IMCSJOURNAL

S pr ing 2013 | Number 132

FOR PEOPLE WHO LOVE EARLY MAPS 99298 IMCOS covers 2012_Layout 1 06/02/2012 09:45 Page 5

THE MAP HOUSE OF LONDON (established 1907)

Antiquarian Maps, Atlases, Prints & Globes

54 BEAUCHAMP PLACE KNIGHTSBRIDGE LONDON SW3 1NY Telephone: 020 7589 4325 or 020 7584 8559 Fax: 020 7589 1041 Email: [email protected] www.themaphouse.com JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL

MAP COLLECTORS’ SOCIETY FOUNDED S pr ing 2013 | Number 132 1980

FEATURES Mercator and his ‘Atlas of Europe’ 13 Self-protection, official obligations and the pursuit of truth Peter Barber

High in the Andes partii 25 Further adventures of the French Academy expedition to Peru Richard Smith ‘The Dutch colony of The Cape of Good Hope’ 30 A map by L.S. De la Rochette Roger Stewart

REGULAR ITEMS A Letter from the Chairman 3 Hans Kok From the Editor’s Desk 5 Ljiljana Ortolja-Baird IMCoS Matters 7 Mapping Matters 37 Worth a Look 46 You Write to Us 49 Book Reviews 53

Copy and other material for our next issue (Summer 2013) should be submitted by 1 April 2013. Editorial items should be sent to the Editor Ljiljana Ortolja-Baird, email [email protected] or 14 Hallfield, Quendon, Essex CB11 3XY United Kingdom Consultant Editor Valerie Newby Designer Catherine French Advertising Jenny Harvey, 27 Landford Road, Putney, London SW15 1AQ United Kingdom Tel +44 (0)20 8789 7358, email [email protected] Please note that acceptance of an article for publication gives IMCoS the right to place it on our website. Articles must not be reproduced without the written consent of the author and the publisher. Instructions for submission can be found on the IMCoS website www.imcos.org/imcos-journal. Whilst every care is taken in compiling this journal, the Society cannot accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the information herein.

Front cover Detail from Ortelius’s ‘Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni Typus’ from Theatrum Orbis Terrarum published in Antwerp in 1584. Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. (See page 60 for full image)

www.imcos.org 1 Antique Maps, Plans, Charts and Atlases of All Areas of the World

The Western sheet of Cassel, Petter & Galpin's clear and detailed map of London in original outline colour

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2 IMCSJOURNAL

LIST OF OFFICERS President Sarah Tyacke A LETTER FROM Advisory Council Rodney Shirley (Past President) Roger Baskes (Past President) THE CHAIRMAN W.A.R. Richardson (Adelaide) Montserrat Galera (Barcelona) Hans Kok Bob Karrow (Chicago) Peter Barber (London) This Chairman’s letter is the first one requested by Catherine Delano-Smith (London) our new editor Ljiljana; so I ought to give it some Hélène Richard (Paris) extra pep to stay in business! Günter Schilder (Utrecht) Elri Liebenberg (Pretoria) We are looking forward again to springtime and summer weather, well, at least those of us whose local latitude is expressed as a northern latitude. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Longitude may be either west or east, or even zero & APPOINTED OFFICERS for those living near Greenwich! The only difference Chairman Hans Kok it makes is a few hours in time zones and a measure Poelwaai 15, 2162 HA Lisse, of jet-lag when you start traversing them. You may The Netherlands know that in early maps longitude played a confusing Tel/Fax +31 25 2415227 role: some islands were reported but could not be found a second time as their Email [email protected] longitude reference was way off. Or was the ship’s position way off when trying Vice Chairman Valerie Newby Prices Cottage, 57 Quainton Road, to find the place again? Sometimes, as in the case of the island Saint Helena/ North Marston, Buckingham MK18 3PR Saint Helena Nova, putting two islands on the map or chart was the practical Tel +44 (0)1296 6700001 solution (for the cartographer, not for the navigators). Email [email protected] Vincenzo Coronelli from Venice had another solution: reporting his lack of International Representative confidence in the phantom island Frislanda (between Iceland and Greenland) as To be appointed ‘Creduta favolosa o nel Mare somersa’, following his statement that the island General Secretary David Dare had been discovered by Nicolo Zeno, Patritio Veneto. In plain language: Fair Ling, Hook Heath Road, ‘discovered by my fellow-Venetian Zeno, a long time ago, but I think it stinks!’ Woking, Surrey GU22 0DT UK Although in the area of Iceland, volcanic islands have popped up and gone down Tel +44 (0)1483 764942 again, as we now know. Email [email protected] Treasurer Jeremy Edwards Figuring out the correct longitude at sea was beyond the capability of many, 26 Rooksmead Road, also because on a moving platform, tossed about on rough seas, measurements Sunbury on Thames, Middlesex could hardly be made with the required precision. On land, with more time to TW16 6PD, UK wait for good weather, the availability of larger instruments and feet on solid Tel +44 (0)1932 787390 ground, the more complicated measurements were based on the eclipses of Email [email protected] Jupiter’s moons or the Moon’s distances as measured from certain celestial Dealer Liaison Yasha Beresiner bodies. In 1780, after nigh fifty years of product development, Mr Harrison Email [email protected] constructed the ‘timekeeper’ which enabled navigators to compare local time National Representatives deduced from the midday sun with the time ‘kept’ by the ‘timekeeper’ Co-ordinator Robert Clancy chronometer which had been adjusted to Greenwich time before departure. To PO Box 42, QVB Post Office NSW 1230, Australia Tel +61 402130445 say nothing about the politics involved in selecting a prime meridian. Corvo, Email [email protected] Tenerife, Paris, Amsterdam and others were variously suggested before agreeing Web Co-ordinator Kit Batten on Greenwich. After using tables based on GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), we Tel +49 7118 601167 progressed to UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) to radionavigation, inertial Email [email protected] navigation and GPS/Glonass to establish that we do not need to use time for Photographer David Webb navigation any more, as our automatic systems can figure it out for themselves. 48d Bath Road, Atworth, This, happily, also delivered us from the need to listen to static-distorted long- Melksham SN12 8JX, UK wave time signals blasting away at us from Washington, Hawaii and other stations. Tel +44 (0)1225 702 351 That is progress. On the other hand, the same position-fixing capability allows us IMCoS Financial and to deposit bombs and rockets on places selected as ‘worthy’ of them, with only a Membership Administration Sue Booty, Rogues Roost, few feet of dispersion – an activity which makes progress as debatable a concept as it Poundsgate, Newton Abbot, always has been. Let us therefore enjoy our early maps – be they acccurate or not – Devon TQ13 7PS, UK and keep on solving their riddles and enigmas, with due respect for the beauty and Fax +44 (0)1364 631 042 craftsmanship allowed for their time, and give thanks to the people who have kept Email [email protected] them ever since. It is their passion that allows us to admire and cherish them today.

www.imcos.org 3 4 FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK Ljiljana Ortolja-Baird

My first IMCoS editorial is being despatched from my home in Quendon, a small village in the north-west corner of Essex in East Anglia. The fields around me lie silent under several inches of snow and the thermometer registers -1°C, (30°F). The wintery conditions here prompt thoughts on our 2013 symposium destination, Alaska. It too, is situated in a north-west position and lies under a blanket of snow, but there the similarities end. The magic of the Internet allows me to check on our host city. On 18 January, as I write, Fairbanks recorded -34°C, (-29°F) in the morning and dropped further to -42°C, (-44°F) in the evening. Such temperatures are beyond my experience. Alaska doesn’t do anything by halves; it is the largest state of America, larger than the combined area of the next three largest states: Texas, California and Montana and the least densely populated. Nicknamed ‘the last frontier’, this vast wilderness of breathtaking natural beauty, I suspect, will out the explorer in all of us. Travelling across its immense landscape would be a grand adventure. Additionally, to further delight us, is the outstanding collection of maps of the polar region at the Elmer E. Rasmuson library that will be available for viewing. The provisional schedule on page 9 is a taster of what’s on offer; it looks promising and I hope it will inspire many of you to visit this extraordinary outpost of the North-American continent and enjoy its cartographic treasures. The first IMCoS event for 2013 is a great deal closer for me: the Map Collectors’ Evening takes place in London on March 5, at which we hope to see a good turnout. Under Francis Herbert’s guidance we’ll be looking at battle plans and maps but that doesn’t mean you can’t bring less pugnacious maps for identification and/or discussion. The March date is followed by our AGM and Annual dinner at which, this year, we have the colourful author, broadcaster and raconteur Mike Parker as our guest speaker. This event, as usual, coincides with the cartographic highlight on the calendar of all map collectors – the London Map Fair, which this year, organiser Tim Bryars tells me has already sold out. This augurs well for the collecting society. Personally, I’m looking forward to these events, as they provide opportunities to meet national and international members who didn’t make it to the Vienna symposium last year. Vienna was my first experience of an IMCoS event and its members. I was thoroughly impressed, so much so that it convinced me to accept the offer of the position of Editor of the Journal on Valerie Newby’s retirement. Valerie has safeguarded and enhanced its reputation over the six years of her stewardship. She has set a standard that you have all appreciated, and not a few members have remarked on ‘the big shoes I must fill’. At a mere five foot two, I don’t have particularly large feet but I do bring a great deal of passion and enthusiasm for historical cartography. And for this, I must thank two inspiring women, Catherine Delano-Smith and Sarah Tyacke, who teaching me on my Masters course transformed an unfamiliar area – maps – into a dynamic and vital area of study, research and pleasure. I will endeavour to bring that spirit to the Journal.

Detail from John Chapman and Peter André’s 1777 map of the county of Essex.

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6 IMCoS MATTERS

Forthcoming IMCoS events This will be followed by presentation of the IMCoS/ Helen Wallis Award. The citation will be given 5 March 2013 The Collectors’ Evening: by Tony Campbell, former Map Librarian at The Battle plans and maps British Library. The Collectors’ Evening will be held on Tuesday, 5 The charge for the evening will be £50 which March starting promptly at 7pm at the Farmers’ includes the lecture. Please fill out the leaflet enclosed Club, 3 Whitehall Court, London SW1Q 2E1. All with this issue of the Journal. members are welcome to bring along maps and charts for identification or discussion. Francis Herbert will be in the chair. If you would like to 8 June 2013 IMCoS AGM meet for a drink beforehand, please join us in the bar At 10am, our AGM will be held in the Royal of the Farmers’ Club at 6pm. (no jeans and tee Geographical Society (with IBG), 1 Kensington shirts!). Tea and coffee and sandwiches will be Gore, London SW7 2AR. Members are welcome provided from 6.30pm in the Committee Room on but please fill in the form enclosed with this issue of the ground floor where the meeting takes place. A the Journal so that we know who will be attending. small charge will be made for the meeting to pay for The London Map Fair is being held at the RGS over the hire of the room and refreshments. the weekend and IMCoS will be having a stand The Chairman’s theme will be large-scale plans of selling subscriptions and books about maps. Come battles and/or small-scale maps noting sites (initially and meet us there. For details of the Map Fair see with dates) of such. There is a wide range of Mapping Matters. (page 37) Revolutionary/Napoleonic Wars (chiefly in Europe and the West Indies) and the War of 1812-13 in Canada and the USA to choose from. Possible New members locations of battles and sieges include Lutzen (Gross- We would like to extend a welcome to the following Gorchen), Bautzen, San Sebastian, Vitoria, Pamplona, members who have joined IMCoS recently: Gross Beeren, Dresden, Katzbach, Culm, San Hans Spikmans, Netherlands Marcial, Dennewitz, Leipzig, Hanau, Nivelle, and Collection interest: Seventeen Provinces Bayonne, Buffalo, York (Toronto), Fort St George, of the Netherlands Detroit, Thames River (near Chatham, Ontario), Karen Hofstad, USA Chrysler’s Farm (Montreal), Newark, New Jersey, Collection interest: Alaska, Hawaii and Fort Niagara. Marvin Falk, USA If battle plans do not turn you on, then do bring Collection interest: Russian-America any other maps or charts by way of contrast to our David Kalifon MD JD FCLM, USA military theme. Let’s have a good turnout and make Colin Butcher, UK this an exciting event. Collection interest: Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century maps Bernard van Bunnik, Japan 7 June 2013 IMCoS Annual Dinner Brendan Murtagh, UK & Malcolm Young Lecture Collection interest: Pre-nineteenth-century We look forward to welcoming members to our Irish maps annual dinner and Malcolm Young Lecture both of Travis Tunis, USA which will to be held in the Eastwood Room of the Collection interest: Florida, U.S. Civil War Farmers’ Club, 3 Whitehall Court, London SW1A Stanley Moroney, Scotland, UK 2HL. Nearest underground station is Embankment Collection interest: Scottish hydrography which is a short walk away from the club. Margaret Cameron, Australia 6.20pm Meet for a drink in the bar. Mindaugas Ardisauskas, Lithuania 7pm An inspiring lecture by Mike Parker, author Collection interest: maps, town views, books of the recently published book Map Addict. The title of his illustrated lecture is ‘We’re all Map Addicts Now!’. This promises to be both amusing and stimulating. 7.45pm A three-course meal will be served.

www.imcos.org 7 IMCSJOURNAL Spring 2013 | Number 132

31st IMCoS SYMPOSIUM FAIRBANKS, ALASKA Frozen Dreams and Delusions: Four Hundred Years of Arctic Cartography

Welcome When the IMCoS conference was held in Istanbul, I noticed almost every corner downtown had a young man standing beside a stack of small Turkish rugs. When I approached, the salesman would shout in rather good English, “Where you from?” When I answered, “Alaska”, they would always hunch their shoulders and pretend to shiver. Rather sad to have such an image everywhere. Now Fairbanks is eager to show visitors its autumns can be lovely; trees have changed colours, the temperatures are warm but not hot, and the golden hills around the city remind you Denali National Park, a two hour drive or four hour rail trip south, is home to Mt. McKinley, at 20,320 feet (6193 m) the tallest peak in North America. But you’re not really here only to enjoy the glories of Fairbanks, which still prides itself on being an updated old Gold Rush town, but to hear of the map collection at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Here’s a little secret; in the mid-1970s, Alaska went from being a monetarily poor State to suddenly rolling in riches. The major oil strike on the North Slope and the resulting pipeline that goes 800 miles (1280 km) down to Valdez on the coast, brought gold that Midas would envy. Dr. Marvin Falk, then curator of the map library, took advantage of the bonanza to purchase maps of Alaska and the world. It’s surely every librarian’s dream to have the funds to buy whatever you think will make your library great, and that’s what Marvin did. Lifelong Fairbanksan and history professor at the university, Terrence Cole, and Dean of Libraries Dr. Bella Gerlich, chief organizers of this symposium, also promise some extras on the side that locals know about, but most tourists will never know exist. Fairbanks and Alaska are delighted that you’re coming to visit. Visit our web site www.uaf.edu/imcos2013 for registration and additional information. If you have questions or comments, please contact Catherine Williams at [email protected] or the Fairbanks Convention and Visitor’s Bureau at www.explorefairbanks.com or write 101 Dunkel Street, Suite 111, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99701. We look forward to welcoming you to our home. Dee Longenbaugh Proprietor, Observatory Bookstore [email protected] www.observatorybooks.com

8 IMCoS MATTERS

Symposium Schedule 9 – 11 September 2013

Sunday 8 September 11am – 11.45am Chris Cannon, University Registration at conference hotel: of Alaska Fairbanks Graduate Student, River’s Edge Resort Alaska Native Maps of the Night Sky 6pm Reception at River’s Edge 12noon – 1.30pm Luncheon and Keynote Speaker Dr. Mike Sfraga, University of Alaska Fairbanks Monday 9 September Vice Chancellor, 50,000 Feet and Climbing: Bradford Washburn's Maps of Everest and Denali Registration at River’s Edge 1.30 – 2pm 8 – 9.45am Continental breakfast at River’s Edge Transportation to UAF Geophysical Institute 10 – 10.15am Professor Bella Gerlich, 2 – 2.45pm Dean of Libraries, Introduction and Welcome Ned Rozell, Geophysical Institute Science Writer, The Top Twenty Things You 10.15 – 10.45am Professor Terrence Cole, Didn’t Know about Alaska Director of the UAF Office of Public History, Captain Cook and the Worst Map in the World 3 – 3.45pm Dr. Matthew Sturm, Geophysicist, In the Tracks of Arctic Explorers 11 – 11.45am Dee Longenbaugh, Observatory 4 – 4.30pm Books, Looking Over Lt. Zagoskin’s Shoulder, or Tour of University of Alaska Sophisticated IMCoS Meets Wild Alaska, 1842 Geophysical Institute 5 – 6pm 12 – 1.30pm Luncheon and Keynote Speaker Aurora Show, University of Alaska Lieutenant Governor Mead Treadwell, Museum of the North Mapping the Arctic in a Changing World 6 – 6.30pm Buses to Pump House 1.30 – 2.15pm Professor Marvin Falk, 6.30pm Closing dinner at Pump House Restaurant Emeritus Arctic Bibliographer, How Legends and Spurious Voyage Accounts Determined the Shape of Alaska on Eighteenth-century Maps Wednesday 11 September Departures throughout the day 2.30 – 3.15pm Dennis Moser, MILS Head, Alaska and Polar Regions Collections Depending on the weather and interest we will & Archives, The (Virtual) Road Goes Ever On: schedule tours at the following UAF-affiliated Looking Ahead at Maps and Map Collecting venues. Please note on your registration form 3.15 – 3.45pm Buses to Elmer E. Rasmuson Library if interested. • UAF Large Animal Research Station 4 – 5.30pm Open house at the Library • Fairbanks Experiment Farm and 5.30 – 6pm Transportation to Alaska Salmon Bake Botanical Garden • Cold Regions Research and Engineering 6 – 8pm Dinner at Alaska Salmon Bake Laboratory, Permafrost Tunnel • UAF Cold Climate Housing Tuesday 10 September Research Center 8 – 9am Continental breakfast at River’s Edge Thursday 12 September 9.15 – 10am Dirk Tordoff, Curator of the Alaska Mt. McKinley: Patrick J Endres / AlaskaPhotoGraphics.com

Film Archives, Polar Treasures and Charts Departures throughout the day from the Vault All day optional excursions

10am – 10.45am Wesley A. Brown, Managing Photograph of Director, St. Charles Capital, Seven Ways to Map the World in 1500: A Collector’s Challenge

www.imcos.org 9 IMCSJOURNAL Spring 2013 | Number 132

General Information Cruising Fairbanks is the second largest city in the 49th state There are numerous cruise options. Visitors often fly and serves as the focal point for hundreds of one way and go by ship or train the other way. thousands of square miles in interior Alaska. Though Holland America www.hollandamerica.com/ surrounded by a vast wilderness of natural grandeur, cruise-destinations/alaska-cruises Fairbanks offers all the modern cultural, social and Carnival www.carnival.com/cruise-to/alaska.aspx personal amenities and infrastructure typically Norwegian www.carnival.com/cruise-to/ found in a much larger urban area. alaska.aspx Those interested in securing accommodation on Regent Seven Seas Cruises www.rssc.com/ their own might consider the following hotels: destinations/alaska/ River’s Edge www.riversedge.net Celebrity Cruises www.celebritycruises.com/ Westmark Hotel www.westmarkhotels.com destinations/home.do?dest=alcan Fairbanks Alpine Lodge www.akalpinelodge.com Smaller Ships There are also numerous companies offering smaller, more intimate and personal trips. Climate For a good summary of the options see: http://cruises. Fairbanks is located about 65 degrees north, about about.com/od/alaskacruises/tp/Small-Ship-Alaska- 188 miles (300 km) south of the Arctic Circle, and Cruises.htm has a continental climate, meaning that without the moderating influence of the ocean it gets very cold Suggestions for Optional Excursions in winter and can get very hot in summer. These are suggested optional excursions you can In September you are not likely to see either of arrange to do on your own. For one stop shopping to those extremes. However, weather conditions are decide what to do you might consider a company like always unpredictable, so if you prepare for both Alaska Tour and Travel which offers a variety of easy sunny and warm, or rainy and chilly weather, you reservation and ticketing options. www.alaskatravel. will not be disappointed! Coming to Fairbanks in com/fairbanks/tours.html. Another option might early September is nothing like an Arctic expedition, be to wait until you get to Fairbanks and depending but it would be good to bring a warm jacket and on the weather book activities with staff at a windbreaker. There will be about 13.5 hours River’s Edge. of daylight, and generally you can expect the If you prefer to arrange travel on your own, here temperature range in the first ten days of September are some of the attractions that we would recommend to be anywhere from 40° to 60°F (5° to 16°C). you explore online: Riverboat Discovery Getting to Fairbanks www.riverboatdiscovery.com Fairbanks is readily accessible by road and rail, and has a Chena Hot Springs Resort world-class international airport. The quickest way www.chenahotsprings.com from Europe is Condor airlines – affiliated with Chena Hot Springs Aurora Ice Museum Lufthansa – which offers non-stop service three times www.chenahotsprings.com/ a week from Frankfurt, Germany to Anchorage. ice-museum-renewables Several major airlines – Alaska Airlines, Delta Airlines, Historical City Tours www.alaskadenalitours. American Airlines – offer direct flights to Fairbanks com/fairbanks_alaska/fairbanks_city_tour.html from various regional hubs in the United States. Alaskan Tails of the Trail – Tour of dog musher kennel www.maryshields.com Train Great Alaskan Bowl Company Though there is no train that connects Alaska to the www.woodbowl.com outside world, the Alaska Railroad links Anchorage Running Reindeer Ranch and Fairbanks, via Mt. McKinley National Park. www.runningreindeer.com Consult the Alaska Railroad at: http://alaskarailroad. Antique Auto Museum com/Vacations/tabid/121/Default.aspx www.fountainheadmuseum.com Here is a large scale map of the Alaska Railroad Pioneer Park www.co.fairbanks.ak.us/ route: http://www.alaskarailroad.com/LinkClick.as pioneerpark/default.htm px?fileticket=lQ8Ms21CI1k%3d&tabid=319 Creamer’s Field Migratory Wildlife Refuge One flight-train option might be to fly into www.creamersfield.org Anchorage and take the 12-hour train ride 360 Santa Claus House (North Pole) miles (580 km) north to Fairbanks – it is a www.santaclaushouse.com spectacularly beautiful trip: http://goalaskatours. Train trip to Denali on the Alaska Railroad com/railroadalaskadenali.html (4-hour trip) www.alaskarailroad.com

10 IMCoS MATTERS

Canterbury Tales Report by Valerie Newby “Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?” King Henry II is said to have exclaimed just before the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, was murdered and had his head chopped off in Canterbury Cathedral. Luckily this was back in 1170 and all 20 of those members of IMCoS who visited the Cathedral on Friday 9 November last year and stood on the very spot where this murder most foul took place, lived to tell the tale. The organiser of the visit was Clare Terrell, UK representative for IMCoS who had arranged a fascinating day out for us all. Of course we know that IMCoS is always known for its perfect timing but was it pure coincidence that we arrived on the very day that the Rt Rev Justin Welby was appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury following the resignation of Rowan Williams. The Cathedral is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury of road maps, was drawn to a copy of William The IMCoS and still very much a working, living church. Drayton’s Poly Olbion, dated 1622 and a copy of pilgrims who ‘from every We gathered in front of the Cathedral and were William Camden’s Britanniae Depicta by John shires ende/ taken to the Library, which was reached through a Ogilby. Another impressive item was Atlas Japenensis Of Engelond to Caunterbury medieval door with Biblioteca Howleiana written of 1670 by Arnoldus Montanus which had been wende’. over it. What a paradise of books and maps greeted translated from Dutch to English by Ogilby. An us and, as someone pointed out, “it even smells like item by Herman Moll, The British Empire in America, an old library”. In fact, we were told that there had published between 1673 and 1742, showed Albany been a library on this site for over 1,000 years. where two of our members, Cal and Carol Welch, Originally, of course, it served the monastic live. We were honoured that they had come over community. When Henry VIII dissolved the from the USA to take part in our visit to the monasteries some of the early books were moved Cathedral. Another item on display was the map in and many can now be found in Cambridge but the shape of a lion, the ‘Leo Belgicus’ showing the subsequent collections have made up some of the 17 provinces and dated 1640. Toby Hewitson, deficit. We visited the Howley-Harrison collection the Archives Assistant, showed us further maps which is the biggest individual collection in the including an estate map of 1681, a manuscript chart library, comprising of 16,000 titles which formed of Mauritius dated 1752 and ‘Cantuarbury’ by Braun part of Archbishop William Howley’s library and and Hogenberg, and others. the personal library of his curate Benjamin Harrison. Sadly we learned that the 1868 library had been It includes bibles, prayer books, an Elizabethan copy bombed in 1942 during the Second World War but of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, books from the slave luckily there was no fire or water damage and most trade, herbals and history books not to mention, of the books were saved and the Cathedral itself was maps and atlases. They have no less than five Geneva largely undamaged. bibles, which remained popular until the King James We then adjourned for lunch to the newly built version was published in 1611. These bibles were Marlowe Theatre, a complete contrast to the ancient printed in Geneva when that city became the centre cathedral. The sun shone on us when we regrouped of the Reformation on the continent. back at the Cathedral for a conducted tour. Being We were to have visited the Cathedral Archives mapping enthusiasts, we were duly impressed by a but restoration work was underway so the Librarian, compass rose on the floor of the building which had Karen Brayshaw, brought out some maps which she been dedicated by Archbishop Robert Runcie in put on display for us in the Library. These included a 1988. It bore the thought-provoking inscription copy of the Geneva Bible with a map of the twelve ‘The truth will make you free’. tribes of Galilee, now Gaza. Also on display was Although the ghost of Sir Thomas Becket is said Lambarde’s ‘A perambulation of Kent’ dating to to still haunt the building, we didn’t meet him but 1567 and a lovely eighteenth-century map from A came away impressed by the sheer immensity of the Walk in and around the City of Canterbury by William place and the obvious dedication of all those who Gosling dated 1777. David Webb, an avid collector care for the Cathedral.

www.imcos.org 11 12 MERCATOR AND HIS ‘ATLAS OF EUROPE’ Self-protection, official obligations and the pursuit of truth

Peter Barber

This article is based on the paper Peter Barber presented at The Atlas contained the sole surviving example – the 30th IMCoS Symposium – ‘500 Years Mercator, albeit incomplete and segmented into several Early cartography in the Habsburg Empire’ in Vienna last atlas-size maps – of Mercator’s 1554 map of Europe, year. Digital images of all the maps in Mercator’s ‘Atlas of the last known example of which had disappeared Europe’ are freely available on the British Library website from Wroclaw in the closing weeks of the Second at www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/mercator/accessible/ World War.3 Present in the atlas was also one of only introduction.html four known copies of his great 1564 map of the British Isles,4 and there were two fragments from Mercator’s 1569 world map. Possibly more exciting still, the Atlas contained what appeared to be the only known maps actually drawn by Mercator: two manuscript maps of Lombardy and Tirol. The other maps came from the first (1570) edition of Ortelius’s Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, generally considered to be the first purpose-made and mass-produced modern printed atlas, and there was also the third known copy of a map of Ancona by one ‘AB’, the other examples being in Harvard and in the Royal Library in Stockholm. (Fig. 4) The likelihood that Mercator had been involved in the creation of the Atlas was increased by the curious way in which it had been created. Like the atlas, derived from the 1569 world map, acquired by the Maritime Museum in Rotterdam in 1932,5 several copies of Mercator’s wall maps had literally been idiosyncratically carved up into all sorts of shapes, re-assembled and provided with hand-drawn borders and scale bars in order to transform them into atlas-style maps. While the Antwerp publisher Plantin might also have had numerous copies of the wall maps at his disposal, only Mercator would have had the wall maps and the vision and skill to transform them into atlas-sized maps. The inclusion in the Atlas of sheets from the 1569 The Mercator Atlas of Europe was one of the great world map and the 1554 wall map of Europe F i g. 1 cartographic ‘finds’ of the twentieth century. Its suggested that the Atlas must have been put together Gerardus chance discovery in 1967 in a Brussels bookshop by after 1569 but before 1572 when Mercator published Mercator in 1574, a Dutch schoolteacher, Thomas Varekamp, from his revised wall map of Europe. Moreover, research shortly after he compiled the Amsterdam with no particular familiarity with old indicated that the Atlas of Europe and the Atlas of Europe, maps demonstrated that such strokes of luck could Rotterdam Atlas had early on been owned by the engraved by 1 Frans Hogenberg. happen to anyone. The Atlas won notoriety after an same person. Before its purchase by the Rotterdam From Atlas sive expert palaeographer, Arthur S. Osley, identified the Maritime Museum, the Rotterdam Atlas had been Cosmographicae hand that wrote the inscriptions on the maps as that in the library of the descendants of one of Mercator’s Meditations…1595. 6 By permission of Gerardus Mercator, perhaps the best-known known correspondents, Werner von Gymnich of the British cartographer of all time.2 (d.1582), a leading figure at the court in Düsseldorf Library Board.

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of Wilhelm V, Duke of Cleves, Julich and Berg, in been assembled.11 whose dominions, at Duisburg, Mercator had settled While this background research on the Atlas was in 1552.7 taking place, its new owner was, in his own words, Annotations beneath the table of contents on the enjoying playing with his acquisition and first page of the Atlas of Europe state that it had been undertaking his own investigations as a hobby. By F i g . 2 repaired by Alanus Ortmans, a Cistercian monk October 1968, however, tempted by approaches Mercator, who was working at the abbey of Mariawald, in the from several scholars, dealers and curators he was autograph map 8 of Tirol, c.1571, province of Jülich in 1771. The Abbey had had thinking of offering the Atlas of Europe to a from The Atlas close links with the Gymnich family and the Atlas museum or library that would conserve it and which of Europe. A predecessor could have been among the books donated to it in employed a scholar-curator who could write an 12 of the printed 1605 by Werner von Gymnich’s son, Adam von informed commentary to accompany a facsimile. map that was to Gymnich and his wife.9 Gymnich, a childhood Prominent among the candidates was the Rotterdam appear in the Atlas, it shows friend of the Duke, was chief administrator Maritime Museum whose proximity to Amsterdam a region on (chamberlain or Hofmarschal) of the court and, in would have enabled Mr Varekamp to continue Gymnich and the 1570 had been appointed governor of the promising working on it. No agreement could be reached over Crown Prince’s 10 proposed grand young Crown Prince, Carl Friedrich (1555-75). In a selling price, however, so it was ultimately tour which these capacities he had been responsible for consigned to Sotheby’s in London for auction on 13 Mercator thought was badly served organising the Crown Prince’s grand tour through March 1979. After a lively bidding battle, the British by existing Germany and Italy that set out from his dominions Railway Pension Fund, which regarded it as a sound Italian maps. in October 1571. The need to plan the route and financial investment, emerged as the winner at a By permission 13 of the British the logistics for it was a possible motive for creating price of £340,000. It remained in storage in the Library Board. the Atlas within the period that it must have National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh for many

14 MERCATOR AND HIS ‘ATLAS OF EUROPE’ years, with very limited access to selected scholars. the most accurate possible set of maps of Europe and Eighteen years later, when the Pension Fund’s its parts at three different scales. He relied primarily investment strategy was being widely criticised in and as far as was possible on his own work and the British press, it came up for auction, again at otherwise on the best maps that he judged were Sotheby’s, on 26 November 1996. It failed to meet available in about 1571. At the top and smallest the reserve, and was finally purchased in May 1997 scale level there was a map of Europe, taken from for a price well in excess of £500,000, by the British the world map of 1569. Then, arranged in their Library, the under-bidder in 1979. One of the appropriate places, there were regional maps conditions set by the National Heritage Memorial centred on an important country, cut from the map Fund, which had made a very large grant to enable of Europe of 1554. As was to be the case with the its purchase, was that the Atlas should be digitised. maps in his later Atlas, and was also to be seen in All the maps in the Atlas, and some of the versos are the Rotterdam Atlas, these were all overlapping now available to the world as an e-book, and the to increase their general utility.19 At the lowest Atlas itself has been sensitively conserved and is now level were the provincial maps. Almost all of these in better condition than it has been for centuries. were taken from the maps published in the first Even before its purchase by the British Library, edition of Ortelius’s Theatrum Orbis Terrarum of and despite its relative inaccessibility, the Atlas had 1570, the quality of which Mercator had praised on continued to be the subject of intense study. There their appearance.20 was a more than normally expert assessment in the Two important sets of provincial maps were Sotheby’s sale catalogue of 13 March 1979, further however not to be found in that edition: Tirol and discussion in Imago Mundi and The Map Collector and Lombardy on the one hand and England, Scotland, in 1994 Marcel Watelet edited a lavishly illustrated Wales and Ireland on the other. But a courtier- monograph on the Atlas, accompanying a facsimile administrator of the duchy of Cleves, such as of its Mercator maps, with contributions on the Gymnich, would have needed both: it was known maps by leading scholars.14 Collectively these gave in 1571 that the Crown Prince would be crossing firm answers, which have subsequently never been into Italy via the Brenner Pass and would be visiting challenged, to some important questions about the towns in Lombardy, not least because one of his Atlas. But since 1997 little further research has been aunts was the Duchess of Mantua and another the done on it. Important questions about it have Duchess of Ferrara, who could be expected to give remained unanswered. There has been no discussion the young prince particularly privileged access to of the principles followed by Mercator in assembling their cultural treasures.21 The maps of the different it and his motives for creating it. No attempt has parts of the British Isles were presumably needed been made to discover its original collation before it because it seems quite likely that a trip to England was re-arranged by Ortmans in 1771, or to ascertain was on the long-term agenda for the Crown Prince. how complete it is at present. Still less has there been Not only had his aunt, Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII’s any serious discussion of the intended purpose of fourth wife, been Queen of England, but also, this rather unprepossessing atlas, as opposed to loose despite being 22 years younger than Elizabeth I assumptions about its link to Crown Prince Carl there may have been an idea that Carl Friedrich Friedrich’s travels. The closest that any scholars have might eventually marry her – the French prince come to answering these questions is Osley’s Francois, duc d’Alençon, Elizabeth’s last serious assertion in 1969 that the Atlas had been ‘specially suitor, was exactly the same age as Carl Friedrich. compiled to supply a customer or friend with a set of Mercator was able to supply reliable mapping of the reliable, up-to-date maps covering the whole of different parts of the British Isles from his 1564 wall Europe’15 and the assumption by Wilhelm map of Great Britain, and he could provide Diedenhofen, a long-term student of Crown Prince manuscript maps of Tirol and Lombardy from the Carl Friedrich’s travels, that it was intended as a modern provincial maps that he had over the past travel atlas.16 More recently Sjoerd de Meer has few years begun to create for the great cosmography tentatively suggested that the Atlas and the world he had been planning since the late 1560s and that Atlas were intended for the Crown Prince’s was ultimately to be published in three parts education and only came into Gymnich’s hands after between 1585 and 1595. the prince’s death from smallpox in Rome in 1575.17 As important as the maps that were included are When one turns to the intellectual content of the those that were excluded from the Atlas. First and Atlas, it becomes clear that, within the relatively foremost and with the exception of Portugal, short time available to him in 1571 when the Crown Switzerland and Hungary, which he probably Prince’s grand tour was being planned, and his regarded as a provinces of the Iberian peninsula, of departure that October,18 Mercator, wanted to create the Holy Roman Empire and of south-eastern

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John Dee and probably others, had rendered obsolete the depiction of the Arctic coast of Russia on his 1554 wall map of Europe and the information on the interior of Muscovy to be found on the ‘Jenkinson’ map published in 1562, which had appeared in reduced form in Ortelius’s atlas.25 The ‘new’ outlines were however shown on his 1569 world map which provided the general map of Europe at the start of the Atlas, and Mercator clearly felt that this would suffice to depict northern Russia in the atlas of a German politician with no particular interest in that region. Given Mercator’s low opinion of Italian mapmakers, whom he had dismissed as uncritical copyists in a letter to Ortelius of November 1570,26 it is not surprising that their maps are not to be found in the atlas, even though they could have filled gaps left by the absence of appropriate provincial maps published by Ortelius. Indeed rather than trust his patron to any of the relatively plentiful Italian printed maps of the vital regions of Lombardy and Tirol where the Crown Prince was certainly going to travel, Mercator, as we have seen, created special maps himself. Luckily it is possible to reconstruct with a fair degree of certainty the original broad geographical arrangement of the maps in the atlas, though not the precise sequence of the more westerly regional maps or of the sequences of the provincial maps within F i g . 3 Europe respectively, Mercator did not include the each region, and to assess how complete the Atlas A page with regional or national maps that had appeared in now is. Some old folio numbers in dark black ink, Mercator’s original folio number (top Ortelius’s 1570 atlas, doubtless because the extracts usually fragmentary, some barely perceptible but right) and the map from Mercator’s own map of Europe fulfilled the very occasionally complete, survive in the top right number inserted by Alanus Ortmans in same function with the added advantage of corner of some of the maps in the Atlas, to the right 1771. The page also comprising Mercator’s own considered judgements and above the map number later inserted in lighter demonstrates how about the continent’s geography. ink by Ortmans. Osley identified the folio numbers Mercator carved an atlas-size map from Mercator also applied strict criteria for inclusion as being in Mercator’s hand and as therefore different copies of to his own work: his own maps of Flanders representing the original numbering. (Fig.3)27 his 1554 wall map (1539/40) and of Lorraine (1564) are not to be The sequence of these numbers suggest that the of Europe. By permission of the found, though Ortelius’s reduced copy of Mercator’s maps moved across Europe from West to East, British Library map of Flanders is included. It may be that Mercator broadly speaking going in strips from North to Board. no longer had copies of his Flanders map, but it is South as was standard with Ptolemaic atlases, and as also likely that, it would have been too large-scale at Mercator was later to state was the appropriate an approximate scale of 1:172,00022 to have fitted arrangement for the European maps in his Atlas.28 In within the parameters set by Mercator for this atlas. that respect it differed from the Rotterdam Atlas in This may also be true of the detailed survey of the which the coverage goes in strips from left to right duchy of Lorraine that Mercator had completed in starting at the top (Arctic), more or less in accordance traumatic circumstances that seem to have caused a with the sheet pattern of the 1569 wall map.29 It nervous breakdown.23 It had never been printed, seems most likely that the British Isles (in this case, very possibly for security reasons,24 and it is likely with a map of Greenland from the 1569 world map) that Mercator would not have had sufficient time to followed the general map of Europe and was prepare a reduced manuscript version for the Atlas. followed in its turn by the Iberian peninsula, France Mercator also intentionally omitted the depiction of and Scandinavia. In accordance with international Russia north of Moscow from the opening, showing law in the sixteenth century, Mercator treated the ‘Sarmatia etc’. He knew that English voyages from provinces of the Netherlands as being part of the the later 1560s, of which he had been informed by Holy Roman Empire [Germany] (as were also

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Salzburg and the Habsburg-ruled lands of Austria, There are, however, some maps that were F i g . 4 Bohemia and Silesia) which explains why there is no originally included in the Atlas that are now missing. A[lberto?] 30 B[alugoli?], regional map centred on the Netherlands. Italy The Atlas at the moment consists of 86 folios. The La Famosa Città followed and the Atlas finished with a broad strip of folios containing what can be confidently assumed d’Ancona (c.1574?) An addition to the eastern Europe extending from Lithuania and always to have been the last map of the Atlas, Atlas possibly Muscovy down to Greece, concluding with Asia showing Asia Minor and the Holy Land, however, acquired by Minor and Palestine, all, with the exception of are numbered 91-92, suggesting that eight folios Gymnich during his visit to Ancona Ortelius’s maps of Hungary and Transylvania taken (if one excludes the map of Ancona from the original with the Crown from the 1554 wall map of Europe.31 count) are now missing. We know from Ortmans’s Prince, when he The original numbering establishes that the title page that three maps, Ortelius’s maps of the inspected the new fortifications, in Ortelius maps formed an integral part of the Atlas Netherlandish provinces of Brabant, Zeeland and December 1574. from the start.32 By contrast, the map of Ancona Holland34 still survived when he rebound the atlas in By permission of the British almost certainly did not and never bore any original 1771 and have been lost since. This, however, still Library Board. numbers. There has been general acceptance of the leaves a couple of folios which were not present in hypothesis in the 1979 Sotheby’s catalogue that, 1771. These are most likely to have been Ortelius’s whoever the cartographer concealed under the maps of the French provinces of Berry and Limagne, letters AB, the map of Ancona was published some which filled facing pages in Ortelius’s atlas.35 They time after the likely date of the Atlas’s creation in are the only provincial maps from the first edition of 1571. Furthermore, and perhaps conclusively, it lacks Ortelius’s Theatrum that are not to be found in the the identificatory text in black ink in Mercator’s Atlas as it exists today and which were not included hand that is invariably present on all other blank in Ortmans’s list of contents. It is impossible to say versos preceding maps in the atlas.33 (Fig. 4) how, when or why these particular maps were lost

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before 1771. There is no evidence from the his Ptolemaic Atlas.40 When one looks at the Atlas of condition of the maps that originally surrounded Europe one gains the impression that it was – at least them of a disaster, such as soaking, though there is at one level – intended as an unpretentious practical occasional evidence of staining. More striking is and above all, reliable aid for a man involved in the the damage done through oxidisation of the administration and politics of a small and vulnerable pigments, especially the greens, used in the European state.41 The Atlas resembles nothing so colouring of the Atlas after it had been assembled. much as the atlases put together by or for another of It has rendered certain maps, such as the map of Gymnich’s contemporaries who was closely Scotland, extremely brittle and this may have involved in the affairs of state: Elizabeth I’s secretary destroyed the maps that are now missing, though and later Lord Treasurer, William Cecil, Lord they may simply have fallen out. Burghley (1520-98). Less than a decade before The physical appearance of the Atlas as prepared Mercator prepared the Atlas of Europe for Gymnich, by Mercator, with its ‘carved-up’ Mercator maps and the English cartographer, Lawrence Nowell, roughly inserted Ortelius maps, must always have presented a small atlas (containing only two maps) to seemed unimpressive, as it still appears to some Burghley.42 Though one map is on skin, it is the modern authors.36 Moreover research carried out in cheapest parchment. The rest of the atlas is on paper the British Library on the paper to be found in the and it has a parchment cover of the simplest type. Its atlas – not only in the sheets from the wall map of recipient annotated the main map, added a variety of the British Isles and the map of Tirol but also in the useful itineraries and folded it so that he could Ortelius map of Portugal – has revealed high levels conveniently carry it around with him for ready of gypsum37 suggesting that the maps and the paper reference,43 At some point after 1580, Burghley used by Mercator had been lying around in his assembled two further and much larger atlases, one, workshop long enough to become impregnated now in the British Library, built up around proofs of with dust from the plaster being used in the creation Saxon’s county maps of the 1570s and intended of his globes. Presumably Mercator had not thought primarily for the transaction of domestic affairs,44 it worthwhile to buy new examples of the Ortelius and the other, still in the hands of his descendants in maps and fresh supplies of paper for the manuscript Burghley House, Northamptonshire, using the maps, even for Gymnich. Similarly the oxydisation maps by Ortelius as an aid in the formulation and of the greens noted above, which has led the copper execution of foreign policy. Both atlases are bulked to burn its way through the paper, shows that out with numerous more detailed supplementary, Mercator did not put himself to the expense of mainly manuscript, maps.45 At least in general buying the best quality pigments to colour the maps concept they resemble the Mercator atlases owned in this Atlas or the most expensively prepared by Gymnich: one intended to help with his world examples of the Ortelius maps. view and the other with his more immediate All of this, possibly paradoxically, leaves little concerns in Europe. doubt that Gymnich was the its original owner. He The Atlas of Europe certainly met Gymnich’s had indeed been present at Carl Friedrich’s untimely requirements as a minister. In addition to maps of death in Rome in 1575,38 and would have been in a the Habsburg lands and Italy46 which met the position to help himself to some of the Crown immediate needs of his charge, the Crown Prince, Prince’s property had he wanted to, but it is almost by fortunate accident due to the geographic spread inconceivable that the Atlas of Europe could have of the high-quality maps available to Ortelius before been produced for Carl Friedrich himself. An atlas 1570, Gymnich would have had relatively detailed intended for presentation to a Crown Prince, would maps of all the areas that were of greatest concern to probably have resembled the little atlas by Battista his master the Duke of Cleves, Julich and Berg: Agnese, now in Lambeth Palace Library, that had western Germany and the Netherlands which been presented, possibly by the Venetian Senate, to neighboured the duchy and where William V, as the young English Prince of Wales (later Edward duke of Gelders, had been actively, if ultimately, VI) in the early 1540s: handsomely bound, written disastrously involved militarily before his defeat by on high quality vellum, and lavishly decorated with Charles V in 1543, and the British Isles. The the best quality gold leaf and colours.39 The Atlas of mapping of the rest of Europe – the Iberian Europe meets none of these criteria. peninsula, France, the Baltic, the Balkans and For similar reasons, it seems a little improbable Turkey and the Holy Land – were areas with which that Mercator would have prepared it – or the Cleves was less directly involved. The maps, companion world atlas – unbidden, for presentation however, would have provided Gymnich with the to Gymnich, though in July 1578 he was to present background information necessary for his him with a (doubtless luxuriously finished) copy of immediate purposes and even, in the form of the

18 MERCATOR AND HIS ‘ATLAS OF EUROPE’ occasional provincial maps, with more. Mercator’s must have hoped to cement his relationship with expectation may well have been that, as was the case someone who, though he seems to have held of Burghley and his atlases, Gymnich would moderate Lutheran views until the mid-1560s,52 was annotate the maps to meet his specific needs47 and emerging as the leader of the extreme Catholic add supplementary maps as the opportunity offered faction at Court.53 Influenced by the Counter- or need dictated - and Gymnich may well have done Reformation dogmas and policies that had emerged so had he lived longer. It seems reasonable to suppose from the Council of Trent and were then being that he acquired the map of Ancona and added it to enacted by the papacy, this faction was precisely the the atlas with this sort of purpose in mind during his one most likely to make difficulties for Mercator on visit to the town with the Crown Prince between 1 account of his religious beliefs. The language of and 5 December 1574.48 Ancona, as a major port of Mercator’s letter of 14 July 1578 sheds interesting departure for the Holy Land, would have been of light on his attitude to Gymnich. The letter is special interest to a pious Catholic like Gymnich. written not in the Latin that he seemingly invariably The map also shows the impressive, recently-erected used for his correspondence with scholars whom he harbour fortifications which he had inspected. respected, even those from Germany and the As far as Mercator was concerned, the Atlas of Netherlands who spoke his own language, but in the Europe may have served his interests in two ways. At colloquial low German/Dutch that both men spoke one level, his motive in agreeing to create the Atlas in their day-to-day lives. It is indeed Mercator’s only was simple and could be summed up as political and surviving private letter to be written in his mother religious re-insurance. Just as he thought fit to tongue. Contrary to modern assumptions, the dedicate his 1569 world map to Duke Wilhelm of vernacular was not, for Mercator and his fellow Cleves, and was to dedicate the first volume of his humanists, the language of friendship (Mercator published Atlas that appeared in 1585 to Wilhelm’s wrote to his beloved son-in-law in Latin) but of successor, Johann Wilhelm, so Mercator hoped this humdrum day-to-day business.54 Though in the Atlas would help to ensure his continued residence letter Mercator refers to Gymnich as his ‘great in the safe haven of Duisburg. This was all the more friend’, 55 this seems only to have been courtly understandable for a man who must have had flattery – Mercator had a high enough reputation for anguished memories of the months of painful a friendship with a man generally regarded as imprisonment in Rupelmonde Castle as a suspected Europe’s best geographer to be considered an Lutheran heretic while he was living in the Habsburg honour by Gymnich. In the rest of the letter, Netherlands in 1543–4.49 By the early 1570s there Mercator refers to himself as a ‘willing servant’56 of was again a pressing need for such re-insurance. what he evidently hoped would be an ‘ever- From 1566 Duke Wilhelm suffered a series of benevolent master’.57 There is none of the frankness strokes which left him paralysed and suffering short- or the human touches that can be found in term memory loss. Though he had a few good days Mercator’s letters to his family and humanist friends. when he was able to operate almost normally, for It can be assumed therefore that for all their much of the time he could play only a very limited shared interest in geography and maps, which found role in government.50 His pious wife Maria was expression in Mercator’s letter of 157858 Mercator Charles V’s niece, the daughter of his brother regarded Gymnich primarily as a vital friend at Emperor Ferdinand I. She had inherited his Catholic court – and potentially as a most dangerous enemy. piety and her grandmother, Joanna ‘the Mad’s’ His relationship with Gymnich was probably of the mental problems, marked by repeated bouts of same cautious, diplomatic, temporising type that is insanity.51 She had ensured that her two sons shared to be found in his relationship to his old fellow- her strong Catholic faith and so it must have seemed student at Louvain, who had since become Philip plain that despite Duke William’s personal religious II’s important minister, Cardinal Granvelle, to tolerance and inclination towards Protestantism, the whom Mercator had dedicated his 1554 map of duchy was headed in a Catholic direction. The older Europe,59 and which had also been demonstrated in son, Carl Friedrich, carried all the dynasties hopes – the circumstances of his engraving and publication particularly since his younger brother, Johann of the strongly pro-Catholic wall map of the British Wilhelm, was mentally weak and had inherited Isles of 1564.60 his mother’s mental problems. Carl Friedrich was, Mercator did however have a more positive, however, still a minor. As a result, in the early 1570s intellectual, and personally more satisfying reason the affairs of the duchy lay in the hands not of the for wanting to work on the Atlas of Europe. The Duke or Duchess but of courtiers, and particularly Atlas offered him the chance to assess how far Catholic courtiers like Gymnich. Europe had been reliably mapped by himself and by By presenting the Atlas to Gymnich, Mercator those he could rely on – and how much work he still

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needed to do in order to create the modern more make sense of the pairing of the regional map of the detailed maps that formed an essential element of the British Isles with the map of Greenland. From France, by five-part scientific cosmography and universal way of the partially numbered Ortelius map of Narbonne history of which he had been thinking of creating and Savoy, the sequence for the regions can be firmly since at least 1566.61 In a letter to Ortelius of 5 May verified from the surviving numbers, though the sequence for the provinces within these regions is tentative. 1572, he said he had been working on the modern 62 In the following list, the surviving original numbers are maps for ‘some years’, even though his primary shown in red and bold, the missing numbers in roman and focus in this period had been the preparation of a the missing maps, with their numbers in italic: scholarly edition of Ptolemy’s text and maps.63 Fascinated though Mercator was with the geography [Unnumbered: Dedication and title] of the world beyond Europe, he would only [Unnumbered: Contents] complete the ‘new’ maps covering Europe (even 1,2 General map of Europe then excluding the Iberian peninsula) before his 3,4 British Isles and Greenland death and they would appear in his atlas as published 5,6 England 1 posthumously in 1595.64 When he wrote to 7,8 England and Wales 2 9,10 Ireland Gymnich in 1578 about the intended Cosmography, 11,12 Scotland however, he said that though it would eventually 13,14 Orkneys and Shetlands begin with maps of the North, for the moment it 15,16 Iberian peninsula would have to begin with maps of Germany, France 17,18 Portugal and the Netherlands as the areas that were at that 19,20 France and surrounding lands time best mapped. This is, broadly, the situation 21,22 Calais and Vermandois reflected in the Atlas of Europe. The maps of 23,24 Berri and Limagne Lombardy and the Tirol, however, which bear some 25,26 Narbonne and Savoy resemblance to the maps of the same regions that 27,28 Scandinavia were to appear in the first volume of the Atlas that 29,30 Germany and surrounding lands including Netherlands was to appear in 1585, show that as early as 1571 65 31,32 Flanders Mercator was going beyond his base point. 33,34 Brabant The Atlas of Europe is rightly prized today for the 35,36 Holland unique or very rare maps by Mercator that it 37,38 Zeeland contains. At the time of its creation, however, this 39,40 Friesland unspectacular looking, hand-made atlas would have 41,42 Gelders, including Julich, Berg been a useful tool for an important patron, on whose 43,44 Franconia and Munster benevolence Mercator felt he depended, and a means 45,46 Dietmarshausen and Prussia by which the world’s best-known mapmaker could 47,48 Saxony empirically test how far he still had to go toward the 49,50 Bohemia 51,52 Silesia (has offset of cartouche from map achievement of his cartographic dream. of Austria on verso of right side of map) 53,54 Austria 55,56 Salzburg Appendix 57,58 Bavaria A suggested original sequence of maps 59,60 Palatinate and Württemberg At first glance, since Ortmans counts 46 maps and the 61,62 Switzerland highest (and last) black-ink folio number is 92, it would 63,64 Italy and surrounding lands seem that the Atlas was still complete when Ortmans 65,66 Piedmont renumbered and re-ordered the maps, with three 67,68 Lombardy Ortelius maps of Holland, Zeeland and Brabant that he 69,70 Tirol and eastern Lombardy lists having been lost since 1771. This number however 71,72 Como, Rome etc. includes the map of Ancona which was almost certainly 73,74 Tuscany a later addition. 75,76 Kingdom of Naples Even a superficial glance at the sequence of these older 77,78 Mediterranean islands numbers shows that Ortmans changed the sequence of 79,80 Crete and Cyprus the maps. In the following list the opening sequences 81,82 Lithuania, Russia (‘Sarmatia’) etc. for regions and provinces are tentative, since no traces 83,84 Hungary of numbers survive before the ‘25’ on the opening 85,86 Transylvania containing the Ortelius map of Narbonne and Savoy. 87,88 Slavonia, Bosnia etc. However, since the later more verifiable sheets extend in a 89,90 Greece and surrounding lands West to East direction, I have assumed that this was 91,92 Asia Minor and Palestine Mercator’s intention for the British and Iberian maps, which must have preceded the others. This would also

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Notes and his departure with Karl Friedrich that October 1 Marcel Watelet, ‘The Atlas of Europe’, in Mercator’s (Diedenhofen, 2008, pp.10–12). Atlas of Europe (Pleasant Hill, OR: Walking Tree Press, 19 Diagram from Watelet, p.11. Nicholas Crane, 1998), p.7. Mercator: the man who mapped the planet, (London: 2 A.S. Osley, Mercator: A monograph on the lettering of his Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002). p.283. maps… (London: Faber & Faber, 1969), pp.74–6. 20 Crane, pp.247–8 quoting from Mercator’s letter to 3 For this and the remainder of the paragraph, Sotheby’s Ortelius of 22 November 1570 (in John Henry Hessels catalogue for the sale of 13 March 1979 and Arthur (ed.) Abrahami Ortelii (geographi Antverpiensis) et virorum Dürst, ‘The Map of Europe’, pp.31–41 and particularly eruditorum ad eundem et ad Jacobum Colium Ortelianum p.31 in Watelet. (Abrahami Ortellii sororis filium) epistulae... (1524-1628). 4 Sarah Tyacke, ‘The Atlas of Europe attributed to Ex autographis mandante ecclesia Londino-Batava, Gerard Mercator’, Imago Mundi 31 (1979), p.65. This (Cambridge: Typis Academiae, sumptibus Ecclesiae was the principal reason for the British Library’s Londino-Batavae, 1887). p.73). determination to acquire the Atlas since both of the 21 Diedenhofen, pp.30–33, 38–9. other examples were in the Bibiliothèque nationale 22 Crane, note 18, p.342. The map of the British de France, in Rome and in Perugia. Isles by contrast was very approximately at a scale of 5 B. van ‘t Hoff, Gerard Mercator’s Map of the World 1:800,000. It is also generally accepted that the Flanders (1569) in the form of an atlas in the Maritiem Museum ‘Prins map had not been edited by Mercator and was a direct Hendrik’ at Rotterdam [Publicaties van het Maritiem copy of a lost survey by Van Deventer (e.g. Crane, Museum ‘Prins Hendrik’ no. 6; Supplement 2 to Imago pp.119–22) which would have made it even less attractive Mundi]. (Rotterdam & The Hague, 1961). Sjoerd de to the older and increasingly critical Mercator. Meer, De Atlas van de Wereld. De wereldkaart van Gerard 23 Crane, pp.209–13. Mercator (1569) (Zutphen, 2011); Sjoerd de Meer, 24 Andrew Taylor, The World of Gerard Mercator ‘De Atlas van de Wereld. De wereldkaart van (London: Harpercollins, 2004) pp.169–70. Gerard Mercator uit 1569 in atlasvorm’, 25 Crane, pp.248–50. The revised outlines and Caert Thresoor 31/1 (2012), pp.3–9. repositioning of northern Russia and of Moscow were 6 Mercator to von Gymnich, 14 July 1578 (van Durme, one of the major changes in the 1572 wall map of Europe Correspondence Mercatorienne (1959), letter 134, pp.194–5). which he must have been working on at the time that Now in the Universitätsbibliothek Basel, the letter is he was preparing the Atlas of Europe, and would have reproduced in Watelet p.7. been something that he was acutely aware of. A diagram 7 Van ’t Hoff, p.19. indicating the areas of the 1554 map which Mercator 8 Watelet p.7; Sotheby’s catalogue 13 March 1979; The revised for the 1572 edition, (Arthur Dürst, ‘Die Europa- Abbey was dissolved in 1802 and, though it was later re- karten von Gerard Mercator, 1554–1595’, Cartographica established as a Trappist monastery, the fate of Helvetica 10/(1994) 3–19, p.9) largely coincides (but for its dispersed library was not known prior to the northern Scandinavia) with the part of the 1554 wall re-appearance of the Atlas of Europe. map of Europe omitted in the Atlas of Europe. 9 Sotheby’s catalogue; Tyacke; Watelet, p.7. 26. Mercator to Ortelius, 22 November 1570, 10 Heinrich Averdunk, ‘Gerhard Mercator und die (Hessels, p.73). Geographen unter seiner Nachkommen’ Petermanns 27 A. Osley to C. Koeman, 3 October 1968. Mitteilungen 182 (Gotha, 1914), pp.49, 113. (Maritiemmuseum, Rotterdam archives). 11 Tyacke, 1979. 28 Crane, p.306. A graphic representation representing 12 A. Osley to C. Koeman, 3 October 1968; these overlaps in the Atlas of Europe by Dürst which T. Varekamp to van Overeem, 16 November 1968, originally appeared in an article in Cartographica Helvetica, Archives of Rotterdam Maritime Museum. I am was reproduced in Watelet, p.11. most grateful to Sjoerd de Meer for having informed 29 Van ‘t Hoff, pp.21–5 and fold-out diagram at the end me of these letters and supplying me with copies. of the text. The proposed original sequence of maps in 13 Tyacke, 1979. the Atlas of Europe is to be found in the appendix. 14 Marcel Watelet (ed.), Gerardi Mercatoris Atlas Europae 30 Ortmans, in accordance with the perceptions of (Antwerp: Bibliothèque des Amis du Fonds Mercator his time, included the North-West German provinces /Banque Paribas, 1994). A slightly updated English with the Netherlands when he re-arranged the atlas. translation was published in 1998 by the 31 See the appendix for details. Walking Tree Press. 32 Since, as Mercator’s correspondence makes plain, he 15 Osley, p.74. only received a copy of the Theatrum in the autumn of 16 Wilhelm Diedenhofen, Die Italienreise des Prinzen Karl 1570, this further strengthens the supposition that the Friedrich von Jülich-Kleve-Berg 1574/5 (Kleve: Comitato Atlas of Europe was compiled in the course of 1571. Dante Alighieri, 2008), p.12. 33 Another piece of evidence that it is a later addition is 17 De Meer, (2012), p.9. its large scale which is out of keeping with the rest of the 18 The project for the Crown Prince’s Grand Tour Atlas and not in line with Mercator’s plan for the atlas, seems only to have been formulated in the few months which has no other large-scale local maps. in 1571 from the arrival in Cleves of the eminent 34 Marcel van den Broecke, Ortelius Atlas Maps Flemish humanist, Steven Winand Pigge alias Pighius An illustrated guide. Second revised edition. (Houten:

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HES & DE GRAAF, 2011), Ort. 65, 78, 79. Wilhelm V: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_ 35 Van den Broecke, 2011, pp.28–38, Ort 39a &b. (Jülich-Kleve-Berg), consulted on 9.12.2012. 36 Taylor, p.155. 51 Wikipedia article on Maria von Österreich (1531– 37 Anne-Marie Miller and Lesley Hanson, ‘The maker 1581), http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_von_ and the monk: conservation of the Mercator Atlas of Österreich_(1531–1581),consulted 9.12.2012. Europe’, Journal of the Institute of Conservation 33/1 52 Averdunk, pp.49, 113. (2010), p.34. 53 Smolinsky, pp.98, 100. Averdunk, pp.49, 113. 38 Diedenhofen, 2008, p.69. The account of the Crown Prince’s grand tour by his 39 Peter Barber, ‘An atlas for a young prince’, in tutor Pighius reveals the extent to which Pighius, a Richard Palmer and Michelle Brown (eds.), Lambeth former papal secretary, and Gymnich were exposing Palace Library. Treasures from the Collection of the Archbishops their charge to extreme Catholic piety. (Diedenhofen, of Canterbury (London: Scala, 2010), pp.98–101. There is passim). Seemingly unaware of this rationale, Averdunk plentiful evidence that Mercator took great care with the considered Mercator’s friendship with Gymnich preparation of prestigious productions such as his globes: curious (‘merksam’). see, for instance, Crane, pp.258–62. 54 All the official correspondence between William V 40 Mercator to Gymnich, 14 July 1578, van Durme, and the Emperor of his officials was in German as were pp.94–5. the requests of Mercator’s children for printing privileges 41 In the introduction to the first volume of his Atlas from the Emperor (van Durme, passim). (1585), Mercator dwelt at length on the value of maps as 55 ‘grote vrient’. aids to the understanding of international politics, so he 56 ‘willich dienar’. would have understood what was required for this sort of 57 ‘my altyt een goet gunstiger heer’. Elsewhere he an atlas. Crane, pp.281–2. describes himself as aware of Gymnich’s continuing 42 BL Add. MS 62540. favours and good deeds (‘vorgaebder gunste und 43 Peter Barber, ‘A Tudor Mystery: Laurence Nowell’s woldaden’). Map of England and Ireland’, The Map Collector, 22 58 Van Durme letter 134, pp.194–5. In the letter, (March 1983), pp.16–21; ‘The Minister puts his mind Mercator asked Gymnich for information about Italy, on the map’, The British Museum Society Bulletin, 43 (July from the time when he had accompanied the Crown 1983), pp.18–19 Prince, and discussed the writer’s own ideas for his own 44 BL Royal MS18.D.III. atlas, which was increasingly pre-occupying him. 45 R.A. Skelton and John Summerson, A Description 59 Crane, p.44; Averdunk, pp.49, 113. of Maps and Architectural Drawings in the Collections made 60 Barber, ‘Les Iles Britanniques’; in Watelet, 1994, by William Cecil First Baron Burghley now at Hatfield pp.43–78. House with a Foreword by the Marquess of Salisbury 61 ‘Prefatio ad lectorem’, Chronologia, 1569; Crane, (Roxburghe Club, 1971). pp.217–9. 46 Prior to his tour of Italy Carl Friedrich was to (and 62 Crane, note 2, p.358, citing Hessels, p.88. did) spend two years at the court of his mother’s brother, 63 Crane, pp.238–41. Emperor Maximilian II (who shared Duke William’s 64 The few non-European maps in the 1595 edition religious tolerance), familiarising himself with court of the Atlas were all by his son Rumold. life and great power politics and making a tour of the 65 Osley, pp.74–6 reproduces the manuscript maps in fragment of Hungary that remained in Habsburg hands the Atlas of Europe and the printed maps from the Atlas (Diedenhofen, pp.14–19). The maps of Italy include, of 1585. Watelet, p.7. There are, however, substantial but are not confined to, all the provinces, including differences between the maps as finally printed and the Tuscany and the kingdom of Naples as well as Rome and manuscript maps of Lombardy and Tirol in the Atlas Lombardy, that Carl Friedrich was due to (and did) visit. of Europe, particularly as far as the network 47 The map showing William’s duchies are indeed of watercourses are concerned. annotated – but only by the eighteenth-century monk. 48 Diedenhofen, p.42. Though in the past the intials ‘AB’ led the map to be attributed to the Milanese engraver Ambrogio Brambilla, thereby dating to after Peter Barber is the Head of Map Collections at the British 1582, it could perhaps more convincingly, be attributed Library and is responsible for the Library’s outstanding collection to Alberto Balugoli who published a map of Modena of 4.25 million maps, views and other cartographic material. in 1571. Christie’s sale catalogue, 13 December 1979 He was awarded an OBE for services to cartography in the mentions both possible attributions, however Gymnich Queen’s Birthday Honours 2012. died in 1582, probably before the date of Brambila’s earliest known map. 49 Crane, pp.153–60. 50 Heribert Smolinsky, ‘Jülich-Kleve-Berg’ in Die Territorien des Reichs im Zeitalter der Reformation und Konfessionalisierung: Land und Konfession, 1500–1650, vol. iii: Der Nordwesten (Münster: Aschendorff, 1991) pp.98–101. Crane, pp.220, 227; article on Wilhelm V in Algemeine Deutsche Biographie; Wikipedia entry on

22 www.imcos.org 23 24 HIGH IN THE ANDES part ii Further adventures of the French Academy expedition to Peru

Richard Smith

In an earlier article (IMCoS Journal, No. 127, Winter Philip V, were part of the French expedition. They 2011) the author explained the cartography undertaken by were called back from the expedition in order to the French Academy expedition to Peru in the eighteenth organise the defences of the Pacific ports threatened century to measure the equatorial length of a degree of arc, by attack from the fleet of Commodore (later making the comment that the members experienced a Admiral) George Anson. Jorge Juan and Antonio number of adventures and also undertook other scientific Ulloa first received news of this commission while research besides measuring the Quito meridian. Space did in Cuenca in September 1740 with instructions to not allow a full description of these adventures to be included proceed to Lima. They left immediately, deciding to but the editor asked for further details about them as they take the coastal route via Guayaquil rather than the sounded so intriguing. inland one, reaching the capital on the 18 December after a fearful ride of over 1,000 kilometres (631 A murder! miles) through a thinly populated and arid semi- Accompanying Louis Godin, (expedition leader), desert. They had spent eight months assisting in the Pierre Bouguer and Charles-Marie, Marquis de La defence of Lima and Callao when a squadron of Condamine was a surgeon called Jean Seniergues Spanish ships under the command of José Pizarro whose untimely end had little to do with the arrived with the news that they had been unable to objectives of the expedition. Jean Seniergues did find any trace of Anson or his ships. Assuming that not limit his medical attentions to the Academy the British fleet had either sunk in storms off Cape members but also attended to the needs of the local Horn or sailed for England, the Spanish officers population. When the initial survey work was received permission to return to their scientific completed and the teams were resting in Cuenca, in duties. This time they were able to return to today's Ecuador, Seniergues was treating an Guayaquil by sea before making the difficult climb elderly gentleman who had an attractive daughter up to Quito. named Manuela. Apparently she had been engaged to Diego de León, a Spanish military figure who later abandoned her to marry the mayor’s daughter but had promised to pay a sum of money in compensation. However, this financial recompense never arrived. For some reason, possibly an affair of the heart, Seniergues agreed to intercede on the part Fig.1 of Manuela and her father to obtain the money but A chart of this led to bitter recriminations and violent threats southern South America between Seniergues and León. At a fiesta in the from a French Plaza de Toros, Seniergues was mortally wounded edition of Walter’s A voyage round the by an outraged crowd inflamed by León, his father- world. Captain in-law, the mayor and friends. He died a few days Cheap was later in a priest’s house where he had been given abandoned somewhere close shelter and protection by the members of the to 50ºS, near to expedition. In a trial conducted in Quito, León and where the map two others were found guilty and condemned to indicates ‘Terre de Patagons’ death but the sentence was never implemented and although the coast finally the guilty were absolved. is much more complicated than suggested here. The attacks of the British fleet (Reproduced under George Anson courtesy of the Academy of Reference was made in the earlier article to the two Artillery Library, Spanish naval officers who, on the insistence of Segovia, Spain).

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time were to command two frigates and visit Juan Fernandez and organise the protection of the ports of Concepción and Valparaiso on the Chilean coast in a voyage which took from December 1742 until July 1743. Given Anson’s subsequent plans, this exercise was of no immediate use though one important result was that they added new cartographic material to their South American portfolio. This was published in Antonio Ulloa’s Relación Historica. Undoubtedly the most important document was F i g . 2 a chart of the entire Pacific coastline of the Spanish The central empire from Acapulco in Mexico to the Horn with section of Jorge the title ‘Nueva y Correcta Carta del Mar Pacifico ó Juan’s ‘Nueva y Correcta Carta del Sur’. (Fig. 2) The chart measures 44 x 65cm (17 x del Mar Pacifico’. 25in) and shows a shaded coastline with ports, capes The cartouche covers the Gulf of and offshore islands in two sections, the upper from Guayaquil with Acapulco to Valparaiso and the lower extending to Panama to the Cape Horn. The central meridian is that of Lima left and Lima on the right where with longitude and latitude graduated every 1º the meridian accompanied by a 16-point compass rose. According intersects the to Ulloa the information was taken from earlier coast. The islands near the compass charts and updated with new information from rose are the leading pilots and their own observations. That part Galapagos while the lower section of Chile south of the island of Chiloé presented the is centred on the greatest challenge and according to Ulloa part of island of Chiloe. their information came from Captain Cheap, who (Reproduced courtesy of the presumably they met personally as he was in Naval Museum, Santiago until 1744. Besides this chart they produced Madrid). plans of Lima, Callao, Juan Fernandez, Concepción, Valparaiso, and the Gulf of Chiloé to add to their Just as the Spaniards started to pick up the threads earlier ones of Cartagena de las Indias and Portobello of their scientific work again, they received a second which are published, together with coastal profiles, summons to Lima. When Anson was thought lost he in Relación Historica. (Fig. 3) had in fact rounded Cape Horn and was trying to recover the remains of his battered fleet on the island Tracking the Amazon of Juan Fernandez, undetected by Pizarro. (Fig. 1, Despite the improvements incorporated into Juan’s overleaf) Two of his ships had become separated and new map, it remained as a small addition tucked wrecked in the archipelago off southern Chile away in Relación Historica and apparently was never where some officers and men mutinied and escaped published as a separate chart for regular naval use. on a refurbished launch leaving the senior captain, In total contrast was the widespread diffusion of David Cheap, and his followers on shore. The latter Charles-Marie de La Condamine’s map of the were rescued by Indians and finally made prisoners course of the Amazon, considered by some a of the Spanish in Santiago. In the meantime, Anson highlight of enlightenment science and by others, had attacked the small port of Paita in Peru and including Humboldt, as a mixture of survey captured a limited amount of silver and gold. His observations and office compilation, sometimes fleet was too weak to attack the larger ports but he using very dubious sources based on myth. was able to capture the treasure ship Nuestra Señora La Condamine left Cuenca in Peru on 11 May de Covadonga off the Philippines in May 1743. The 1743, and after crossing the cordillera near Loja value was enormous and converted what otherwise embarked in a canoe on the river Chinchipé, a had been a lost venture into a great success. Part of tributary of the Marañón, on 4 July. On 19 July he the treasure was used to mint new silver and gold arrived in La Laguna where he was joined by Pedro coins bearing the name ‘Lima’ under the effigy of Maldonado1 and overcoming only minor problems in George II even though the fleet had never attacked navigation they reached Para on 27 September, a total that city or its port of Callao. river voyage time of 85 days. The importance that The Spanish officers repeated the journey of a year La Condamine gave to surveying the river is earlier, riding day and night. Their instructions this demonstrated by the publication of his maps as early

26 HIGH IN THE ANDES part ii

F i g . 3 The chart ‘Plano de la Bahía de Cartagena de las Indias’ in Relación Historica. (Reproduced courtesy of the Naval Museum, Madrid). as 1745 whilst his report of the arc measurements, the Lost in the jungle main reason why the Académie des Sciences de Paris One of the survey assistants in the French team was had financed the expedition, was delayed until 1751. Jean Godin des Odonais, a cousin of the expedition’s Maybe this is unwitting testimony to La Condamine’s initial scientific leader, Louis Godin. Whilst in Peru, preference for personal glory rather than the collective Jean fell in love with Isabella de Casa Grande, the achievement of the arc measurement. daughter of the high ranking Corregidor of Riobamba The map, ‘Carte du Cours du Maragnon ou de la and they married in 1741. They appear to have been grande riviere des Amazones’ was first published in very happy although none of their four children La Condamine’s Relation abrégée d’un voyage fait dans reached adulthood. l’intérieur de l’Amérique Méridionale in 1745. The map Eight years later, Jean received news of his father’s shows the course of the Amazon and the major death and decided to return to Europe via the tributaries within a section of the South American Amazon route, but as Isabella was pregnant and in continent from the Gulf of Guayaquil in the Pacific any event did not possess a Portuguese passport to Ocean to the city of Para on the Atlantic. (Fig. 4) travel through Brazil, he went alone. Having reached La Condamine made his map by taking Cayenne in French Guiana rather than crossing the astronomic observations, measuring river widths Atlantic he tried to organise a voyage for his wife to and flow of the current seated at a table on a raft join him there. Unfortunately the wars in Europe, navigated by local Indians. Among the interesting lost papers and other impediments led to a delay features of his map is his indication that the River of nearly fifteen years before receiving not only Negro shares common headwaters with the Orinoco the passport but also a river vessel supplied by the (proved by a Portuguese expedition in 1743) and, in King of Portugal! Meanwhile Isabella, either a dotted line, the course of the Amazon as shown on desperately in love or fearing the wrath of her father the map of the Jesuit priest Samuel Fritz drawn in or the church for any romantic transgression, had 1690, published in 1707 and considered at the time remained patiently waiting for her husband’s the most accurate map of the river. There is no instructions. Jean was ill and rather than make the reference to Maldonado, although undoubtedly this return journey himself he sent a supposed friend, scientist took part in many of the measurements. Tristan d’Oreasaval with instructions, letters for various mission stations and substantial cash to organise the voyage. However, Tristan proved to be

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totally unreliable and instead of giving the Cayenne. In 1773 they arrived in France and resided instructions and cash to the head of the mission in La in Saint-Amand-Montrond where Jean produced a Laguna,* as instructed for forward transmission to grammar and vocabulary of the Quechua language Peru, he made himself comfortable at Loreto a good and his wife became a popular personality. Godin des 700 kms (435 miles) down river and passed the papers Odonais sued Tristan and won his case though the on to a priest bound for Quito. The papers were latter had spent all the money and was delayed and it was not until three years later that poor a bankrupt; nothing further, to date is known of the Isabella received the news. By then she doubted how French doctor. Both Jean and Isabella died in 1792. true all this was, and before setting out she sent her servant to Loreto to contact Tristan. The scoundrel was still there and confirmed all, but in the meantime Notes 1 Maldonado was a Creole nobleman from Equador another year had been lost. Finally, in October 1769 interested in geography and exploration. He found a new she set out with her two brothers, a nephew, four route from Cuenca to the headwaters of the Mara~nón river. servants and a tag-along French doctor, also with two * These locations are indicated on La Condamine’s map. servants. They employed 31 Indians to manage (Fig. 4) canoes to navigate down the Bobonazo* tributary of the Amazon, but at one point the Indians deserted. References Left to fend for themselves, the boats capsized and the 1 Jorge Juan y Santacilia and Antonio de Ulloa y de la Torre, party had to make a forced camp on a very hostile Relación histórica del viaje a América Meridional, Madrid 1748. Fig. 4 river shore. The French doctor offered to take the one 2 Charles Marie de La Condamine, Rélation abrégée d’un La Condamine’s voyage fait dans l’intérieur de la Amérique Méridionale, Paris, map of the small remaining canoe onto Andoas* in search of help 1745 (This work includes accounts of both the death of course of the expecting to return in fifteen days. But the French Amazon, Seniergues and the story of Isabella Godin des Odonais). extending doctor was as incapable of decent behaviour as was 3 Neil Safier,Measuring the new world. Enlightenment science westward to the Tristan and no help arrived. On the twenty-fifth day, Pacific coast. and South America. University of Chicago Press, 2008. Several points without food, the desperate party entered into the (The book contains an excellent chapter describing on the route jungle in an attempt to reach Andoas on foot. All died La Condamine’s Amazon trip). followed by – except for Isabella who, reduced to rags and living 4 Richard Walter, A voyage round the world. London 1748. Isabelle Godin, including her off fruit was totally lost but after an estimated nine (Walter was chaplain to Anson and this book is the hometown of days came across two Indians who took her to the best account of the voyage). Riobamba, in today’s Ecuador mission. The brave woman did not stay long and can be identified. made straight for Loreto where the boat was waiting Richard Smith was born in Lytham St. Anne’s, Lancashire (Reproduced for her. After this terrifying experience her other courtesy of the but has lived for the last thirty years in Spain. Cartography has Naval Museum, minor adventures shrink to insignificance and finally, been a lifetime’s interest and since retirement from the world of Madrid). in 1770, she was reunited with her husband in business he has written various articles on the subject.

28 www.imcos.org 29 IMCSJOURNAL Spring 2013 | Number 132

F i g . 2 The Dutch Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, 1795, (32.5 x 50cm).1 (Reproduced courtesy of Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps).

30 ‘THE DUTCH COLONY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE’ A map by L. S. De la Rochette

Roger Stewart

Historical and cartographic context In 1488, Bartolomeu Diaz became the first European to discover and double the Cape of Storms, which later became known as the Cape of Good Hope. Arguably the first printed map dedicated to the Cape of Good Hope was published more than a century later in Theodor de Bry’s Petit Voyages: Warhafftige Abbildung des Busems Toffel Baije genannt (Map of the promontory commonly known as Cape of Good Hope). (Fig. 1) It was 164 years after Diaz had discovered the Cape that Europeans settled on the shore of Table Bay, below Table Mountain. An earlier opportunity to settle arose in 1620, when Captains Andrew Shillinge and Humphrey Fitzherbert of the English East India Company, took ‘possession of the Bay of Saldania (Table Bay) … and of the whole continent near adjoining’ on behalf of King James I of England and also left behind a token of their annexation: a ‘pile of stones on … King James his Mount’ (Signal Hill).2 (Fig. 3) They returned to England with their signed claim of possession, thus pre-empting the captains of the Dutch, also anchored in Table Bay at the time, who had stated their intent to take possession of the land in grossly distorted coastline, was based on one of two Fig. 1 the next year. However, neither King James nor the Dutch manuscript maps, a printed version of one The Latin edition of English East India Company took any action to claim being published much later (in 1726 by François Theodor de possession. It was only in 1652, when England was Valentijn in Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien). These Bry’s map of the Cape of Good embroiled in political turmoil and without a monarch manuscript maps were Kaart van Saldanhabaai tot de Hope (1612). that the Dutch quietly established a settlement in the Falsbaai (c.1664)4 and a similar a map with the same territory rejected by King James. They understood title by Johannes Vingboons.5 the strategic importance of establishing a victualling Towards the end of the eighteenth century, the station for the Dutch East India Company (VOC)3; English public had become increasingly interested in for scurvy caused the death of more sailors on long- the Dutch Colony: Francis Masson’s plant specimens haul voyages than all other causes combined. from the Colony were flourishing in the Royal Somewhat paradoxically, the next published map Botanic Gardens at Kew and Johann Reinhold of the Cape was English, not Dutch, despite their Forster, the polymath naturalist on Captain James occupancy of the area. A Draught of Cape Bona Cook’s the Resolution, had returned from the Colony Esperanca (Fig. 3) was published in 1675 by John in 1775 with live animals, animal skins and Seller in the third book of the English Pilot. Seller’s numerous drawings. The Dutch economy was in prospect of the early settlement captured the decline, as was the VOC. In 1781, the English paradox: the English captains’ names for the attempted to capture the Colony but this aggressive mountains above Table Bay and symbols of the move fizzled into a minor sea battle in Saldanha Bay Dutch occupation: a fort and a flag. to the north of Table Bay.6 The English captured However, this very inaccurate map, with its five Dutch vessels, but not the Colony and also

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Fig. 3 Mount and Page’s edition (1732) of Seller’s 1675 map.

destroyed the Middelburg, the ship carrying François The government followed the Trekboere, Le Vaillant’s first collection of specimens destined proclaiming additional magisterial districts. By for France – a sight he witnessed with some distress 1780, the colonial borders had extended far from from the shore of Saldanha Bay, near to where he Table Bay: about 800 km to the east, 500 km had been hunting. to the north and 700 km to the north-east. The time was ripe for a new English map to (Fig. 4) Despite the colony’s expansion, De la replace Seller’s inadequate map. The Dutch Colony at Rochette’s map was restricted to the more densely the Cape of Good Hope (Fig. 2) by L.S. de la Rochette populated south-western area and the adjoining (1731–1802) was first published in 1782. The more sparsely populated area about 50 km further importance of the map in the cartographic history north. Nevertheless, the map filled a century-long of the Cape is captured in the title of an article void in English maps of the Cape of Good Hope and in the Map Collectors’ Circle series: ‘The Cape it marked the beginning of the important of Good Hope 1782–1842 from De la Rochette and long contribution of English civilian and to Arrowsmith’.7 military cartographers to the accurate mapping of At the time of publication, about 16,000 ‘free southern Africa. burghers’, a similar number of imported slaves and an unknown number of indigenous inhabitants Cartobibliography were living in the Dutch Colony of the Cape of The Dutch Colony of the Cape of Good Hope was Good Hope. Trekboere (pioneer farmers) had been designed by Louis Stanislas de la Rochette and moving away from the settlements near Table Bay engraved by William Faden (1749–1836) who in order to evade various commercial restrictions published it in 1782 as a broadsheet and later in his imposed on them by the VOC-run government. General Atlas. This landmark map was the first

32 ‘THE DUTCH COLONY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE’

detailed English map of the Cape of Good Hope undertaken in 1752 by Nicolas Louis De Lacaille. Fig. 4 (loosely taken here to be the rectangular area on In 1795, De la Rochette and Faden made Expansion of the Dutch either side of the diagonal line joining Cape Hanglip numerous corrections to place names and a few Colony at (Hangklip today) in the south-east and St. Helena additions to their map when new information had the Cape of Bay (St. Helens Bay in Fig. 1) in the north-west. The reached the cartographers, soon after the Battle of Good Hope.8 map included the names of some of the first settlers Muizenberg in False Bay where the English in the area between Table Bay and the Hottentot successfully captured the Dutch Colony. The route Holland Mountains in the east, (c. 1675–1705). It marched by the victorious English army from showed the network of wagon roads in the Colony Simon’s Bay, past Muizenberg, to Cape Town was in the eighteenth century. It recorded the result of drawn by hand in red on some of the 1795-updated the first geodetic survey in the area, which was maps. (Fig. 5) Today’s Main Road from Cape Town to Simonstown closely follows that route. The capture of the Cape had an unintended consequence that impoverished cartography: it led to the tragic suicide of Col. Robert Gordon, the Dutch cartographer of Scottish descent. He was also a naturalist and artist who, at the time of his suicide, was commander of the Dutch garrison; a few years earlier he had completed an enormous map of the region, but the English captors did not get to see it.9 The importance of De la Rochette’s map and its update cannot be underestimated: when the English captured the Cape of Good Hope, they found no Fig. 5 Dutch maps of significance – these had been Detail of De la removed and sent to the Netherlands where they Rochette’s 1795 were archived, only to be ‘discovered’ in 1950. This map on which the route made the 1795 update all the more important. De la marched by Rochette’s map must have been popular, because a the victorious English army German edition, Das Vorbirg der Guten Hofnung has been Verfasst von Herrn L. S. de la Rochette, was published indicated in red.

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in Vienna by the prolific Franz Anton Schrämbl about 25 km east of the middle of St. Helena Bay, in in 1789. order to conduct the first geodetic survey in the Anachronisms, such as the names of farmers who Colony. Inside the right-hand neatline, De la had been dead for decades, were retained on the Rochette reported Lacaille’s length of a degree of 1795 edition and De la Rochette and Faden created a arc of the terrestrial meridian through Cape Town. new anachronism in their haste to publish the He also included places associated with Lacaille’s updated map: they did not change the name of the geodetic triangles such as Capocberg, Klipfonteyn, Dutch Colony to reflect the new English ownership. Vyge Kraal and Nyle Kraal (which should be Uyle After Faden’s death, James Wyld Snr. took over Kraal) and Groenekloof, today, the village of the business and, for the 1825 edition, made two Mamre. De la Rochette also copied Lacaille’s unimportant changes to place names on the map. erroneously elongated Saldanha Bay. It extends He also removed the names of the designer and about 8 degrees too far south. engraver of the original map and replaced Faden’s Valentijn’s map, Niuewe Kaart van Caap der Goede imprint with his own; he changed the title, wisely was an important source of information for De la replacing ‘The Dutch Colony’, with something Rochette for the area north of Piquetberg. Valentijn more neutral – ‘Cape District’. In 1825, the Colony had visited the Cape four times between 1685 and was still in English hands, although it had reverted 1714, but had travelled less than 50 km from Cape to the Dutch in 1803, under the Treaty of Amiens, Town and had not conducted any cartographic only to be ceded back to the English in 1806. In surveys. Nevertheless, he had received copies of the 1838, Wyld republished the 1825 edition of the map journals of journeys made to the north by Simon unaltered and, therefore, it retained the names of van der Stel (1685-6) and Johannes Starrenberg settlers who had been dead for more than a century. (1705). From their descriptions, Valentijn was able to In the first half of the nineteenth century, John locate some places, north of Saldanha Bay, which Barrow and then the Arrowsmiths and others De la Rochette copied; the Tythouw river (now the published a number of maps of the rapidly expanding Langvleirivier) was one such instance. The settlers’ colony.10 By 1802, the De la Rochette map was names on De La Rochette’s map and some relegated to a position of historical interest only. cartographic detail seem to have been copied mainly from Valentijn’s inset map, Kaart van de Caap der Models for De la Rochette’s map Goede Hoop. Valentijn had in turn copied some of The limited geographic extent of the first edition of the names from Johannes Loots’s scarce map, the map probably was dictated by the few detailed Nieuwe Naauwkeurige Land-en Zee-Kaart (c. 1698). printed maps of the Cape Colony available to De la De la Rochette also copied from Valentijn the non- Rochette. Francis Masson, a Scot working for the existent Klipping Eyland in the north-west and the English Royal Gardens, had travelled extensively in uncommonly named De Bergen van Norwegen, the the Cape of Good Hope of which an account was mountains on the west of the southern Cape published in 1776 in the Philosophical Transactions Peninsula, a name given by Peter Kolbe, the German of the Royal Society, but he made no contribution astronomer and visitor the Cape in his book, Caput to cartography. Anders Sparrman had also travelled Bonae Spei Hodiernum, (1719). extensively but his book, A Voyage to the Cape of Good One of the uncommon and historically interesting Hope…, with map, Mappa Geographica Promontorii features of De la Rochette map is the network of Bonae Spei wasn’t published until 1783 and then only roads. Much of the network south of the southern tip in Swedish.11 of Saldanha Bay seems to be derived from Valentijn’s De la Rochette seems to have used a number Kaart van de Caap der Goede Hoop. Many of the roads of maps as models, including the maps of Lacaille were used in the late seventeenth century and some (1755) and Valentijn (1726) and the sea chart of are still in use today. I have been unable to find a Après de Mannevillette (1775-6). The result is a printed map that shows the roads further north and I generally successful assembly of available cartographic suspect that De la Rochette ‘joined the dots’ information, although due to its eclectic nature, the between the places he copied from Valentijn. map includes some inaccuracies, some anachronisms De la Rochette may have modelled his coastline and even a non-existent island. on Lacaille’s map and Plan du Cap de Bonne Esperance The graticule, much of the topography and some et de ses Environs, the 1775 chart of Après de of the toponymy of De la Rochette’s map south of Mannevillette, the sailor–cartographer who had St. Helena Bay comes from Lacaille’s CARTE du commanded the ship that took Lacaille to the Cape. Cap de Bonne Espérance et de ses Environs. Lacaille had The shape of De la Rochette’s False Bay is more been to the Cape between 1751 and 1753 where he accurate than that of Lacaille and De Mannevillette. had travelled as far north as Piquetberg, a mountain De la Rochette added more coastal information

34 ‘THE DUTCH COLONY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE’ such as additional ocean depths, some small islands Acknowledgements in Saldanha Bay and dangerous rocks near the I am grateful to John McCoy of Long Beach, peninsula. This information probably came from California for sharing his biographical information contemporary English sea charts; for example, a set on De la Rochette. I am also grateful to Barry Ruderman of depths to the east of the peninsula are identical to Antique Maps, www.RareMaps.com, for providing the those on an inset chart of False Bay in the Oriental digital image for Fig. 1. Pilot, published in 1781 by Sayer and Bennett.12 De la Notes Rochette also seems to have borrowed many of the 1 A high resolution image of the first edition of the map details of Saldahana Bay from the Sayer and Bennet can be viewed at http://www.davidrumsey.com; search: chart. In both instances, the bay extends too far south. Dutch Colony. 2 J. Barrow, Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa in De la Rochette the years 1797 and 1798, (London: T. Cadell Jun. and Who was the magnificently named Louis Stanislas W. Davies, 1801). Saldania Bay was the English captains’ D’Arcy de la Rochette? When his name was translation of Aguada de Saldanha, the first name for engraved on his map of the Cape Colony, he was what soon became and still is known as Table Bay. L.S. De la Rochette, not yet having adopted the name The cartographer John Seller named it Saldinia D’Arcy. His life has been the recent project of Bay (Fig. 3). 3 VOC: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (United his descendants, who have unearthed tantalising East-Indian Company). snippets of information. 4 ‘Chart from Saldanha Bay to False Bay’, 4.VEL 168, As Louis Stanislas Gappian De la Rochette, he Dutch National Archives. married a Huguenot refugee, Margaret Scalé on 2 5 4.VELH 619.35, Dutch National Archives. March 1756 in St. Martin in the Fields, London. Her Bea Brommer, ed. Grote Atlas van de Vereenigde Oost- brother was Peter Bernard Scalé, an engraver and Indische Compagnie. V Afrika. Voorburg: (Netherlands) cartographer. He appears to have married again, Atlas Maior; 2009, pp.64–65. possibly before 1774, and it is thought that he took 6 Saldanha Bay here refers to the current Saldanha Bay, the name D’Arcy from this wife, but no one has yet about 100 km north of Table Bay. discovered her identity (although her first name was 7 D. Schrire, ‘The Cape of Good Hope 1782–1742: from de la Rochette to Arrowsmith: being some notes on the Elizabeth). Two of their children who survived development of the early mapping of European-occupied childhood are mentioned in memorial inscriptions South Africa by English cartographers’, (London: Map published in Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica: Collectors’ Circle, 1965, series no. 17, pp.3–5, 9–10 Esther Margaret Elizabeth D’Arcy Delia Rochette and pl. II, III. (sic) and Edward Augustus D’Arcy (without the De 8 E. Walker, Historical Atlas of South Africa, (London: la Rochette).13 Louis De la Rochette married a third Oxford University Press, 1922), pl.7. time, on 14 June 1802 to Elizabeth Buchinger at St. 9 Map No. 3 in the Gordon Collection at the George’s Hanover Square and, by this time, he had Rijksmuseum Prentenkabinet: RP-T-1914-17-3. adopted the D’Arcy name. He died shortly after at 10 D. Schrire, ‘The Cape of Good Hope 1782–1742…’. his residence in Pimlico, London. Nothing seems to 11 Anders Sparrman, A voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, towards the Antarctic polar circle, and round the world: But be known of De la Rochette’s background and chiefly into the country of the Hottentots and Caffres, from training. He worked in the famous London the year 1772 to 1776, (Sweden, 1783, Dublin, 1785). cartography and publishing business owned by 12 This map can be viewed at h t t p : / /​ ​nla.gov.au/ n​ l a . William Faden, previously by Thomas Jeffreys, and map-ra52-s5. subsequently by three generations of Wylds. He also 13 Joseph Jackson Howard, Miscellanea Genealogica designed maps for the Bowles family of cartographers. et Heraldica (London: Mitchell, Hughes and Clarke, 1904), p.165. Conclusion De la Rochette’s eclectic map of the Dutch Colony at the Cape of Good Hope filled a void in English Roger Stewart is a truant from medicine and now a cartography of the region. It was published four business consultant and a mentor of promising executives. times between 1782 and 1838. The map was quite He is responsible for the map collection of a family trust: miniatures of southern Africa and Africa, the continent, detailed and accurate and it recorded features and and larger maps of the scientist/explorers of the Cape events that remain historically interesting. Despite of Good Hope. He is the IMCoS representative in a few inaccuracies and anachronisms, it was the South Africa, destination of the 2015 IMCoS first map in the significant contribution of the International Symposium. English to the accurate mapping of southern Africa, a contribution that lasted for more than one and a half centuries.

www.imcos.org 35 36 MAPPING MATTERS News from the world of maps

‘The Golden Age of Marine Charts’ Survey Atlas of Scotland from 1912 and its publication conference coincides with the NLS exhibition, Putting Scotland Report by Sarah Tyacke, President of IMCoS on the Map: the World of John Bartholomew and Son. A conference, ‘The Golden Age of Marine Charts’, (See page 40 for a review of the exhibition) The was held from 3-4 December last year in Paris. It folio atlas project started in 2006 with the publication was organised by Emmanuelle Vagnon, Catherine of Blaeu’s Atlas of Scotland from 1654 and was followed Hofmann and Hélène Richard and coincided with a by the Roy Military Survey maps from 1747-55 and magnificent exhibition at the Francois-Mitterand John Thomson’s Atlas of Scotland from 1832. Library of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) Further details of the Birlinn/NLS Limited of marine charts from the earliest portolan charts of Edition facsimiles from http://birlinn.birlinn.co.uk/ the Mediterranean to the mid-eighteenth century when printed charts finally came to dominate the waves. A large part of the BnF’s collection of charts is now online on its Gallica website: http://gallica.bnf.fr New research was presented and discussed by a number of experts including Patrick Gautier Dalché, Tony Campbell, Joaquim Alves Gaspar, Ramon Pujades, Philipp Billion and Corradino Astengo, Angelo Cattaneo and Hans Kok. The cosmographical and intellectual milieu of the period Detail from was also explored including the connection between ‘Trossachs, the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean from Loch Lomond’ ancient to early modern times and the particular (Plate 30) in Bartholomew influence of Portuguese cartography, notably by Survey Atlas of Dejanirah Couto and Rui Loureiro, and the Scotland (1912). incorporation or otherwise of Marco Polo and others into the Ptolemaic framework. A number of London Map Fair is fully booked IMCoS members participated as seen in the photo. Report by Tim Bryars It is with great pleasure that we are already able to say that as of mid January the 2013 The London Map Fair is fully booked. The demand from the international map trade is undiminished, even in this bleak economic climate, which speaks volumes about the reputation the fair has established. The London Map Fair has long been the largest and most cosmopolitan in Europe, and this will be the biggest we have held Left to right at the RGS with over 40 exhibitors. We will be Tony Campbell, welcoming three new German dealers, Monika Hans Kok, Sarah Tyacke, Schmidt, Christian Haslinger and Rainer Goetzfried, Wulf Bodenstein, and we anticipate being able to offer our largest ever Francis Herbert selection of maps, atlases, charts and globes. For two and Christophe Klein. Photograph days, on June 8 and 9, the historic walls of the RGS by Jean-Louis will contain the greatest concentration of cartographic Rentaux. material for sale anywhere in the world, and we A project completed regularly attract some of the world’s leading map Report by Chris Fleet collectors, curators and dealers (many of them – we The National Library of Scotland has recently hope – members of IMCoS). completed a project with the Edinburgh publisher, Over the past few years we have also been Birlinn, to publish facsimiles of four folio atlases of successful in reaching a wider public, with the aim Scotland. The final title in the series is Bartholomew’s of creating a new generation of collectors and

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enthusiasts. Bringing the public through the door is of Hull published in c.1643, etched by Wenceslaus one thing (and the unprecedented levels of publicity Hollar. According to Richard Pennington, author achieved by the 2012 fair certainly helped) but of the standard catalogue of Hollar’s work, the plate London Map Fairs Ltd also sponsors a lecture, which had been recorded in the collection of the we feel can be enjoyed by any visitor to the fair, and aforementioned Richard Johnson in Hull as late as a series of informal talks aimed directly at absolute 1933 (Pennington, no. 984). Historic printing plates beginners. This year the London Map Fair will lead are understandably uncommon, having only a finite the London fair week, with the Bloomsbury life due to the rigours of the printing process and the Summer Bookfair on Sunday 9, and the ABA and constant revision of map content and style. The PBFA book fairs opening on Thursday 13 and British Library has one half-plate used to print a map Friday 14 June. We wish IMCoS every success with published in Robert Dudley’s Arcano del Mare in their June weekend. We will once again provide a 1649, and another used to print a copy of part of venue for the AGM and a stand to help the society Christopher Saxton’s Quartermaster map. A plate by draw in new members, and we hope to see as many one of the greatest cartographic draughtsmen of the of you as possible at the Fair. seventeenth century is therefore a superb addition. Given the sheer quantities of maps to have been printed using copper plates, the occasional survivor Rare maps and pamphlets should not be surprising especially, in the case of the The British Library and Daniel Crouch Rare Books map of Hull, given the high regard of the etcher. joined forces in an exhibition of Scottish Maps at the Hollar (1607–77) was a Czech artist, discovered by Caledonian Club, London. The exhibition of rare Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel and brought with maps and pamphlets relating to Scotland and Scots his retinue back to London in 1636. Hollar produced abroad dating from 1578 to 1828 was assembled a great a many prints and drawings on a wide variety to help raise awareness for the British Library’s of subjects including a number of maps. Perhaps most campaign to raise funds to conserve, catalogue famous is his long panorama of London, published and digitise the King’s Topographical Collection. in 1647. Other equally important works include his Also on display was a fine collection of pamphlets engraved view of Tangiers of 1664 after Jonas Moore. and maps relating to the disastrous Darien Scheme – Kingston-upon-Hull was a thriving port for Scotland’s attempt to become a world trading nation trade and fishing, and for Hollar to have singled by establishing a colony called New Caledonia on it out for special treatment is appropriate to its the isthmus of Panama in the late 1690s. standing. Henry VIII had recognised the potential importance of Hull as a fortified base in the north, with access to the sea. He enhanced the town as a military and naval base by calling for an improvement of the city’s defences with the erection of a castle, blockhouses and garrison. Hull would play a part in the expansion of Tudor sea power, Left to right Robin Buchanan, (two sixteenth-century manuscript maps of Hull Peter Barber, showing Henry’s work are in the Cotton Collection Daniel Crouch and of the British Library). Almost a century later, Hull Emma Johnson. Photography by was to see action during the Civil war refusing Louie Fasciola. entrance to the king in April 1642. The production of the map reflects the Acquisitions by the British Library prominence of the town during the seventeenth Report by Tom Harper century, and it acquired an historical relevance, Towards the end of 2012, the British Library’s appearing in Robert Sayer’s catalogue of 1766 and Cartographic and Topographical department was in Laurie & Whittle’s of 1795. Also in the 1790s, a able to add to its collection of copper printing plates copy of it was produced by Isaac Taylor to illustrate with two notable acquisitions. In October, a plate John Tickell’s The history of the town and country of used to print A Map of the Country Forty Miles round Kingston-upon-Hull. The printing plate is therefore of Hull by Richard Johnson, c.1830 was purchased from interest not only to the researcher of printmaking Jonathan Potter Ltd, together with a modern pull and artistic technique, but to British history in from the plate. The map is not recorded on COPAC. general and local and urban studies specifically. It Two months later, the printing plate for another will be displayed in the British Library’s Sir John map was offered to the British Library by London Ritblat Gallery: Treasures of the British Library, from map dealer Tim Bryars. It was the plate of the map March 2013.

38 MAPPING MATTERS

An etched copper printing plate for a map of Kingston-upon-Hull, Wenceslaus Hollar, London, c. 1643. Maps 177.L.2. Copyright © The British Library Board.

‘Kingston upon Hull’ by Wenceslaus Hollar, London, c. 1643 with a view of the port from the Humber river showing the fortifications initiated by Henry VIII and an inset of the environs of Hull revealing its strategic coastal position. Hollar’s signature can be seen below the town plan.

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The World of John Bartholomew amongst these men was John George Bartholomew and Son: an Exhibition Review who, as we are told, ‘changed the face of Scottish Report by Julie McDougall, Doctoral research student, mapmaking and geographical teaching forever’. His University of Edinburgh ill health throughout his life did not deter him from When the Edinburgh mapmaking firm John his mapmaking activities, although his struggle with Bartholomew and Son is mentioned among map sickness often infiltrated his personal diaries and historians or map collectors the buzz words are production notes: the exhibition displays an usually Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island eccentric hand drawn image by John George map – which Bartholomew is rumoured to have showing the ‘dark fogs and mists of evil’ and the produced – and contour layer colouring – which the ‘glorious radiance of heavenly light’ which conquers firm is known to have propelled into popular use. it. He was also a strong promoter of thematic John George Bartholomew, the head of the firm mapping, producing the ‘Naturalist’s View of between 1880 and 1920, is also often remembered Scotland’ map with the Edinburgh naturalist J. A. for being the first to use the label ‘Antarctica’ in a Harvie-Brown in 1893. printed map of the world. The remainder of the exhibition, having so far The exhibition Putting Scotland on the Map: the given great detail about the Bartholomew family, World of John Bartholomew and Son at the National provides access to the daily activities and experiences Library of Scotland (NLS) in Edinburgh provides of the draughtsmen, engravers, colourists and litho new and more insight into the activities of this writers, and printers involved in map production. Scottish firm. It does this, not only by recounting There is again much detail here and much more the lives and work of the Bartholomew family who than I can cover in this review. What I will say operated the firm between c.1820 and c.1980, but it is that the large-scale photographs of employees, somewhat uniquely allows us to consider the lesser printed maps, displays of tools, and a video known people who were colourists, printers, explaining the process of map engraving were engravers and draughtsmen, making their living by made even more intriguing by the inclusion of conducting the firm’s local, national and global audio recordings from previous employees at the mapmaking activities on a daily basis. On visiting firm, most of whom worked for the firm in the the exhibition, it soon becomes clear that its content 1960s and 70s. and style reflect its purpose to ‘explore the Since we cannot ask the men and women technology and people who came together to create working before this, these voice recordings are one the Bartholomew phenomenon’. This review record we have of individual experiences in the attempts to give an overview of the elements of the firm’s daily activities and it forms a unique feature of exhibition which stood out for me, influenced as I this exhibition. One recording which stood out for am by my own recent research on Bartholomew’s me was a recording of Doris Crocke who worked as school atlas production (1870–1930). a map colourist for Bartholomew in 1960: in her Before I begin a description of the content of the account of her first day with the firm she recalls how exhibition I should refer to its layout and style, nervous she was and yet how she soon got to grips which often influences the way we engage with any with the process of colouring maps (which she visual display of information. Wooden tables are laid describes briefly). What also struck me from these out like work benches and facsimiles of maps and personal reminiscences is the emphasis each production records are displayed alongside the actual individual placed on ‘we’ in the engraving, printing engraving and drafting tools used by the firm’s and colouring of maps. Maps, it seems, were never employees. Even the lighting makes one think of the produced simply by one individual rather they were difficulty of performing the intricate work of part of a process of production undertaken by engraving under (initially) the dull light of oil lamps, different people with distinct roles. and I would say the exhibition, in style at least, is a The closing of the exhibition, naturally, brings us great success. to the more recent history of the firm. Whilst John Now to content: the exhibition provides Bartholomew and Son was a story of great success biographical detail on the Bartholomew sons and in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, heirs of the firm, namely George Bartholomew by the 1970s it came up against technological (1784–1871), John Bartholomew junior (1831–93) advancement and diminishing demand for maps and John George Bartholomew (1860–1920). It was based on individual artistry and craftsmanship. The George Bartholomew who laid the foundations of Bartholomew firm, established in Edinburgh since the firm, which was not established officially until the 1820s was unable to keep up with the emergence 1826 by John senior, and was subsequently expanded of computer generated mapping and in the 1980s it by John junior. The character that stood out for me was sold to Readers Digest and then (unsurprisingly

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This is one of five, experimental black and white photographic advertisements created in the 1930s for Bartholomew. There is no evidence, yet, that this series was ever realised. Reproduced with © permission of Collins Bartholomew. owing to his dominance of media companies at this The family Brocktorff time) to Rupert Murdoch at News International, Report by Rod Lyon eventually being incorporated into the publishing On 30 November 2012, H.E. President Emeritus house HarperCollins. of Malta, Dr. Ugo Mifsud Bonnici, officially Despite the dismantling of the firm in the 1980s, opened the Malta Map Society exhibition Brocktorff the influence of the firm is still evident today both Mapmakers at the Museum of Fine Arts in Valletta. in the exhibition, which brings our attention to Dr. Bonnici introduced Dr. Albert Ganado, Bartholomew’s dominance at one time, and in the President of the MMS, who said that the exhibition responses from visitors to the exhibition today had proved to be a voyage of discovery, revealing indicating the importance the firm and its maps still the amazing extent of the Brocktorff family’s hold. The trust the name Bartholomew invoked in cartographical, artistic and lithographic work. its customers in the past is evident in the exhibition Through careful research, it has been possible to from a display of Bartholomew’s advertising posters. establish the place and date of birth of the founder of One advertisement for Bartholomew’s road maps in this mapmaking dynasty: Baron Charles Frederick the 1930s pictured two men and a woman camping Von Brocktorff was born in Kiel, Germany on 11 alongside their two motor cars with the caption: June 1781 and died in Valletta 16 May 1850. It has ‘Are we all agreed? Bartholomew’s maps are best’. also been possible to date some of the picture maps Bartholomew is a firm worthy of recognition, thanks to the identification of a gibbet used for a not only for its well-known maps and mapmaking group of pirates about whose demise a lot is known. techniques but also for the part it played in the Preparation for the exhibition unearthed the everyday lives of Scottish people. This exhibition prodigious output of the Brocktorffs and dating the brings to light both of these important aspects of the items was sometimes problematic. As expected, firm’s history. some variants of maps were discovered and even The exhibition runs until 7 May 2013. atlases in the Ethiopian, Arabic and Turkish languages emerged in the search.

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On display was an unusual map of the elusive 25 April – 27 October 2013, National Museum Graham Island by Luigi Brocktorff. A volcanic of Finland, Helsinki island suddenly appeared in 1831 between Malta and The Widening View of the World: Treasures from the Sicily. The French, English and Italians dashed to Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld map collection and Life the scene to place their flags and lay claim to it but and work of A. E. Nordenskiöld before the matter could be settled, the island The collection of explorer A. E. Nordenskiöld is one disappeared beneath the sea leaving only a shoal. It is of the most extensive collections of early maps in the variously referred to – Graham Island by the English, world. Nordenskiöld made ten expeditions to the Julia by the French and Ferdinandea by the Italians. Arctic Ocean, Spitsbergen and Greenland and was the Dr. Bonnici thanked Dr. Ganado for his first to sail the Northeast passage between 1878 and outstanding work in highlighting the fascination of 1879. He collected and studied early maps and became Malta’s antique maps and added that as a result of the a pioneer in the study of historical cartography. 1821 trial of the pirates who had so conveniently helped to date some of the exhibits, trial by Jury was 2 July 2013, The National Archives of Finland, introduced into Malta. Helsinki

(below) Left to right History of Mapping and Land Surveying in Finland Jan Bundermann, P.S. The exhibition illustrates mapping and land Rod Lyon, Claude In response to recent volcanic activity, the shoal has surveying in Finland from the sixteenth century Micallef Attard and Louis Borg been rising and Sicilian authorities have sent divers to present times through various maps and objects. Manche. to fix a plaque claiming it as a Sicilian island. 4 July 2013, Helsinki Treasures from the John Nurminen Foundation Collection The John Nurminen Foundation maintains the cultural heritage and traditions of Finnish seafaring and maritime history and the exhibition will display treasures of the Foundation’s map collection of world maps, sea charts of the Baltic Sea and maps of Scandinavia.

Map Fairs

8 – 9 June 2013, London Map Fair Royal Geographical Society, 1 Kensington Gore London SW7 (Entrance Exhibition Road). Exhibitions Sat 8 at 12pm - 7pm and Sun 9 at 10am - 5pm. Map Fair Lectures on Sat at 2.30pm in the RGS March 2013, National Maritime Museum, Ondaatje Theatre. Guest speaker: to be advised. Greenwich, London Talks by Ashley Baynton-Williams throughout The museum will open a new permanent the weekend on map collecting for beginners. exhibition: ‘The Great Map’, a huge interactive floor map of the world. Using the latest in digital technology, visitors will be able to discover Britain’s Lectures & Conferences maritime history. Further information www.rmg. co.uk/visit/exhibitions/future/the-great-map 14 March 2013, London Maps and Society, 22nd series, Warburg Institute, 5pm 20 April 2013 – 5 January 2014, Winterthur, A. Crispin Jewitt, (Cartographic and Topographic Delaware Materials, British Library), ‘One Damned Thing after Common Destinations: Maps in the American Experience Another’: Mapping Britain’s Nineteenth-century Wars. This exhibition traces the rise of the ‘material map’ Contact Catherine Delano-Smith Tel 020 8346 5112 as a popular object in America, from rare decorative or Tony Campbell [email protected] item to industrial consumer good. Some of the themes considered will be: Sociable maps; men 28 March 2013, Washington and their maps; maps in a woman’s world; maps Washington Map Society, Geography and masses; the National maps 1784–1815. & Map Division, Library of Congress, 7pm Further information: www.winterthur.org Dr. S. Max Edelson (University of Virginia),

42 MAPPING MATTERS

The Course and Mapping of the Line established 20 – 21 June 2013, The Newberry Library, by the Proclamation of 1763. Contact Ted Callaway Chicago Tel 202 878 5418 An interdisciplinary symposium on Pictures from an Expedition: Aesthetics of nineteenth-century Cartographic 11, 18 and 25 April 2013, Historic Deerfield Exploration in the Americas will consider the visual Deerfield, MA 01342 culture of nineteenth-century mapping expeditions Cartographic Encounters: Exploring the Nature of Early and exploration. These scientific expeditions Maps. An overview of the history of mapmaking produced vast amounts of visual and artistic and map printing, examine maps as graphic materials. Additional information from Ernesto objects that reflect political, cultural, and Capello at [email protected]. economic narratives. Contact Julie Orvis at [email protected] 30 June – 5 July 2013, Helsinki The 25th International Conference on the History 18 April 2013, Milwaukee of Cartography: The Four Elements– the Essentials of Maps & America lecture series, American Geographic the History of Cartography is this year’s theme. Earth, Association Library, University of Wisconsin- Air, Fire and Water symbolise the essential elements Milwauke, 6pm in the history of cartography and the importance Chas Langelan (Washington DC Land Surveyor of cartography in the representation of nature (retired), and Officerof Surveyors Historical and our understanding of the world. Society), Andrew Ellicott: Early America’s Further information from ht t p://ichc2 013.fi Preeminent Surveyor. Contact Tel 414 229-6282 22 – 23 August 2013, Leipzig 25 April 2013, London Ahead of the 26th International Cartographic Maps and Society, 22nd series, Warburg Institute, 5pm Association conference in Dresden, a workshop Dr Jesse Simon (University College, Oxford), on Historical Maps, Atlases and Toponymy will be Later Roman Cartography: A Non-Ptolemaic Approach. held in Leipzig. Contact Elri Liebenberg at Contact Catherine Delano-Smith Tel 020 8346 5112 [email protected] or Tony Campbell [email protected] 25 – 30 August 2013, Dresden 2 May 2013, Oxford 26th International Cartographic Association Oxford Seminars in Cartography The 20th annual series, conference. Contact [email protected] University of Oxford Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, 5pm 28 – 30 August 2013, London Jerry Brotton (Queen Mary, University of London), RGS will be hosting a conference Historical ‘Everything is related to everything else, but near things Geographies of Global Knowledge, c. 1780–1914. are more related than distant thing’: a cartographic The conference areas will address the collection, genealogy of globalism. Contact Nick Millea, movement and exhibition of specimens and Bodleian Library Tel 01865 287119 ethnographic artefacts; the practice and reception of travel writing, missionary narratives and 7 May 2013, Cambridge ‘colonial literature’; the translation and transmission The Cambridge Seminars in the History of of texts; surveying and cartography; western and Cartography, Gardner Room, Emmanuel College, non-western interactions. Further information: St Andrew’s Street at 5.30pm Dr Diarmid Finnegan at [email protected] and James Purdon (Jesus College, Cambridge), Dr Jonathan Wright at [email protected] National Grids: Some twentieth-century cartographies of energy production and transmission. STOP PRESS 16 March 2013 New M a p F a i r Contact Sarah Bendall Tel 01223 330476 Milan is to host a new map fair. Initiated by IMCoS member and map dealer Marcus Perini and in 16 May 2013, London collaboration with the Museo della Cartografia Maps and Society, 22nd series, Warburg Institute, 5pm Lombarda, the Associazione Roberto Almagià and Dr Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann (Chargée the Associazione Giovane Europa, the Fair will de Recherche, CNRS-EHESS, Paris), take place on 16 March at the Hotel Michelangelo, Early Sino-Korean Atlases in an Enduring near Milan Central station. For further information East Asian Cartographical Enterprise. contact Marcus Perini at [email protected] Contact Catherine Delano-Smith Tel 020 8346 5112 or www.milanomapfair.it or Tony Campbell [email protected]

www.imcos.org 43 READER OFFER Boydell Press is offering IMCoS members a reduction on the Lincoln Record Society publication of Maps of the Witham Fens from the Thirteenth to the Nineteenth Century edited by R. C. Wheeler, Honorary Secretary of the Charles Close Society for the study of Ordnance Survey Maps.

The full price of £30 will be discounted to £22.50 until the 31 May 2013. Please quote the offer code 12329 to ensure that the discount is given. Orders can be placed by phone on 01394 610600, by fax on 01394 610316, by email at trading@boydell. co.uk or on-line at www.boydellandbrewer.com Postage is £3 in the UK, £6.50 per book (up to a maximum of £26) to mainland Europe and £10 per book outside Europe.

44 www.imcos.org 45 IMCSJOURNAL Spring 2013 | Number 132

Above Right Detail from the ‘World-Radio’ Broadcasting Map of Europe showing Front cover of the first edition of the ‘World-Radio’ long and medium wave stations (designated by black dot); Broadcasting Map of Europe, published by the BBC short wave stations (designated by a large open circle); localities and printed by Malby & Sons in 1928. that have both long and short waves (designated by a combination Title on map face: ‘“World-Radio” Map of European of circle and dot); cities without a broadcasting station, Broadcasting Stations In Relation To The British Isles’. such as Amsterdam (designated by a small open square).

46 WORTH A LOOK ‘Listening with a Map’ - the Accurate Broadcasting Map for All

Francis Herbert

Just over 90 years ago, on 14 November 1922, the A review appearing a month later in the journal British Broadcasting Company, as it was then known, Nature recommended that ‘to every one who uttered its first words from its 2LO transmitter based possesses a sensitive receiving set and is interested in at Marconi House on the Strand. Following the listening-in to distant continental stations the map lifting of restrictions on civilian broadcasting, post will be of great value’, adding ‘it is interesting to World War I, radio broadcasting accelerated and notice that Sweden and Finland are plentifully soon revealed overlaps of wavelengths and dotted with broadcasting stations and that there are frequencies with consequent reception interference. very few in Italy’.6 To overcome these problems, in 1925, the Union Similarly, the May 1929 Supplement to the Internationale de Radiophonie (from 1928: Union ‘Geographical Journal’: recent...maps...added to the Internationale de Radiodiffusion) was created in [Royal Geographical] Society’s Collection praises the London and based in Geneva. Both its first President map’s usefulness and ‘should serve well for the and Secretary-General were British Broadcasting special purpose for which it has been drawn’ but Company representatives.1 The consequent ‘Geneva that ‘the method by which relief is shown is far Plan’, allotting European wavelengths, was accepted from satisfactory’. by UIDR’s Council in July 1926 and implemented Second and third editions of the map were in November of the same year. A more complete published on 14 March 1930 and 3 September 1931 and effective framework was agreed in the 1929 respectively. ‘Prague Plan’. The BBC first published its ‘World-Radio’ Broadcasting Map of Europe in September 1928 to Notes 1 It became the British Broadcasting Corporation (intentionally?) coincide with the week-long annual on 1 January 1927. National Radio Exhibition at Olympia in London. 2 From 28 September 1928 issue onwards. The map was prepared for the BBC under the 3 From 5 October 1928 issue. advice of Rear Admiral H.P. Douglas C.M.G., 4 From 23 January 1929. Hydrographer of the Navy and was ‘constructed on 5 From 1931 B.B.C. Year-Book. the Zenithal Equidistant projection with the centre 6 Nature 122, London, 24 November 1928. (C) Lat. 53°.30’.N., Long. 2°.30’.W’. The centre (C), as can be seen on the map detail opposite lies between Liverpool and Manchester. ‘To obtain distances and bearings at a particular locality, the meridian passing through that place should be drawn by joining the corresponding points in the Longitude divisions North and South of the British Isles’. On sale at three shillings (£0.15), the map was most effectively publicised in the BBC’s own weekly publications: World-Radio… official foreign and technical journal…2 The Radio Times3 and The Listener.4 It appeared from September 1929 in its irregularly published World-Radio European station identification panels and in its annual B.B.C. Handbook 1929.5 The World-Radio issue of 19 October 1928, for example, advertised: ‘The Accurate Broadcasting Map for all – Traders, Demonstrators, Experimenters, Geographical Instructors, Users of – Long Distance Receivers, Short Wave Sets, All Valve Sets. Linen. Mounted. Size (approximately) 36”x 24”’.

www.imcos.org 47 48 YOU WRITE TO US

Can anyone help identify this game? Forensic work on the Visscher Map board with The National Library of Australia recently purchased world map cities and towns associated the map board of a board game of the Boxer Congratulations to Neil Davidson for his forensic with the relief Rebellion, for which the game name, publisher, date work on the Visscher world map. (IMCoS Journal, expedition to rescue foreign of publication and rules are unknown. The map is a No. 131, Winter, pp. 54-5). It is always worth nationals during bird’s-eye view of Peking and surrounds, featuring comparing the maps of Claes Janszoon and Nicolaas the Boxer the places associated with the relief expedition of J. Visscher to see if they are from the same plate. Rebellion. 1900 to rescue foreign nationals. The Romanisation One of the most extreme examples I have ever seen of the Chinese names is English, and contemporary involved their map of the British Isles, whose to the period, suggesting a British or American game unrecognisably different versions are definitely publisher operating between 1900 and 1914. We guess printed from the same plate. They can be that the game is a simple roll-and-move race along 42 conveniently seen side-by-side at www.maphistory. numbered spaces, but the purpose of the game is info/understanding.html – though I imagine high unclear. There is no record of this game in the database resolution scans could be found on the internet for of over 130,000 games at www.boardgamegeek. anybody who wished to confirm their common Any help identifying the game or its publisher origin by looking at the small details. would be much appreciated. Our catalogue record and a zoomable image of the map can be viewed at Tony Campbell, London http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/5827330

Brendan Whyte, Assistant Map Curator, National Library of Australia, Canberra, [email protected]

www.imcos.org 49 IMCSJOURNAL Spring 2013 | Number 132

Detail of Admiral Sir William Parker’s unpublished manuscript chart of Newfoundland. The National Archives, UK, ADM 352/54.

Responses to IMCoS article Canadian National Biography (CNB) completely Daphne Joynes’s article, ‘The Path to Promotion’ on an ignores him. While Parker’s skill as a cartographer unpublished manuscript chart of Newfoundland by Admiral was previously unrecognised, his work for three Sir William Parker appeared in the last issue of the IMCoS summers from 1764 to 1766 as second in command of Journal, No 131, Winter 2012.) It has prompted an the survey schooner Grenville was known. During exchange of letters. Ed. this period Parker commanded the vessel while Cook was ashore or surveying inshore, and he John Robson from New Zealand who IMCoS members played his part by furnishing most of the deeper met at the 2008 Symposium in New Zealand writes: water soundings as well as maintaining the ship’s log. It is excellent news that Daphne Joynes has unearthed The ‘new’ chart shows information gathered after this interesting chart as proof of William Parker’s Parker had left Cook and the Grenville which work showing his contribution to Newfoundland’s suggests strongly that he maintained contact with history. Until recently, the Oxford National Cook or his own successor, Michael Lane. Lane Dictionary of Biography (ODNB) entry for Parker assumed command of the Grenville in 1768 and omitted to mention his service at the island with continued surveying Newfoundland and Labrador Cook (Daphne corrected this omission) while the for several years, so it is most probable that his and

50 YOU WRITE TO US

Parker’s paths crossed and they compared notes – manuscript, and I am very grateful indeed to him for and charts. In 1764, both men had been on HMS his comments. Guernsey so it is possible that Lane gave Parker classes With regard to his point about the Langmead then in basic surveying when Lane was the ship’s catalogue, my phrase ‘first catalogued by Langmead’ schoolmaster and Parker still a junior officer. was perhaps somewhat loose! I was, of course, aware Obviously, Parker had not sat idly by (as many of earlier Hydrographic Office listings. On page 8 officers did) but applied himself and became a of my article, I discussed Langmead’s preface and proficient cartographer in his own right. his declared intention to compile a catalogue of early Hydrographic Office holdings derived from A.C.F. David from Somerset, UK writes: nineteenth-century records. I also quoted the I have read Daphne Joynes article with considerable Langmead entry relating to the chart in an endnote interest. Although I worked in the UK Hydrographic which refers to the ‘Old’ Hydrographic Office Office for many years and have been a frequent listings ‘Books A/Books 1’. visitor to their archives subsequently, I have never sighted this particular manuscript. Nor, as far as I can see, was it sighted by R.A. Skelton when he was Pre-siege maps, please? researching Cook’s Newfoundland surveys. The committee of the Malta Map Society have My immediate reaction to Parker’s chart is its decided for 2013 to update, expand, revise and apparent similarity to the chart of the whole of publish Dr Albert Ganado’s ground-breaking study Newfoundland attributed to Cook held in the of pre-seige maps of Malta. The work will take a Naval Historical Library in Portsmouth Dockyard year to complete and will include as many maps as and illustrated in A.M. Lysaght, Joseph Banks in possible, drawn up or published prior to the Great Newfoundland & Labrador, 1776, London 1971. There Siege of Malta in 1565. Before 1565, Valetta did not are, however significant differences between the exist and the Valetta peninsula (Mount Sceberras) two. I therefore agree with Daphne Joynes that much was just a wasteland which gave invaders a big of the detail of Parker’s chart is taken from ‘A General advantage when they attacked the three cities of Chart of the Island of Newfoundland’ published on Kalkara, Birgu and Senglea. 10 May 1770 by Thomas Jeffreys with additions from Among the most outstanding pre-siege maps so Parker’s own observations and should thus be dated far identified is that by Antonio Lafreri (1512–77) 1771 or later. Perhaps if Skelton did sight this which was published in Rome in 1551. An unusual manuscript he came to the same conclusion. feature of the map is the inclusion of venomous However, where Daphne Joynes is in error is snakes hastily leaving the island after they were stating that this chart was first catalogued by David banned by St Paul. Langmead in 1978. She is over 150 years in error! The MMS would be interested to hear from any Catalogue A was first compiled between 1823 and members who may have pre-siege maps. Please 1826 by Lieutenant Alexander Bridport Belcher, contact the MMS Secretary at joseph.schiro@ who was specially appointed to the Hydrographic onvol.net Department for this purpose. After being in constant use over the years, by 1978 it had become dilapidated with numerous crossings out in red for items that The Ristow prize had been lost or destroyed in the intervening 150 Students of the history of cartography are invited to years. It was at this juncture that Langmead arranged submit papers for the 2013 Ristow Prize competition. for a typescript copy of Catalogue A to be made Undergraduate, graduate, and first-year postdoctoral before the original catalogue fell to bits! Langmead’s students of any nationality are eligible to compete. transcription contained a significant number of Papers must be in English, not exceeding 7500 words, transcription errors, which I drew attention to. and should be submitted by 1 June 2013, to Evelyn These were amended in ink in the copy held in the Edson, 268 Springtree Lane, Scottsville, VA 24590, research room in the Hydrographic Office. I have USA. Appropriate illustrations are encouraged. The not seen the copy in the National Archives so I do winning essay will receive a cash prize of $1000 and not know whether it is a photocopy of Langmead’s will be published in The Portolan, the journal of the unamended typescript or a copy in the research Washington Map Society. The prize, named in room of the HO with my amendments. honour of the late Dr. Walter W. Ristow, is sponsored by the Washington Map Society of Washington, Daphne Joynes’s response to A.C.F. David’s letter: D.C. For more information, including a list of I was interested to hear from Andrew David that previous winners, go to the website www.washmap. he had not previously had sight of the Parker org or contact Dr. Edson at [email protected]

www.imcos.org 51 52 BOOK REVIEWS A look at recent publications

interested in the long coast of Norway – it is attractive to collectors of charts everywhere. Whilst all the usual technical terms are used, this is a narrative and not an academic treatise. So, what is in it and why, as a collector of coastal charts of England, do I like it? It is divided into thirteen chapters, each dedicated to one of the chart makers. Of course, the Dutch occupy half the book starting with Waghenaer, then Blaeu, Colom, Theunis Jacobsz, Jansson, Goos, de Wit and the van Keulen family. The English section follows with Dudley, Seller and Halley, the Scandinavians with the Grove charts and the French with maps produced by the Admiralty. So, many chart makers that are relevant to all of us. Each chapter contains a potted history of the initial chart maker and then expands to cover successor ownership of the business or plates and the inevitable copyists, for instance, Jansson of Blaeu. This provides a good description of each chart, its states and historical changes, which realistically can be used to interpret the publication of the origin of a chart of another coast, for instance, the East of England. This is all so useful to a collector with Sea Charts of Norway, 1585-1812 much interest but limited memory! A particularly by William B. Ginsberg clever technique is the use, at the beginning of the New York: Septentrionalium Press, 2012. major chapters, of a modern outline map of Norway, www.septentrionalium.com, ISBN 978-0-9787900-4-2. overlaid with the rectangular delineation of the Hb. 300 x 250 mm, xiv, 321, 320 illus. Distributed in historic charts, both to indicate location and to draw New York by Cohen & Taliaferro LLC, +1 212 attention to significant differences in scale, not easily 751-8135, [email protected]; in London by Jonathan apparent from the individual chart. Potter Ltd, +44 (0)20 7491 3520, [email protected]; Each chart is referenced logically and in Oslo by Pa˚l Sagen, Kunstantikvariat PAMA +47 22 chronologically, firstly by chapter number, then a 44 06 00 [email protected]. US $145; STG £90; capital alpha designation for the atlas, the number NOK900. for the chart in that atlas followed by small alpha designations for each state. To give an example of This is a beautiful and helpful book, and its 320 the Blaeu charts in chapter 2, each of the three Blaeu illustrations of charts are printed with fantastic atlases are designated 2A, 2B and 2C whilst the clarity. Whilst readers in Norway and other parts of Jansson copy of the first Blaeu atlas becomes 2D. Scandinavia will need no introduction to the author Each of the five Blaeu and Jansson charts, for due to his previous cartographic publications, this instance, 2A:1 and 2D:1, can be and are directly review is for all the other members of the Society compared, both by illustration on the same page and and anyone with an interest in historic charts. in the narrative. This format follows through each As the author says, this is not a cartobibliography chapter so the derivation and history of each chart – it is a gathering and description of the main sets of can be examined. Where appropriate, there are coastal charts relating to Norway, but covering the tables of atlas editions and of characteristics of the cartographers, publishers and surveyors who were charts to identify the editions. involved in making charts of the coasts of the ‘old’ After the chart maker chapters, we have a graph world and, from the mid-1600s, the ‘new’ worlds. illustrating the comparative coverage of the main So, the use of this book is not parochial to those charts by each maker and an Appendix Gazetteer of

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the coastal place names, both of interest to the Thames depicted on a medal from 296 AD – to the Scandinavian collector. For all of us, there is an ubiquitous tube map – here in the 2012 edition. It Appendix of North Sea charts – in summary and was accompanied by a BL publication of the same with small illustrations of double page charts. This is title, but this was a parallel rather than related a useful expansion beyond those covered in the publication, so it is a delight to see what is effectively chapters and, certainly, I was not aware that Thomas a catalogue of the exhibition appear in print, albeit Jenner had produced a rare coastal atlas of England so far after the event. In every sense however, it is in 1653 (whilst his county atlas is common place). worth the wait. The book is completed with an alphabetic list of The landscape format suits large format map titles referenced to their chart designations and reproduction of the maps and gives the room for a comprehensive index to every person, place, chart top-quality colour images. With the exception of and atlas in the book. the larger maps, virtually all images are legible with The verdict: it is a lovely book, both visually and the naked eye down to place-name level. A visual for its technical content. The author has good treat then of nearly two thousand years of the narrative skills so it is a pleasure to read. The book mapping of London – a host of ‘pretty pictures’ as enables collectors to make comparison with their many reviews have already said. own charts, helping to put them in context and But, that is to miss the point. The images are determining precisely where they fit. As an Anglo- wonderful and decorative and colourful but the Saxon with no connection to the Norsemen, underlying purpose of the exhibition was I commend this book to all lovers of charts. educational and informative: not just to entertain the eye, but to engage the questing mind. The maps, Ian Harvey, London prospects and other items were selected not only to portray London at a particular moment in time, but also to tell the viewer about the motives and interests of the makers, whether the surveyor, the planner, the artist, the publisher or the sponsor. The catalogue items are physical records of events in the evolution of London, more visual than the paper records that seem to dominate London’s tale, but also more vibrant and immediate because the picture is such an effective tool of communication. Besides each image is a brief – for me, perhaps too brief – caption/commentary on the item, bringing out the principal features of the map, building towards an understanding of the overall theme. Then, not forgetting that maps can also be about chaps, many of the entries are enlivened with biographical notes supplied by Laurence Worms about their makers, drawn from British Map Engravers London A History in Maps by Peter Barber, (2011), co-authored with the reviewer. edited by Roger Cline and Ann Saunders The publication is evidence of Barber’s vast London: London Topographical Society in association knowledge, enticing out all manner of hitherto with the British Library, 2012, www.topsoc.org. all-but-unknown items from the BL’s collections, ISBN 978-0-9020-8760-6. Hb. 247 x 315 mm, but also to the London Topographical Society’s 380, 400 col. illus. STG £30 (£22.50 to munificence and ambition. Although small, the TopSoc’ members); US $45 (cloth). Society is financing the cataloguing of the Crace Collections, now divided between BL and British Peter Barber needs no introduction to IMCoS Museum’, and has an ambitious publishing members, nor should the three outstanding programme, including this volume, which should be exhibitions he has curated for the British Library: reason enough to persuade anyone interested in Lie of the Land, Magnificent Maps, and, the subject of London through the ages to join. That a second this book, London: A Life in Maps, held in 2006–7. printing is already necessary is testament to the They were three of the four most successful scholarship and production values that should make exhibitions in BL history. this a feature on every Londoner’s shelf. The exhibition detailed the development of London from Roman times – the city walls and Ashley Baynton-Williams, London

54 BOOK REVIEWS

writings of La Caille and his contemporaries, which make the text more personal and precise. The numerous illustrations add to the book’s liveliness. Separate chapters deal with La Caille’s early activities; his astronomical, geodetic, and other observations at the Cape; his triumphant return to Paris and presentations to the Academie Royale des Sciences; and his later life and work. Helpful footnotes and six appendices provide interesting supplementary information, including a definition of terms and a timeline. Of particular interest to astronomically-oriented readers are discussions of La Caille’s catalogue of nearly 9,800 stars in the southern hemisphere, his determination of the distances to the Sun and Moon using parallax and his use of the positions of the Moon and the satellites of Jupiter to compute longitude on Earth. While not the first European to chart the southern heavens, he was one of the most systematic and complete.2 Of particular interest to cartographically-oriented readers are the discussions of La Caille’s southern celestial planispheric map showing fourteen new constellations (most of which depict tools and instruments from the arts and sciences of the Enlightenment), his determination of the Earth’s shape in the southern hemisphere using the method of triangulation and the creation of one of the first detailed terrestrial maps of the Cape and its environs.3 His work resulted in a radius measurement that Nicolas-Louis De La Caille: suggested the Earth was pear-shaped, and the Astronomer and Geodesist by I. S. Glass surprising reason for this error is discussed in detail in Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. the last chapter of the book (read it to find out why!). ISBN: 978-0-19-966840-3. Hb. 194, 48 b & w illus. In sum, this is a tightly-written book about the 2 tables. STG £35; US $62.95. life and contributions of a great scientist who was active during the heyday of the Enlightenment. It is This trim well-researched biography describes the also an adventure story about a man who journeyed life and work of one of the most important scientists to another hemisphere in order to further his work. of the eighteenth century: Nicolas-Louis De La The book should appeal to astronomers, (both Caille (1713-62).1 La Caille especially is remembered amateur and professional), earth scientists, map for his astronomical and geodetic studies at the Cape lovers (both terrestrial and celestial) and anyone of Good Hope, which complemented those that interested in the history of science. I wholeheartedly he and others had performed in the northern recommend it. hemisphere (e.g. cataloguing stellar positions, Notes determining the Earth’s shape). The book also 1. Although in his letters the subject of this book signed discusses related issues, such as a detailed description his name ‘Lacaille’, the author uses the more formal of the instruments La Caille used in his studies, spelling ‘La Caille’, and this will be the convention prominent (mainly French) scientists of the time, and followed in this review. the flora, fauna and human inhabitants of the Cape. 2. For more on the history of the mapping of the Although some readers may find this information southern sky, see N. Kanas, Star Maps: History, Artistry, superfluous, I found it enriching and revealing of and Cartography, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, 2012. the environment in which La Caille worked. 3. For more on the various states of this map, see R. Stewart, ‘A mystery resolved: Lacaille’s map Well-qualified to author this book, Ian Glass is an of the Cape of Good Hope’, IMCoS Journal, astronomer at the South African Astronomical issue 119, pp. 7-11, Winter 2009. Observatory and a seasoned writer. Glass has included English translations of excerpts from the Nick Kanas, Kentfield, California, USA

www.imcos.org 55 IMCSJOURNAL Spring 2013 | Number 132

Hubbard’s objective was, he explains, to try to answer such questions about maps of Japan as: ‘What was their origin? Who had engraved them? To what atlas or travel account did they belong? Could a map be precisely dated? Why were the maps so different (and some almost identical)?’ He has found most of the answers to these questions. The book starts with a ‘typology of the early depictions of Japan’ including some fanciful shapes deriving from legend and imagination before the arrival of the first Europeans in Japan in 1543. The first printed ‘map’ of Japan orCiampagu appeared in a book published in Venice in 1528. Various other fantastic depictions were used in other sixteenth- century atlases. The first map, which bore any resemblance to reality, was that produced by Ludoico Teisera, which was published in the atlas of Abraham Ortelius in 1595 entitled ‘Iaponiae Insulae Descriptio’. Hubbard in his scholarly and lengthy introduction of 125 pages to the cartobibliography covers in detail the development of the cartography of Japan. In discussing the early stages of mapmaking in Japan he describes Jesuit influences. He outlines the changes introduced in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and the increasing influence of Japoniæ Insulæ, The Mapping of Japanese maps on western depictions of Japan. As Japan: Historical Introduction and Japanese mapmakers did not use the same techniques Cartobibliograhy of European Printed as western cartographers this often led to further Maps of Japan to 1800 by Jason C. Hubbard inaccuracies in western maps. Houten: Hes & De Graaf, Publishers BV, 2012. In a separate section on piracy and counterfeits, ISBN 978-90-6194-531-4. Hb. 320 x 240 mm. 444, Hubbard concludes that the majority of the books 374 col. illus. €196; US $265; STG £160. containing maps of Japan were ‘either pirated, or more rarely, counterfeited. The majority of published ‘The purpose of this work has been to identify and maps are also a result of copying, not always crediting classify all known printed single-sheet maps and the original author’. charts concentrating on the Japanese islands, and first A further section is devoted to early Japanese issued in Europe before the year 1800’ declares Jason mapmaking which dates back to the seventh century. Hubbard. He has identified 125 main maps of Japan The ‘father’ of Japanese cartography is reputed to and includes illustrations of every one. He also lists have been a Buddhist priest called Gyôki or Gyôgi. their subsequent issues and notes any alterations made. Hubbard also includes an informative section by This work can be regarded as the definitive study Wolfgang Michel about Japanese names on early of European printed maps of Japan. It will be an modern Western maps of Japan. This should help invaluable tool for scholars, collectors and dealers. It collectors and students to identify places marked in reflects the result of years of intensive study and Roman letters on early maps of Japan, although pertinacious research. some names have been so corrupted that they defy The principal reference for Hubbard’s study was a identification. monograph by Tony Campbell published in 1967 This detailed book even includes a paragraph about for the Map Collectors’ Circle. In 1990, Campbell the mapping of the uninhabited Senkaku islands cooperated with Lutz Walter in the compilation of A which are claimed by both Japan and China and are Cartographic Vision of Japan. My earlier book Isles of currently the subject of an acrimonious dispute. Gold, Antique Maps of Japan which also acknowledged Japoniæ insulæ is a fascinating and comprehensive a debt to Tony Campbell was published in 1983. It work of interest and value to all interested in the concentrated on the mutual influence of Japanese cartography of Japan. maps of Japan and European maps of Japan as well as on Japanese maps as art objects. Sir Hugh Cortazzi, London

56 BOOK REVIEWS

Herefordshire Maps 1577-1800 Supplement Herefordshire maps 1577-1800 by Brian Smith (reviewed in the IMCoS Journal, no. 107, Winter 2006) has been brought up to date in a Supplement with some amendments, an additional 52 manuscript maps and two estate atlases containing a further 97 maps (72pp., 20 ills.). Copies are available from the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club by contacting Ian Porter, Greenings Acre, Little Birch, Hereford HR2 8BD.

IMCSJOURNAL LIBRARY BOOK SALE Book list no. 7 S p r i n g 2013 If you are interested in buying any books from the list, please contact Jenny Harvey at [email protected] or telephone +44 (0)208 7897358 for a quote for post and packaging.

TITLE AUTHOR DATE PUBLISHER £ Dorset Maps David Beaton 2001 Dovecote Press 30 Rural Images, Estate Maps D. Buisseret, Ed 1996 University of Chicago Press 40 in the Old and New Worlds

The South East in Early Maps (third edition) W.P. Cumming 1998 University of North Carolina 40 Reading the World - Interdisciplinary M.H. Edney 2001 Osher Library Associates 8 Perspectives on Pieter van den Keere’s Map & I.D. Novak Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica ac Hydrographica Tabula

Irish Map History - a Selected Bibliography P. Ferguson 1983 University College Dublin 25 of Secondary Works, 1850-1983

Maps and Views of Derry 1600-1914, W.S Ferguson 2005 Royal Irish Academy 21 a catalogue

The Age of Discovery. J.B. Hattendorf 1996 Florida, Krieger Publishing Co. 10 Maritime History, Volume 1

Mappa Mundi, the Hereford World Map P.D.A. Harvey 1996 London, The British Library 20 Antique Maps of the British Isles D. Smith 1982 London, Batsford 15 State Security & Mapping in the German Dagmar 2006 Lit Verlag, Berlin 10 Democratic Republic - Map Falsification Unverhau, Ed. as a consequence of Excessive Secrecy

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Front cover Ortelius, ‘Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni Typus’ from Theatrum Orbis Terrarum published in Antwerp in 1584. Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.

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