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Concise Ancient History of Indonesia.Pdf
CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDONESIA CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY O F INDONESIA BY SATYAWATI SULEIMAN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION JAKARTA Copyright by The Archaeological Foundation ]or The National Archaeological Institute 1974 Sponsored by The Ford Foundation Printed by Djambatan — Jakarta Percetakan Endang CONTENTS Preface • • VI I. The Prehistory of Indonesia 1 Early man ; The Foodgathering Stage or Palaeolithic ; The Developed Stage of Foodgathering or Epi-Palaeo- lithic ; The Foodproducing Stage or Neolithic ; The Stage of Craftsmanship or The Early Metal Stage. II. The first contacts with Hinduism and Buddhism 10 III. The first inscriptions 14 IV. Sumatra — The rise of Srivijaya 16 V. Sanjayas and Shailendras 19 VI. Shailendras in Sumatra • •.. 23 VII. Java from 860 A.D. to the 12th century • • 27 VIII. Singhasari • • 30 IX. Majapahit 33 X. The Nusantara : The other islands 38 West Java ; Bali ; Sumatra ; Kalimantan. Bibliography 52 V PREFACE This book is intended to serve as a framework for the ancient history of Indonesia in a concise form. Published for the first time more than a decade ago as a booklet in a modest cyclostyled shape by the Cultural Department of the Indonesian Embassy in India, it has been revised several times in Jakarta in the same form to keep up to date with new discoveries and current theories. Since it seemed to have filled a need felt by foreigners as well as Indonesians to obtain an elementary knowledge of Indonesia's past, it has been thought wise to publish it now in a printed form with the aim to reach a larger public than before. -
Urban Transformation in Transitional Economies: Lessons from the Mongolian Plateau
URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES: LESSONS FROM THE MONGOLIAN PLATEAU By Hogeun Park A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Planning, Design, and Construction—Doctor of Philosophy 2018 ABSTRACT URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES: LESSONS FROM THE MONGOLIAN PLATEAU By Hogeun Park Over the past three decades, transitional economies have experienced dramatic urbanization in response to changes in the human and natural environments, resulting from economic transitions, industrial restructures, institutional reforms, and climate variability. However, our knowledge of the causes and processes of urbanization in transitional economies remains limited. Here, I used the Mongolian Plateau (MGP), including Inner Mongolia in China (IM) and Mongolia (MG), as a testbed for studying the processes and causes of urbanization. I also investigated urban challenges and the policy implications of those issues. The dissertation is set to three research objectives: (1) understanding the processes of urbanization in the MGP, (2) analyzing the driving forces of rural-to-urban migration, and (3) identifying urban challenges and proposing policy solutions. For the first objective, I analyzed the spatial characteristics of urbanization in six cities (Hohhot, Baotou, and Ulanqab in IM, and Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, and Darkhan in MG) using remote sensing analyses, computed the urban growth rates, population density, and discontiguity (i.e., leap-frogging index) of each city from 1990 through 2015, and applied structural equation models. I found divergent spatial patterns of urbanization in IM and MG and the differential institutional supports and industrial structures contributing to these disparities. For the second objective, I used household surveys to analyze the forces driving rural-to- urban migration, complemented with remote sensing tools to estimate the actual environmental conditions of respondents’ former residences. -
Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE OLIN LIBRARY QE 22.L98aT"'^"''"'"'"-""''>' ^"^ journals imMiMmlf.f.'i*' of Sir Charl 3 1924 012 129 544 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012129544 SIR CHARLES LYELL, BART. VOL I. LONDON : PRINTED BT SQUAKE 3P0TTI8W00DE AND CO., NEW-STllKET ASD PAELIAMENT 8TRKKT ^ t£?9n.' yy^ lA'^iu^.H ri^ 1 yZ6£'A/992^/Z^ /£^' LIFE LETTEES AND JOUENALS OF SIR CHARLES LYELL, BART. AUTHOR OF 'PRINCIPLES OP GEOLOGY' &C. EDITED BY HIS SISTER-IN-LAW, MBS. LYELL IN TWO VOLUMES—VOL. I. m\t^ |ortraite LONDON JOHN MUEEAY, ALBEMAELE STEEET 1881 All ri[/h(s feser'ved PEE FACE. The Geolotjical Works of Sir Charles Lyell are the best monument which he has left to the world as a record of his labours in Science, but something more may be desired to be known of tlie hfe of one who loved Nature's works with an intensity which was only equalled by his love of Truth. These volumes contain a sketch of the early days of Geological Science, and of the Geological Society of London, with glimpses of some of the bright characters who adorned it. An autobiographical account of his boyhood is given, and large extracts from the private journals and letters to his wife, his family and friends, as these record better than any panegyric the untiring energy and enthusiasm which never flagged during a long life, rendering it a useful and a very happy one. -
Newsletter of the Scottish Maps Forum
Issue 5 CAIRT June 2004 Newsletter of the Scottish Maps Forum In this issue: LOOK AT SCOTLAND • Look at Scotland : Seminar and enjoy a feast for the eyes! • Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-water lochs of Scotland Why was Scotland's first atlas published in the Netherlands? Who provided the texts for the atlas? What do we know • Pont – new information about the Blaeu firm, who published the atlas? • Ancillary map trades _______________________ These questions and others relating to the production of Blaeu's Atllas Novus volume 5 in Amsterdam in 1654, will be SCOTTISH MAPS FORUM explored in a seminar to celebrate the 350th anniversary. The Forum was initiated by the National The Scottish Maps Forum and the Royal Scottish Library of Scotland in January 2002: Geographical Society are collaborating with the National To stimulate and to encourage multi- Library of Scotland to organise this event on Wednesday 22 disciplinary map use, study and September at the National Library's Causewayside Building research, particularly relating to Scottish maps and mapmakers in Edinburgh. Further details are available from the Map To disseminate information on Scottish Library at the address on the left. maps and map collections To record information on maps and Speakers include Dr Peter van der Krogt (Utrecht mapmaking, particularly in a Scottish University), Dr Esther Mijers and Dr Jeffrey Stone context (Aberdeen University), Dr Alastair Mann (Stirling University), To liaise with other groups and Prof Charles Withers (Edinburgh University), Ian individuals with map related interests Cunningham and Chris Fleet (National Library of Scotland), To build on, and to continue, the work of Project Pont The seminar takes its title from Blaeu's Greetings to the CAIRT reader: 'Continue now, look at Scotland and enjoy a feast for The newsletter is issued twice a year. -
The Influence of Hindu, Buddhist, and Chinese Culture on the Shapes of Gebyog of the Javenese Traditional Houses
Arts and Design Studies www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-6061 (Paper) ISSN 2225-059X (Online) Vol.79, 2019 The Influence of Hindu, Buddhist, and Chinese Culture on the Shapes of Gebyog of the Javenese Traditional Houses Joko Budiwiyanto 1 Dharsono 2 Sri Hastanto 2 Titis S. Pitana 3 Abstract Gebyog is a traditional Javanese house wall made of wood with a particular pattern. The shape of Javanese houses and gebyog develop over periods of culture and government until today. The shapes of gebyog are greatly influenced by various culture, such as Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and Chinese. The Hindu and Buddhist influences of are evident in the shapes of the ornaments and their meanings. The Chinese influence through Islamic culture developing in the archipelago is strong, mainly in terms of the gebyog patterns, wood construction techniques, ornaments, and coloring techniques. The nuance has been felt in the era of Majapahit, Demak, Mataram and at present. The use of ganja mayangkara in Javanese houses of the Majapahit era, the use of Chinese-style gunungan ornaments at the entrance to the Sunan Giri tomb, the saka guru construction technique of Demak mosque, the Kudusnese and Jeparanese gebyog motifs, and the shape of the gebyog patangaring of the house. Keywords: Hindu-Buddhist influence, Chinese influence, the shape of gebyog , Javanese house. DOI : 10.7176/ADS/79-09 Publication date: December 31st 2019 I. INTRODUCTION Gebyog , according to the Javanese-Indonesian Dictionary, is generally construed as a wooden wall. In the context of this study, gebyog is a wooden wall in a Javanese house with a particular pattern. -
General Index
General Index Italicized page numbers indicate figures and tables. Color plates are in- cussed; full listings of authors’ works as cited in this volume may be dicated as “pl.” Color plates 1– 40 are in part 1 and plates 41–80 are found in the bibliographical index. in part 2. Authors are listed only when their ideas or works are dis- Aa, Pieter van der (1659–1733), 1338 of military cartography, 971 934 –39; Genoa, 864 –65; Low Coun- Aa River, pl.61, 1523 of nautical charts, 1069, 1424 tries, 1257 Aachen, 1241 printing’s impact on, 607–8 of Dutch hamlets, 1264 Abate, Agostino, 857–58, 864 –65 role of sources in, 66 –67 ecclesiastical subdivisions in, 1090, 1091 Abbeys. See also Cartularies; Monasteries of Russian maps, 1873 of forests, 50 maps: property, 50–51; water system, 43 standards of, 7 German maps in context of, 1224, 1225 plans: juridical uses of, pl.61, 1523–24, studies of, 505–8, 1258 n.53 map consciousness in, 636, 661–62 1525; Wildmore Fen (in psalter), 43– 44 of surveys, 505–8, 708, 1435–36 maps in: cadastral (See Cadastral maps); Abbreviations, 1897, 1899 of town models, 489 central Italy, 909–15; characteristics of, Abreu, Lisuarte de, 1019 Acequia Imperial de Aragón, 507 874 –75, 880 –82; coloring of, 1499, Abruzzi River, 547, 570 Acerra, 951 1588; East-Central Europe, 1806, 1808; Absolutism, 831, 833, 835–36 Ackerman, James S., 427 n.2 England, 50 –51, 1595, 1599, 1603, See also Sovereigns and monarchs Aconcio, Jacopo (d. 1566), 1611 1615, 1629, 1720; France, 1497–1500, Abstraction Acosta, José de (1539–1600), 1235 1501; humanism linked to, 909–10; in- in bird’s-eye views, 688 Acquaviva, Andrea Matteo (d. -
No.723 (April Issue)
NBTHK SWORD JOURNAL ISSUE NUMBER 723 April, 2017 Meito Kansho Examination of Important Swords Juyo Bijutsu Hin Important Art Object Type: Tachi Owner: Mori Kinen (memorial) Shu-sui Museum Mei: Toshitsune Length: 2 shaku 3 sun1 bu 8 rin (70.25 cm) Sori: 9 bu 6 rin (2.9 cm) Motohaba: 9 bu 2 rin (2.8 cm) Sakihaba: 6 bu 3 rin (1.9 cm) Motokasane: 2 bu (0.6 cm) Sakikasane: 1 bu 1 rin (0.35 cm) Kissaki length: 8 bu 6 rin (2.6 cm) Nakago length: 6 sun 5 bu 7 rin (19.9 cm) Nakago sori: 1 bu (0.3 rin) Commentary This is a shinogi zukuri tachi with an ihorimune, a standard width, and there is not much difference in the widths at the moto and saki. It is slightly thick, there is a large koshi-sori with funbari, the tip has a prominent sori, and there is a short chu- kissaki. The jihada is itame mixed with mokume, the entire jihada is well forged, and some areas have a fine ko-itame jihada. There are ji-nie, chikei along the itame hada areas, and jifu utsuri. The entire hamon is high, and composed of ko- gunome mixed with ko-choji, square gunome, and togariba. The hamon’s vertical alterations are not prominent, and in some places it is a suguha type hamon. There are ashi and yo, a nioiguchi, a little bit of uneven fine mura, and mizukaze-like utsuri at the koshimoto is very clear and almost looks like a hamon. -
General Index
General Index Italic page numbers refer to illustrations. Authors are listed in ical Index. Manuscripts, maps, and charts are usually listed by this index only when their ideas or works are discussed; full title and author; occasionally they are listed under the city and listings of works as cited in this volume are in the Bibliograph- institution in which they are held. CAbbas I, Shah, 47, 63, 65, 67, 409 on South Asian world maps, 393 and Kacba, 191 "Jahangir Embracing Shah (Abbas" Abywn (Abiyun) al-Batriq (Apion the in Kitab-i balJriye, 232-33, 278-79 (painting), 408, 410, 515 Patriarch), 26 in Kitab ~urat ai-arc!, 169 cAbd ai-Karim al-Mi~ri, 54, 65 Accuracy in Nuzhat al-mushtaq, 169 cAbd al-Rabman Efendi, 68 of Arabic measurements of length of on Piri Re)is's world map, 270, 271 cAbd al-Rabman ibn Burhan al-Maw~ili, 54 degree, 181 in Ptolemy's Geography, 169 cAbdolazlz ibn CAbdolgani el-Erzincani, 225 of Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397 al-Qazwlni's world maps, 144 Abdur Rahim, map by, 411, 412, 413 of al-BlrunI's calculation of Ghazna's on South Asian world maps, 393, 394, 400 Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra, 60 longitude, 188 in view of world landmass as bird, 90-91 Abu, Mount, Rajasthan of al-BlrunI's celestial mapping, 37 in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23 on Jain triptych, 460 of globes in paintings, 409 n.36 Agapius (Mabbub) religious map of, 482-83 of al-Idrisi's sectional maps, 163 Kitab al- ~nwan, 17 Abo al-cAbbas Abmad ibn Abi cAbdallah of Islamic celestial globes, 46-47 Agnese, Battista, 279, 280, 282, 282-83 Mu\:lammad of Kitab-i ba/Jriye, 231, 233 Agnicayana, 308-9, 309 Kitab al-durar wa-al-yawaqft fi 11m of map of north-central India, 421, 422 Agra, 378 n.145, 403, 436, 448, 476-77 al-ra~d wa-al-mawaqft (Book of of maps in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Agrawala, V. -
Impact of Land Cover Composition and Structure on Air Temperature Based on the Local Climate Zone Scheme in Hangzhou, China
atmosphere Article Impact of Land Cover Composition and Structure on Air Temperature Based on the Local Climate Zone Scheme in Hangzhou, China Hai Yan 1, Shimin Yang 1, Xiaohui Guo 1, Fan Wu 2, Renwu Wu 1, Feng Shao 1 and Zhiyi Bao 1,* 1 School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; [email protected] (H.Y.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (X.G.); [email protected] (R.W.); [email protected] (F.S.) 2 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: At present, conflicts between urban development and the climate environment are becom- ing increasingly apparent under rapid urbanization in China. Revealing the dynamic mechanism and controlling factors of the urban outdoor thermal environment is the necessary theoretical preparation for regulating and improving the urban climate environment. Taking Hangzhou as an example and based on the local climate zones classification system, we investigated the effects of land cover composition and structure on temperature variability at the local scale. The measurement campaign was conducted within four local climate zones (LCZ 2, 4, 5, and LCZ 9) during 7 days in the summer of 2018. The results showed that the temperature difference within the respective LCZ was always below 1.1 ◦C and the mean temperature difference between LCZs caused by different surface physical ◦ Citation: Yan, H.; Yang, S.; Guo, X.; properties was as high as 1.6 C at night. Among four LCZs, LCZ 2 was always the hottest, and LCZ 9 Wu, F.; Wu, R.; Shao, F.; Bao, Z. -
Potential Effects of Dam Cascade on Fish
Rev Fish Biol Fisheries DOI 10.1007/s11160-015-9395-9 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Potential effects of dam cascade on fish: lessons from the Yangtze River Fei Cheng . Wei Li . Leandro Castello . Brian R. Murphy . Songguang Xie Received: 23 October 2014 / Accepted: 13 July 2015 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 Abstract Construction of hydroelectric dams affect Corieus guichenoti will have a high risk of extinction river ecosystems, fish diversity, and fisheries yields. due to the combined effects of impoundment and However, there are no studies assessing the combined blocking. Modification of the flow regime will effects on fish caused by several adjacent dams and adversely affect the recruitment of 26 species that their reservoirs, as in a ‘dam cascade’. This study produce drifting eggs. The start of annual spawning for predicts the potential effects that a cascade of ten dams 13 fishes will be postponed by more than 1 month, and currently under construction in the upper Yangtze fish spawning and growth opportunities will be River in China will have on local fishes, and uses such reduced due to low water temperatures associated predictions to assess the effectiveness of possible fish with hypolimnetic discharges. Combined dam effects conservation measures. We found that the dam will further reduce the likelihood of successful cascade will have serious combined effects on fishes recruitment of some endangered species, such as mainly due to impoundment, habitat fragmentation Acipenser dabryanus and Psephurus gladius. Three and blocking, flow regime modification, and hypolim- countermeasures hold promise to mitigate the near- netic discharges. The impoundments will cause loss of term effects of the dam cascade, including preserva- critical habitats for 46 endemic species. -
Nationalizing Transnational Mobility in Asia Xiang Biao, Brenda S
RETURN RETURN Nationalizing Transnational Mobility in Asia Xiang Biao, Brenda S. A. Yeoh, and Mika Toyota, eds. Duke University Press Durham and London 2013 © 2013 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-f ree paper ♾ Cover by Heather Hensley. Interior by Courtney Leigh Baker. Typeset in Minion Pro by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Return : nationalizing transnational mobility in Asia / Xiang Biao, Brenda S. A. Yeoh, and Mika Toyota, editors. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8223-5516-8 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-5531-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Return migration—Asia. 2. Asia—Emigration and immigration. I. Xiang, Biao. II. Yeoh, Brenda S. A. III. Toyota, Mika. jv8490.r48 2013 325.5—dc23 2013018964 CONTENTS Acknowledgments ➤➤ vii Introduction Return and the Reordering of Transnational Mobility in Asia ➤➤ 1 Xiang biao Chapter One To Return or Not to Return ➤➤ 21 The Changing Meaning of Mobility among Japanese Brazilians, 1908–2010 Koji sasaKi Chapter Two Soldier’s Home ➤➤ 39 War, Migration, and Delayed Return in Postwar Japan MariKo asano TaManoi Chapter Three Guiqiao as Political Subjects in the Making of the People’s Republic of China, 1949–1979 ➤➤ 63 Wang Cangbai Chapter Four Transnational Encapsulation ➤➤ 83 Compulsory Return as a Labor-M igration Control in East Asia Xiang biao Chapter Five Cambodians Go “Home” ➤➤ 100 Forced Returns and Redisplacement Thirty Years after the American War in Indochina -
HIRATA KOKUGAKU and the TSUGARU DISCIPLES by Gideon
SPIRITS AND IDENTITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NORTHEASTERN JAPAN: HIRATA KOKUGAKU AND THE TSUGARU DISCIPLES by Gideon Fujiwara A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2013 © Gideon Fujiwara, 2013 ABSTRACT While previous research on kokugaku , or nativism, has explained how intellectuals imagined the singular community of Japan, this study sheds light on how posthumous disciples of Hirata Atsutane based in Tsugaru juxtaposed two “countries”—their native Tsugaru and Imperial Japan—as they transitioned from early modern to modern society in the nineteenth century. This new perspective recognizes the multiplicity of community in “Japan,” which encompasses the domain, multiple levels of statehood, and “nation,” as uncovered in recent scholarship. My analysis accentuates the shared concerns of Atsutane and the Tsugaru nativists toward spirits and the spiritual realm, ethnographic studies of commoners, identification with the north, and religious thought and worship. I chronicle the formation of this scholarly community through their correspondence with the head academy in Edo (later Tokyo), and identify their autonomous character. Hirao Rosen conducted ethnography of Tsugaru and the “world” through visiting the northern island of Ezo in 1855, and observing Americans, Europeans, and Qing Chinese stationed there. I show how Rosen engaged in self-orientation and utilized Hirata nativist theory to locate Tsugaru within the spiritual landscape of Imperial Japan. Through poetry and prose, leader Tsuruya Ariyo identified Mount Iwaki as a sacred pillar of Tsugaru, and insisted one could experience “enjoyment” from this life and beyond death in the realm of spirits.