Korean American Creations and Discontents: Korean American Cultural Productions, Los Angeles, and Post-1992
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Korean American Creations and Discontents: Korean American Cultural Productions, Los Angeles, and Post-1992 A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Michelle Chang IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Josephine Lee, Co-Advisor Elliott Powell, Co-Advisor December 2020 © Michelle Chang 2020 i Acknowledgements As I write the last section of my dissertation, I find myself at a loss for words. 55,000+ words later and my writing fails me. While the dissertation itself is an overwhelming feat, this acknowledgements section feels equally heavy. Expressing my gratitude and thanks for every person who has made this possiBle feels quite impossiBle. And as someone who once detested both school and writing, there’s a lot of people I am thankful for. It is a fact that I could not completed a PhD, let alone a dissertation, on my own. Graduate school wears you down, and especially one framed By the 2016 presidential election and 2020 uprisings, rise of white supremacy, and a gloBal pandemic, graduate school is really hard and writing is the last thing you want to do. While I’ve spent days going through mental lists of people and groups who’ve helped me, this is not a complete list and my sincere apologies to anyone I’ve forgotten. First and foremost, this dissertation would not be where it is today without the guidance and support of my advisors Jo Lee and Elliott Powell. The hours of advice and words of wisdom I received from you both not only shaped my project and affirmed its direction, but they also reminded me of the realistic expectations we should have for ourselves. If you ask any PhD student how important an advisor is for their success, most will answer very. I am no exception. Jo and Elliott were instrumental in this process. From Jo’s constant reminders to take necessary Breaks, as well as our many conversations that had nothing to do with ii scholarship, Jo was there to remind me that there was more to life than a dissertation. Elliott had similar words for me. Though my memory has proBaBly reimagined what he actually said to me, when I asked Elliott what I should focus on the summer after my first he told me, “Don’t do anything and enjoy it.” Given that I’m finishing my dissertation a year and a half Before my own expectations, it was great advice. Jo and Elliott have reminded me countless times to take care of myself. The stories they’ve shared about their own mishaps have both humanized the whole process, while reminding me that in fact, no one actually thinks they’re doing well in graduate school. And of course, Jo and Elliott provided such fruitful discussions and intellectual insights throughout this whole process and for their guidance, I am very grateful. Along with Jo and Elliott, I’d like to thank Yuichiro Onishi and Martin Manalansan. Like Jo and Elliott, both were very supportive in our email correspondence, office hours, and passing encounters. Yuich offered direction early on in the preliminary exam phase that was key to the writing process and every conversation with him has Been energizing. And adding Martin late into my graduate years, was only Because he had just arrived as I was wrapping up. Regardless, I am so thankful Martin came to Minnesota and agreed to be on my committee. After reading much of his work through my graduate school years, it was such a pleasure sharing conversations with him. I’d also like to thank countless other professors at the University. Kevin Murphy and Jennifer Pierce are the Biggest advocates of graduate students, and iii I am so thankful for their work, generosity, and selflessness. It was such a pleasure to work for Karla Padron, Lorena Munoz, and Karen Mary Davalos as their teaching assistants. All three taught me so much about learning and teaching. A special shout out to Karen Mary who mentored me during the Race, Indigeneity, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Dissertation Proposal Development Fellowship. She not only pushed me to think about my dissertation as a whole, but also outlined what the eventual dissertation would look like. It was also the first time I heard the phrase that has grounded me throughout this process, a good dissertation is a done dissertation. Thank you to RIGS and the Community of Scholars Program for the many hours of structured writing that made this dissertation possiBle. I’m also grateful for so many other scholars I had the chance to encounter at the university: Kate Derickson, Karen Ho, Richa Nagar, Jimmy Patino, Teresa Schwartz, Sandra Soto, Saymoukda Vongsay, and Terrion Williamson. Writing this list reminds me of the importance of women of color, people of color, and women scholars and mentors in academic spaces. Each of these individuals listed made me, and countless other students, feel seen and heard, and their presence is integral to any university or academic setting. I am indebted to the University Writing Center and especially Kirsten Jamsen, Katie Levin, and Jasmine Kar Tang. These three created a space at the writing center that gave me so much joy and sustenance, along with all the staff and colleagues who worked there. I also want to thank Katie for all her work and iv help, especially during the Dissertation Retreat, along with Jake Grossman and Caty TaBorda. So much of my dissertation was written during those two weeks. Shoutout to all my colleagues in that space! So much fruitful discussion and energy came out of that rigorous writing retreat. And I would especially not be here today without Jasmine. Jasmine was with me every step of the way, from our first writing consultation where she helped me with my Ford Fellowship application to our very last consultation, as I rounded out the epilogue of my dissertation. Jasmine, I am eternally grateful for your mentorship, advice, conversation, support, and insight. There are no words or adjectives that sufficiently descriBe how fundamental Jasmine was to this whole process. The UMN Writing Center, its directors and staff, created an intentional space and I am so thankful for the opportunities I had there. And of course, I would be remiss to not include my colleagues who provided laughter, sass, support, ideas, and reminded each other that graduate school was hard, racism and sexism was everywhere, and that while violence still existed in academia, we were there to disrupt it. To my cohort – Vanessa Guzman, Rachelle Henderson, Brendan McHugh, Matthew Tchepikova-Treon – wow y’all. What a trip this has been. I wouldn’t be here without any of you. To the other graduate students in the department – Amber Annis, Sarah Atwood, Christine Bachman-Sanders (and Ian), Kidiocus Carroll, Agleska Cohen- Rencountre, Akikwe Cornell, Jennifer Doane, Aaron Eddens, Mingwei Huang, Michelle Lee, Mary Marchan, Hana Maruyama, Rose Miron, Khoi Nguyen, Mario v Obando, Kiara Padilla, Soham Patel, Kong Pha, Kai Pyle, Demiliza Saramosing, Thomas Seweid-DeAngelis, Sasha Suarez, Joe Whitson, Lei Zhang – I’m indebted to those who gave me guidance as a 1st and 2nd year. Thank you for paving the way for the rest of us, and the many laughs – ASGSA will live on. And to those still grinding, you got this! Michelle, Mary, Hana – sorry for dipping out so suddenly. I hope we see each other again and eat all the good Asian food. Christine and Ian, thank you for all those work days, conversations, and meals. Separate and overlapping with the writing center and American Studies department is also the Critical Race and Ethnic Studies graduate group. My only regret is that I didn’t have enough time to dive deep into this space, but you all were always so welcoming when I could make it. All the insight and advice shared about my own writing and others was such a Blessing to be a part of. There is aBsolutely no way this list will name everyone and for that, I’m sincerely sorry. Karen Bauer, Sayan Bhattacharya, Yuan Ding, Ana Cláudia dos Santos São Bernardo, Caitlin Gunn, Elena Hristova, Tia Gardner, Ezekiel JouBert, Rahsaan Mahadeo, Emily Mitamura, Joanna Nunez, Naimah Petigny, Nithya Rajan, Meño Santillana, Stephen Suh, Colin Wingate, AK Wright, and the many American studies folks I named earlier. And finally, I would not be here if it weren’t for all my friends and family outside of graduate school. Leaving California for the first time and moving to Minneapolis was one of the most challenging things I’ve done, and so many friends made me feel welcomed and at home. Though an exhaustive list is vi impossiBle, I do want to name folks in Minnesota who provided endless food, conversation, and laughter – Sarah Anciaux, Kayla Blanek, Holly and Caleb Denecour, Jamie Glader, Katie Godfrey, Shwa Hemmesch, Courtney Kiesow, Patty King, Becca Ludford, Leslie Losby, Sarah Meckstroth, Kelsey Mueller, Pat Niles, Emma Piorier, Emily Regan, Frances Tsukano and, AJ Uthe, and so many others. AJ and Courtney, thanks for all those days we worked at coffee shops, those were instrumental. Fran, Leslie, and Patsy thanks for all the food and letting me use your home to write. To all my friends and family, thank you for warm meals, camping adventures, dog playdates, quality time, and all you did and continue to do to feed my soul. To my many teammates past and present, thank you. Especially to Molly Brown, you all have taught me so much, including what a community can look like if we show up for one another, on and off the field.