo I: Introduzione 1. Introduzione 1.1. La musica nella Cina antica e nell’antica Grecia: Oriente e Occidente a confronto Nelle due grandi civiltà dell’antichità, la civiltà cinese e la civiltà greca, la musica ha sempre ricoperto un ruolo di primaria importanza, al punto che la storia della musica è diventata rappresentativa della relazione tra l’uomo e il suo universo. Le due culture, pur essendo distanti dal punto di vista geografico, presentano comunque molti punti di contatti sul tema della musica e della sua funzione all’interno della società, e vengono prese come punti di riferimento della cultura occidentale, la civiltà greca, e della cultura orientale la civiltà cinese. In entrambe le culture, alcune idee riguardanti la musica fondano le loro radici in periodi remoti dell’antichità, col risultato che le origini della musica sono spesso impregnate di racconti mitici e di tradizioni popolari. Nel periodo che va dal VI al IV sec. a.C., pensatori come Laozi, Confucio e Xunzi in Cina, e filosofi come Pitagora, Platone e Aristotele in Grecia, divennero insegnanti e guide che portarono principi innovativi nel campo musicale. Il periodo temporale sopra citato, per quanto riguarda la Cina, va approssimativamente dal 550 a.C., anno della nascita di Confucio, al 256 a.C., anno della caduta della dinastia Zhou, periodo in cui la musica di corte, associata al rito li 礼, ha raggiunto il suo massimo splendore occupando una posizione predominante nell’educazione da impartire al junzi 君子, l’uomo di valore; mentre per quanto riguarda la Grecia, tale periodo inizia con Pitagora (530 a.C. circa) e continua sino al 320 a.C., quando il disprezzo della tradizione e la volgarizzazione della musica sfociarono nella scomparsa della musica classica. In Cina, il li (rito, etichetta) e la musica venivano considerati i fautori dell’ordine e dell’armonia dell’universo. In particolare, la musica veniva considerata come l’essenza dell’armonia che sussisteva tra Cielo, Terra e Uomo, e si pensava fosse essenziale per il raggiungimento dell’armonia e dell’ordine nel mondo materiale. Il ruolo della
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