DOCSLIB.ORG

Writing Pirates: Vernacular Fiction and Oceans in Late Ming China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Writing Pirates Writing Pirates Vernacular Fiction and Oceans in Late Ming China Yuanfei Wang University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Copyright © 2021 by Yuanfei Wang Some rights reserved This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Note to users: A Creative Commons license is only valid when it is applied by the person or entity that holds rights to the licensed work. Works may contain components (e.g., photographs, illustrations, or quotations) to which the rightsholder in the work cannot apply the license. It is ultimately your responsibility to independently evaluate the copyright status of any work or component part of a work you use, in light of your intended use. To view a copy of this li- cense, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ For questions or permissions, please contact [email protected] Published in the United States of America by the University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid- free paper First published June 2021 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication data has been applied for. ISBN 978- 0- 472- 13254- 6 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 978- 0- 472- 03851- 0 (paper : alk. paper) ISBN 978- 0- 472- 90248- 4 (OA) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11564671 This publication was made possible in part by an award from the James P. Geiss and Margaret Y. Hsu Foundation. Cover: Cover image from Qiu Ying’s Wokou tujuan, stored at the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, Tokyo University. Reproduced with permission. Acknowledgments This book could not have come into being without the generosity and help of many individuals and institutions over the past ten years. The SSRC short- term residency grant enabled me to be affiliated with the University of Southern California as a visiting scholar during the Covid-19 pandemic. I thank Brian Bernards for being my host at USC. I finished all the final revisions at home in Los Angeles. I was relieved of teaching duty to com- plete the manuscript, thanks to a Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for Inter- national Scholarly Exchange Grant, a UGA Willson Center Research Fel- lowship, and a UGA Faculty Research Grant. A SSRC Postdoctoral Fellowship for Transregional Research at Columbia University helped with the early stages of this project. I thank the Nalanda- Sriwijaya Centre at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore for a Junior Fel- lowship. My fieldwork in Singapore, Cambodia, and Indonesia was crucial for this book and for expanding my scholarly purview. I thank the warm hospitality and tremendous help of Shen Lei, Shen Yang, and Zhao Shibin during my fieldwork in the Taizhou region of Zhejiang province. I am grateful to an AAS dissertation workshop, a Harvard- Yenching library travel grant, a UGA first- book subvention award, and a James P. Geiss and Margaret Y. Hsu Foundation Publication Subvention Award. I thank these people who have read and commented on my manuscript at various stages: Hang Xing, David Rolston, Chris Baker, Peter Shapinsky, Ann Walter, Tansen Sen, Geoff Wade, Robert Von Glahn, Ania Loomba, Tina Lu, Jessica Moyer, and Kaijun Chen. The work in progress benefited from conversations with Robert Batchelor, Antony Reid, John Miksic, Xiaojue Wang, Engseng Ho, Prasenjit Duara, Nianshen Song, Guojun Wang, Siyen Fei, and Shang Wei. I am indebted to my doctoral disserta- tion advisor Victor Mair, who enlightened me with his unusual insights into world history, Chinese language, and China’s literature. Discussions with Shu- mei Shih were highly valuable and constructive. Robert Hegel v vi | Acknowledgments always sends in unwavering support and offers good advice. Haun Saussy continues to be a source of inspiration with his brilliant scholarship in comparative literature, kindness, and incisive suggestions on the manuscript. I thank the anonymous readers of the University of Michigan Press who provided solid suggestions for revisions. It has been my fortune to work with the editor Christopher Dreyer, who advocated for my project from the very beginning. Melissa Scholke thoroughly page proofed the manuscript and communicated well with the typesetter. My gratitude goes to Qian Jiang for generously sending along a few important images. Jamyung Choi and Chen Yiyuan lent their time to find images for me. A slightly different version of chapter 2 was published as: “Java in Dis- cord: Unofficial History, Vernacular Fiction, and the Discourse of Impe- rial Identity in Late Ming China (1570– 1620),” in positions: asia critique, (2019) 27 (4), 623– 52. A section in chapter 1, in a revised form, was pub- lished as “Siam as Chinese Utopia: Overseas Chinese, Colonialism, and Race in the Seventeenth- Century Chinese Novel The Sequel to the Water Margin” in Journal of the Siam Society, vol. 108: 2 (October 2020), 1– 16. This book is dedicated to my family— my parents Yixian Wang and Rongyin Feng, my husband Kai Zhu, and my daughter Olivia Zhu—whose love is as deep as the ocean. Contents Introduction: Chinese Discourse of Pirates and the Early Modern Global World 1 I. Southeast Asia Chapter 1: The Sea and the Sequel 21 Chapter 2: Java in Discord 55 II. Japan Chapter 3: Learning the Barbarian Tongue 87 Chapter 4: Turning Pirates 109 III. Jiangnan, China Chapter 5: Historical Narratives of the Pirate Kings 139 Chapter 6: Publishing the Pirate’s Romance 167 Conclusion: Stories of the Sea 199 Index 205 Digital materials related to this title can be found on the Fulcrum platform via the following citable URL: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11564671 Introduction Chinese Discourse of Pirates and the Early Modern Global World Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming dynasty emperor Yongle (1402– 永樂 1424) sponsored Admiral Zheng He (1371– 1433) to make seven voy- 鄭和 ages to the Indian Ocean.1 The Strait of Malacca, connecting the South China Sea with the Indian Ocean, became strategically important to the Ming empire and rose as the prominent seaborne marketplace. After the Ming state withdrew from the Indian Ocean, Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic seeking those same waters. His 1492 landing on a Caribbean island introduced Europeans to the Americas. The Age of Dis- covery thus began. The rapid growth of maritime trade connected East Asia and Southeast Asia with Europe and the Americas.2 In 1602, the Dutch founded the East Indian Company in Jayakarta on Java. In 1641, the Dutch captured Malacca from the Portuguese and came to dominate the eastern Indonesian archipelago trade. This period was also the age of Asian expansion. People from East Asia and Southeast Asia traded local products for foreign commodities such as porcelain, silk, spices, gold, sil- ver, and animals. When the Ming sea ban policy restricted maritime trade, these seafaring merchants became pirates and continued to seek fortune without official sanction. Unlike its European counterparts, the Ming state did not sponsor overseas colonialism, but diasporic communities emerged nonetheless, as thousands of Chinese people migrated to such countries as 1. Edward Dreyer, Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty 1405– 1433 (New York: Pearson, 2007); Wang Gungwu, “The First Three Rulers of Malacca,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 41, no. 1 (213; July 1968), 11– 22; Geoff Wade, “Melaka in Ming Dynasty Texts,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 70, no. 1 (272; 1997), 31– 69. 2. Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450– 1680: Expansion and Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 19. 2 | Writing Pirates Ryukyu, Japan, Java, Manila, and Batavia.3 On the turbulent and fortune- bearing seas, the East and the West competed and collaborated. The Japa- nese daimyo Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537–1598), launched the 豐臣秀吉 Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592 with an aim to eventually conquer China. The powerful Zheng family operated a multicultural and trans- 鄭 national maritime trade enterprise. They vied with the Dutch East India Company and seized the island of Taiwan from the Dutch in 1662.4 Economic historians have explored the connections, similarities, and differences between China and the West in the early modern world econ- omy. Immanuel Wallerstein, firmly rooted in a Eurocentric view, notes that capitalism came into existence when a European division of labor emerged after 1450.5 Completely dismissing China’s interaction with the premodern world, Wallerstein assumes that China as the static and archaic Orient would not emerge as a modern state until the West first evolved from a premodern “world- empire” into the modern “world economies” of capitalism.6 Janet Abu- Lughod proposes to view Europe in the context of the world trade system to allow for multiple centers and heterogeneous spaces. Believing that China could develop a parallel modern economy, in the European model, based upon overseas colonization, Abu-Lughod hypothesizes that the Ming empire’s maritime withdrawal by terminating Admiral Zheng He’s maritime expeditions came from an anxious desire to distinguish its imperial identity from that of the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271– 1368).7 Attributing the Ming state’s sea ban as originating in Ming cultural identity and acknowledging the Ming tributary trade was only the 3. Wang Gungwu, China and the Chinese Overseas (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003), 84– 99; Kenneth R. Hall, “Multi- Dimensional Networking: Fifteenth- Century Indian Ocean Maritime Diaspora in Southeast Asian Perspective,” in “Mari- time Diasporas in the Indian Ocean and East and Southeast Asia (960– 1775),” ed. Nor- man Yoffee, special issue, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49, no. 4 (2006): 454– 81; Anthony Reid, “Hybrid Identities in the 15th-Century Straits,” in Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century, eds.
Recommended publications
  • All Aboard! Escaping Slavery on the Underground Railroad by Monica Will

    All Aboard! Escaping Slavery on the Underground Railroad by Monica Will

    All Aboard! Escaping Slavery on the Underground Railroad by Monica Will Students will use critical thinking skills and applications to understand the strains of slavery and the risks associated with escape to freedom via the underground railroad through an in depth primary source analysis. The students will use two primary sources to analyze the escape of a fugitive slave. Students will then apply their knowledge gained to complete related extension activities. --- Overview------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Objectives: After completing the activity, students will be able to: • Perform a basic primary source analysis of a historic photograph • Interpret informational text using grade level reading strategies • List some of the risks associated with the underground railroad • Describe what slave owners did to aid in the return of their slaves • Apply reading and writing skills within the content area Understanding Slavery was something that once divided our country. All too often Goal: the slaves were treated in bad ways and dreamed of being free. Many of the people that lived as slaves would often risk their lives to gain freedom no matter what it took. The Underground Railroad helped many slaves escape to freedom. Investigative What challenges and risks did runaway slaves face as they traveled Question: along the Underground Railroad? How did the Underground Railroad help these fugitives escape? Time Required: Three class sessions Grade Level: 3 - 5 Topic: African American History, Maps Era:
  • Trepang Fisherman

    Trepang Fisherman

    Georges BaUdoux’s jean m’baraÏ THE trepang fIsherman Translated and with a Critical Introduction by Karin Speedy Georges BaUdoux’s jean m’baraÏ THE trepang fIsherman Translated and with a Critical Introduction by Karin Speedy PUBLICATION INFORMATION UTS ePRESS University of Technology Sydney Sydney NSW 2007 AUSTRALIA epress.lib.uts.edu.au Copyright Information This book is copyright. The work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Non Derivatives License CC BY-NC-ND http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ First Published 2015 © 2015 in the text, Karin Speedy © 2015 in the cover artwork, book artwork, design and layout, Emily Gregory and UTS ePRESS Publication Details DOI citation: http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/978-0-9945039-1-6 Creator: Baudoux, Georges, 1870-1949, author. Other Creators/Contributors: Speedy, Karin, translator, writer of introduction. Title: Georges Baudoux’s Jean M’Barai^ the trepang fisherman / Translated and with a critical introduction by Karin Speedy. ISBN: 9780994503916 (ebook) Subjects: New Caledonian fiction (French) – Translations into English. New Caledonian fiction (French) – Translations into English—History and criticism. Dewey Number: 843.8 UTS ePRESS Manager: Julie-Anne Marshall Book Editor: Matthew Noble Design: Emily Gregory Enquiries: [email protected] For enquiries about third party copyright material reproduced in this work, please contact UTS ePRESS. OPEN ACCESS UTS ePRESS publishes peer reviewed books, journals and conference proceedings and is the leading publisher of peer reviewed open access journals in Australasia. All UTS ePRESS online content is free to access and read. CULTURALLY SENSITIVE INFORMATION Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and people of the Melanesian, Micronesian and Polynesian islands, should be aware that this book contains images of people who are now deceased.
  • © 2013 Yi-Ling Lin

    © 2013 Yi-Ling Lin

    © 2013 Yi-ling Lin CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT IN MISSIONARY CHINA: AMERICAN MISSIONARY NOVELS 1880-1930 BY YI-LING LIN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2013 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral committee: Professor Waïl S. Hassan, Chair Professor Emeritus Leon Chai, Director of Research Professor Emeritus Michael Palencia-Roth Associate Professor Robert Tierney Associate Professor Gar y G. Xu Associate Professor Rania Huntington, University of Wisconsin at Madison Abstract From a comparative standpoint, the American Protestant missionary enterprise in China was built on a paradox in cross-cultural encounters. In order to convert the Chinese—whose religion they rejected—American missionaries adopted strategies of assimilation (e.g. learning Chinese and associating with the Chinese) to facilitate their work. My dissertation explores how American Protestant missionaries negotiated the rejection-assimilation paradox involved in their missionary work and forged a cultural identification with China in their English novels set in China between the late Qing and 1930. I argue that the missionaries’ novelistic expression of that identification was influenced by many factors: their targeted audience, their motives, their work, and their perceptions of the missionary enterprise, cultural difference, and their own missionary identity. Hence, missionary novels may not necessarily be about conversion, the missionaries’ primary objective but one that suggests their resistance to Chinese culture, or at least its religion. Instead, the missionary novels I study culminate in a non-conversion theme that problematizes the possibility of cultural assimilation and identification over ineradicable racial and cultural differences.
  • Lei Bao Education Appointments Research Interests and Fields

    Lei Bao Education Appointments Research Interests and Fields

    Lei Bao Department of Physics, Ohio State University 191 W Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1117 Tel: 614-292-2450, Fax: 614-292-7557; [email protected] Education Ph.D., Physics, 1999, University of Maryland at College Park M.S., Physics, 1996, University of Maryland at College Park M.S., Electrical Engineering, 1992, SouthEast University, Nanjing, China B.S., Electrical Engineering, 1990, SouthEast University, Nanjing, China Appointments 10/2011 − present Professor, Department of Physics and School of Teaching and Learning, The Ohio State University 10/2006 − 09/2011: Associate Professor, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University. Associate Professor (Courtesy appointment) School of Teaching and Learning, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University. 08/2000 − 09/2006: Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University. 08/1999 − 07/2000: Research Associate, Physics Department, Kansas State University. 08/1994 − 07/1999: Graduate Research and Teaching Assistant, Physics Department, University of Maryland. Academic Affiliations 09/2010 − present: Guest Professor at NingXia University, YingChuan, China 06/2010 − present: Guest Professor at South China Normal University, GuangZhou, China 05/2009 − present: Guest Professor at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 10/2008 − present: Guest Professor at Beijing JiaoTong University, Beijing, China 09/2003 − present: Guest Professor at SouthEast University, Nanjing, China Member of the OSU China Gateway Faculty Advisory Committee. Member
  • Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei

    Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei

    Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei By ©2016 Alison Miller Submitted to the graduate degree program in the History of Art and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Maki Kaneko ________________________________ Dr. Sherry Fowler ________________________________ Dr. David Cateforis ________________________________ Dr. John Pultz ________________________________ Dr. Akiko Takeyama Date Defended: April 15, 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Alison Miller certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Maki Kaneko Date approved: April 15, 2016 ii Abstract This dissertation examines the political significance of the image of the Japanese Empress Teimei (1884-1951) with a focus on issues of gender and class. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, Japanese society underwent significant changes in a short amount of time. After the intense modernizations of the late nineteenth century, the start of the twentieth century witnessed an increase in overseas militarism, turbulent domestic politics, an evolving middle class, and the expansion of roles for women to play outside the home. As such, the early decades of the twentieth century in Japan were a crucial period for the formation of modern ideas about femininity and womanhood. Before, during, and after the rule of her husband Emperor Taishō (1879-1926; r. 1912-1926), Empress Teimei held a highly public role, and was frequently seen in a variety of visual media.
  • EXPLORATIONS INTO a COMPLICATED STORY – OURS Voices, Experiences and Accounts of Disability at the University of Bologna

    EXPLORATIONS INTO a COMPLICATED STORY – OURS Voices, Experiences and Accounts of Disability at the University of Bologna

    EXPLORATIONS INTO A COMPLICATED STORY – OURS Voices, experiences and accounts of disability at the University of Bologna edited by Nicola Bardasi and Cristiana Natali translated by Nicola Bardasi, Yuri Lysenko, Eleonora Perugini, Zazie Alberta Piva, Gabriele Savioli reviewed by Peter Henderson 1 Original title: Io a loro ho cercato di spiegare che è una storia complicate la nostra. Voci, esperienze, testimonianze sulla disabilità all’Università di Bologna Published by: Bononia University Press Via Ugo Foscolo 7, 40123 Bologna tel. (+39) 051 232 882 fax (+39) 051 221 019 © 2018 Bononia University Press ISBN 978-88-6923-357-9 www.buponline.com [email protected] First edition: July 2018 Cover design: Paola Bosi English version: March 2020 (updated June 2020) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 5 Cristiana Natali How dancing gave me a hand 7 Maria Paola Chiaverini Sensory rediscovery of the world 9 Rocco Pessolano A story of deafness: a University experience 16 Cecilia Bacconi Equality and difference 19 Francesco Nurra The secret club 22 Anonymous The long journey 28 Michela Ricci Malerbi When disability is invisible 35 Jennifer Pallotta Patience and irony 38 Luca Mozzachiodi Disability and University 47 Enrico Franceschi I only had to get experience, instead I found a friend 53 Luca G. De Sandoli Interview with Matteo Corvino 61 Nicola Bardasi Interview with Francesco Musolesi 65 Nicola Bardasi My story 72 Giulia Baraldi Physical (and then also psychological) disadvantages 78 Anonymous A learning curve 80 Fabiola Girneata APPENDIX Project presentation letter 83 Selected anthropological bibliography 85 by Nicola Bardasi The authors 88 Introduction Cristiana Natali Translated by Gabriele Savioli Maria Paola has only one hand – the right one.
  • Japan in Translation

    Japan in Translation

    Volume 14 | Issue 14 | Number 1 | Article ID 4903 | Jul 15, 2016 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Introduction to the Special Issue in Honor of Kyoko Selden: Japan in Translation Alisa Freedman two journals were venues through which Kyoko shared much of her work. These poems, stories, novellas, essays, plays, memoirs, and biographies—drawn from her more than twenty books and fifty short pieces—exemplify her belief in the humanizing power of literature and art, concern for the human toll of historical events, and gentle humor. They reveal new dimensions of established authors while ensuring that marginalized voices are heard. The selections highlight Kyoko’s emphasis on women writers and her interlocking themes: war and peace, classical literature and art, Ainu traditions, Okinawan literature, atomic cataclysm, music, education, and childhood, among others. We have prioritized texts that have not been published and those that were first circulated in private venues; included are a few of her many contributions to theAsia Pacific Journal and Japan Focus. We have completed translations that Kyoko did not have a chance to finish before her passing in January 2013.2 Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Volume XXVII, Special Issue in Honor of Kyoko Selden (2015); also available here This issue of The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus is the first of three special online issues that can be read in conjunction with a 2015 special issue of the Review of Japanese Culture and Society (Volume XXVII).1 Together the issues offer examples of Kyoko Selden’s literary translations and writings that span Japanese history, literature, and multiple genres.
  • (Sinoloji) Anabilim Dali

    (Sinoloji) Anabilim Dali

    TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ DOĞU DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI (SİNOLOJİ) ANABİLİM DALI ÇİN KAYNAKLARINDA TANG HANEDANLIĞI DÖNEMİ ANXİ (KUÇA) GENEL VALİLİĞİ VE ANTİK İPEK YOLU’NA ETKİLERİ Doktora Tezi Sema GÖKENÇ GÜLEZ Ankara – 2019 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ DOĞU DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI (SİNOLOJİ) ANABİLİM DALI ÇİN KAYNAKLARINDA TANG HANEDANLIĞI DÖNEMİ ANXİ (KUÇA) GENEL VALİLİĞİ VE ANTİK İPEK YOLU’NA ETKİLERİ Doktora Tezi Sema GÖKENÇ GÜLEZ Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. İnci ERDOĞDU Ankara – 2019 ÖNSÖZ Tang Hanedanlığı Çin’in altın çağını yaşadığı ve aynı zamanda doğu ve batı arasında etkileşimlerin yaşandığı bir dönem olmuştur. Söz konusu dönemde hanedanlık stratejik konuma sahip olan Batı Bölgesi politikasında önemli stratejiler izleyerek bazı tedbirler almıştır. Nitekim Tang Hanedanlığı’nın Batı Bölgesi’nde izlediği en önemli strateji Qiuci (Kuça) merkez olmak üzere kurduğu Anxi Genel Valilik birimi olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Tang Hanedanlığı döneminde Batı Bölgesi’nde kurulan Anxi Genel Valilik birimi ve altında kurulan Anxi Dört Garnizon yapısının kapsamı, kuruluş amaçları ve Batı Bölgesi’ndeki faaliyetleri ile sonuçları ele alınacaktır. Aynı zamanda Tang Hanedanlığı’nın bölgede Anxi Genel Valilik birimini kurması doğrultusunda aldığı önlemlerin antik İpek Yolu’na etkileri incelenecektir. Tez çalışmam süresince yardımını esirgemeyerek destek olan danışman hocam sayın Doç. Dr. İnci Erdoğdu’ya teşekkürlerimi sunar, lisansüstü çalışmalarım süresince her türlü konuda destek olan ve deneyimlerini paylaşan sayın hocam Prof. Dr. Bülent Okay’a teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca doktora tez araştırması yapmak üzere bir yıllık süre ile bulunduğum Shanghai Fudan Üniversitesi’nde tez çalışma ve araştırmalarım ile kaynak tedariki konusunda yardımcı olan sayın Prof. Dr. Han Sheng hocama ve tez araştırmalarım konusunda değerli fikirlerini benimle paylaşan sayın Prof.
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0278344 A1 XIAO (43) Pub

    (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0278344 A1 XIAO (43) Pub

    US 20140278344A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0278344 A1 XIAO (43) Pub. Date: Sep. 18, 2014 (54) ENGLISHTRAINING METHOD AND DEVICE (57) ABSTRACT (71) Applicant: Yunfei XIAO, Flushing, NY (US) The present disclosure provides an English training method, (72) Inventor: Yunfei XIAO, Flushing, NY (US) including the following steps: classifying and storing words (21) Appl. No.: 14/202,604 according to predetermined word classification rules; receiv ing a user command for extracting a corresponding word (22) Filed: Mar 10, 2014 according to a classification of the word, and extracting the corresponding word according to the user command and out (30) Foreign Application Priority Data putting the word in audio or video form; the word classifica tion rules including: combining two consonants with five Mar. 15, 2013 (CN) ......................... 2013 10084532.3 Vowels a, e, i, o, and u respectively to form words; or using a Publication Classification main word or a transformation of the main word as a main body, and combining the main body with 26 letters of the (51) Int. Cl. English alphabet in sequence to form words; or combining the G09B 9/06 (2006.01) five vowels a, e, i, o, and u with other letters of the English G06F 7/28 (2006.01) alphabet to form word roots, and combining each of the word (52) U.S. Cl. roots with the 26 letters of the English alphabet in sequence to CPC ................ G09B 19/06 (2013.01); G06F 17/28 form words; or matching a whole English sentence or a whole (2013.01) English paragraph with a Chinese song; or noting a pronun USPC .............................................................
  • The Jesuit Mission and Jihi No Kumi (Confraria De Misericórdia)

    The Jesuit Mission and Jihi No Kumi (Confraria De Misericórdia)

    The Jesuit Mission and Jihi no Kumi (Confraria de Misericórdia) Takashi GONOI Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo Introduction During the 80-year period starting when the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier and his party arrived in Kagoshima in August of 1549 and propagated their Christian teachings until the early 1630s, it is estimated that a total of 760,000 Japanese converted to Chris- tianity. Followers of Christianity were called “kirishitan” in Japanese from the Portu- guese christão. As of January 1614, when the Tokugawa shogunate enacted its prohibi- tion of the religion, kirishitan are estimated to have been 370,000. This corresponds to 2.2% of the estimated population of 17 million of the time (the number of Christians in Japan today is estimated at around 1.1 million with Roman Catholics and Protestants combined, amounting to 0.9% of total population of 127 million). In November 1614, 99 missionaries were expelled from Japan. This was about two-thirds of the total number in the country. The 45 missionaries who stayed behind in hiding engaged in religious in- struction of the remaining kirishitan. The small number of missionaries was assisted by brotherhoods and sodalities, which acted in the missionaries’ place to provide care and guidance to the various kirishitan communities in different parts of Japan. During the two and a half centuries of harsh prohibition of Christianity, the confraria (“brother- hood”, translated as “kumi” in Japanese) played a major role in maintaining the faith of the hidden kirishitan. An overview of the state of the kirishitan faith in premodern Japan will be given in terms of the process of formation of that faith, its actual condition, and the activities of the confraria.
  • Debates on Political Meritocracy in China a Historical Perspective

    Debates on Political Meritocracy in China a Historical Perspective

    SYMPOSIUM THE CHINA MODEL DEBATES ON POLITICAL MERITOCRACY IN CHINA A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE BY WANG PEI © 2017 – Philosophy and Public Issues (New Series), Vol. 7, No. 1 (2017): 53-71 Luiss University Press E-ISSN 2240-7987 | P-ISSN 1591-0660 ! [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] THE CHINA MODEL Debates on Political Meritocracy in China A Historical Perspective Pei Wang n his satirical novel The rise of the meritocracy, Michael Young, suggests that political hierarchies in meritocratic regimes may I become frozen and undermine social mobility. Daniel Bell has argued against this position in his book The China Model.1 We will support and deepen this rebuttal from the perspective of the history of ancient Chinese political thought. In fact, every political hierarchy may become frozen; every society may face the problem of the decline of social mobility. However, the problem may not be the concrete political institutions but the weakness of human nature. Meritocracy is precisely the only treatment of such political bottlenecks, which had been proved repeatedly in the history of ancient Chinese political history. The debates about political meritocracy tend to reappear, with new iterations and interpretations, precisely when the old political hierarchies become ossified. Bell·s book should thus be viewed as the latest critical intervention. It is important to discuss the historical background to such debates. 1 Daniel Bell, The China Model: Political Meritocracy and the Limits of Democracy, Princeton University Press, 2015, pp. 111-112, pp. 125-135. © 2017 ² Philosophy and Public Issues (New Series), Vol. 7, No. 1 (2017): 53-71 Luiss University Press E-ISSN 2240-7987 | P-ISSN 1591-0660 Philosophy and Public Issues ² The China Model I The context for debates about political meritocracy 5HJDUGLQJ WKH ZRUG ´PHULWRFUDF\µ WKH ILUVW SDUW mereǀ ´HDUQµ LV IURP /DWLQ DQG WKH VHFRQG SDUW țȡȐIJȠȢ ´VWUHQJWK SRZHUµ LVIURP*UHHN7KHVHWZRSDUWVRIGLIIHUHQWRULJLQVZHUH put together by Michael Young to create an effect of political irony.
  • Opening Essential Questions? Lesson Objectives

    Opening Essential Questions? Lesson Objectives

    Silk Road Curriculum Project 2018-2019 Ingrid Herskind Title of Lesson Plan: Silk Road: Cartography and Trade in Ancient and Modern China Ingrid Herskind, Flintridge Prep School, La Canada, CA Lesson Overview: Students will explore the “Silk Road” trade networks by investigating a route, mapping the best path, and portraying a character who navigated the route. Opening essential questions? How did the Silk Road routes represent an early version of worldwide integration and development? How does China’s modern One Belt, One Road project use similar routes and methodologies as the earlier Silk Road project? How is this modern project different? Lesson Objectives: Students will be able to: Students will also apply skills from the Global Competence Matrix and will: • Investigate the world beyond their immediate environment by identifying an issue, generating a question, and explaining its significance locally, regionally, and globally. • Recognize their own and others’ perspectives by understanding the influences that impact those perspectives. • Communicate their ideas effectively with diverse audiences by realizing how their ideas and delivery can be perceived. • Translate their ideas and findings into appropriate actions to improve conditions and to create opportunities for personal and collaborative action. 1 1 World Savvy, Global Competence Matrix, Council of Chief State School Officers’ EdSteps Project in partnership with the Asia Society Partnership for Global Learning, 2010 1 Silk Road Curriculum Project 2018-2019 Ingrid Herskind Length of Project: This lesson as designed to take place over 2-3 days (periods are either 45 min or 77 min) in 9th Grade World History. Grade Level: High School (gr 9) World History, variation in International Relations 12th grade Historical Context: • China was a key player in the networks that crossed from one continent to another.