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The European Towns in Braun & Hogenberg's Town Atlas, 1572-1617

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The European Towns in Braun & Hogenberg's Town Atlas, 1572-1617 Belgeo Revue belge de géographie 3-4 | 2008 Formatting Europe – Mapping a Continent Mapping the towns of Europe: The European towns in Braun & Hogenberg’s Town Atlas, 1572-1617 Cartographie des villes d’Europe: Les villes européennes dans l’Atlas des Villes de Braun et Hogenberg, 1572-1617 Peter van der Krogt Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/belgeo/11877 DOI: 10.4000/belgeo.11877 ISSN: 2294-9135 Publisher: National Committee of Geography of Belgium, Société Royale Belge de Géographie Printed version Date of publication: 31 December 2008 Number of pages: 371-398 ISSN: 1377-2368 Electronic reference Peter van der Krogt, “Mapping the towns of Europe: The European towns in Braun & Hogenberg’s Town Atlas, 1572-1617”, Belgeo [Online], 3-4 | 2008, Online since 22 May 2013, connection on 05 February 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/belgeo/11877 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ belgeo.11877 This text was automatically generated on 5 February 2021. Belgeo est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. Mapping the towns of Europe: The European towns in Braun & Hogenberg’s Town A... 1 Mapping the towns of Europe: The European towns in Braun & Hogenberg’s Town Atlas, 1572-1617 Cartographie des villes d’Europe: Les villes européennes dans l’Atlas des Villes de Braun et Hogenberg, 1572-1617 Peter van der Krogt This article is based upon the research for Koeman’s Atlantes Neerlandici, vol. IV: The Town Atlases, in preparation, scheduled for publication late 2009. Introduction “The Civitates is one of the great books of the World, (...) a wonderful compendium of knowledge of life in Europe in the sixteenth century, (...) it gives a visual printed record of mediaeval Europe, and is one of the most valuable sources remaining to the student and historian of these periods” (R.V.Tooley)1. 1 Contrary to what is often thought, a great deal of travelling was done in the 16th century. The number of travellers was greater than ever before in that century, the only exception was the number of pilgrims, which was less than in previous centuries. Salesmen, students, “tourists” and other adventurers travelled from city to city in ever larger numbers. Towns were of the most interest to travellers. Sixteenth century towns were “the seat and symbol of organized social life” and the centre of trade. 2 Interest in towns was as great, if not greater, than interest in countries and territories. We should therefore not be at all surprised that while Abraham Ortelius was preparing his atlas with maps of the entire world, work was being done on a publication with a similar systematic depiction and description of all the towns of the world. Ortelius published his atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, in 15702. The first part of the town description, the Civitates Orbis Terrarum, came out two years later3. Belgeo, 3-4 | 2008 Mapping the towns of Europe: The European towns in Braun & Hogenberg’s Town A... 2 3 This publication, which would ultimately consist of six parts, is usually known by the names of its authors, the “Braun and Hogenberg.” The authors are Georg Braun (or Bruin) (1541-1622), a clergyman from Cologne, who was responsible for the text, and Frans Hogenberg, the most important engraver and quite likely initiator of the project. Preparation of the Civitates must have overlapped with that of Ortelius’ Theatrum by two or three years. Hogenberg was working on both projects simultaneously during that period and, given his close association with Ortelius, it is difficult to believe Braun came up with the original idea. During his visit to Antwerp in 1566-68, Braun could have met both Ortelius and Hogenberg and it is possible that the idea for the Theatrum style town atlas was born in conversations between these three men. Contemporary sources regarded both works as mutually complementary. Presentation of the first volume 4 The title page of the Civitates (Fig. 1) displays great stylistic similarities with that of the Theatrum. Whereas the Theatrum displays allegorical representations of the continents however, the title page of the Civitates is devoted to the origin of cities and architecture according to Greek mythology. It shows a façade with a statue of the Magna Mater (Great Mother), the source of all wisdom and knowledge in ancient Greek mythology. The title of the part is inscribed in the pedestal of this statue. The Magna Mater holds in her right hand a carpenter’s level, and in her left hand a golden compass and a carpenter’s square, instruments of building and construction. This symbolizes that she taught humanity the art of laying the foundations of great buildings. Below her the text reads ORNAMENT. ORB. TERR. (Ornamenta Orbis Terrarum: Embellishments of the World). Figure 1. Title page of part 1 (Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek). Belgeo, 3-4 | 2008 Mapping the towns of Europe: The European towns in Braun & Hogenberg’s Town A... 3 5 The facade with the statue is flanked by two stone columns topped by globes. On these globes the words POS | TERI | TATI and CON | SVL | TVM (In order to educate our descendants) are written. In front of the left column stands Pallas Athene (Minerva), the Greek goddess of wisdom and reason, the patron goddess of towns. She is described as ARCIVM INVENTRIX, the inventor of fortresses. On the right side stands Cain, naked except for an animal skin and in his left hand an ox’s jawbone. He is described as OPPIDOR. AVCTOR: the designer of towns. As Braun explains in his foreword, Cain had built the first town, named Enoch, after murdering his brother – the ox’s jawbone is the murder weapon. 6 The lower frieze of the structures shows three visions of the earliest stages of the settlement of mankind, illustrating the first three paragraphs of Braun’s foreword (which have the same titles): - Centre: CONSOCIAT. HVMANI GEN. ORIGO. (consociationis humani generis origo, origin of the amalgamation of mankind): mankind learns the use of fire after lightning struck a tree (Vitrivius, Architectura 2). - Right: DOMICIL. TYROCIN. (domicilii tyrocinium, the first appearance of settlements): the undertaking of husbandry and cultivation of the fields. - Left: ARCHITECT. RVDIM. (architecturae rudimentum, the rudiments of architecture): making rudimentary huts and building walls. The six volumes 7 While the initial intention was to publish only one part, its success quickly gave its creators the idea to publish a second part, and subsequently expand both parts. 8 The second part came out in 1575. In the introduction to this second part, Braun requested those who did not find their own town in it to send in an image which could then be engraved and subsequently added to one of the two parts. This request resulted in so much material that there was enough for a third part, which was completed in 1581. A fourth part would follow in 1588, and a fifth part in 1597. 9 It would be another twenty years before the completion of the Civitates Orbis Terrarum. The sixth and final part only appeared in 1617. 10 In addition to the publications with Latin texts, versions were published with German and French texts. It must be remarked that all three editions contained exactly the same maps. The language difference concerned only the printed texts. 11 The various parts are roughly the same in dimension. Each part contains 59 sheets, except part 5 which has ten more. 12 If we count the two separately bound sheets of the double sheet maps of Rome and Jerusalem in part 4 as one, there are 361 sheets, of which four are in two sheets (the two others are Kraków and Antwerp, which always appear mounted in the atlas). 13 These 361 sheets contain 543 different images of 475 towns (which will be elaborated later on) and four other representations, namely two maps (4:25 Denmark and 4:27 Hven), a sheet of costumes of Dithmarschen (5:37), and a heraldic representation of Hainault (3:23). Volume Date Sheets Towns Belgeo, 3-4 | 2008 Mapping the towns of Europe: The European towns in Braun & Hogenberg’s Town A... 4 I 1572 59 138 II 1575 59 80 III 1581 59 80 IV 1588 57 (59*) 76 V 1597 69 95 VI 1617 58 74 Total 361 543 *vol. 4 includes 2 double sheets Towns of the world or towns of Europe? 14 Braun and Hogenberg certainly attempted to present towns of the whole world in their work. But did they actually succeed? 15 In the first part they were moving in the right direction: seven of the 59 sheets are devoted to non-European towns, of which a total of 21 were represented, 12 from Africa, 7 in Asia and 2 in America, meaning that 12% of the sheets, and even 15% of the towns are non-European. 16 In part 2 another six sheets of 8 images are non-European (both approximately 10%). 17 The later parts however contain no non-European towns, with the exception of the map of Jerusalem in part 4. 18 This means that of the 361 sheets and 543 towns in the Civitates Europae Terrarum, only 14 sheets with 30 images are non-European (of 27 towns, 3x Jerusalem and 2x Tunis, Fig. 2). So 4% of the sheets and 5% of the towns are non-European, and it is therefore easy to calculate that 96% of the sheets and 95% of the towns are European (See Fig. 3 and appendix 1 for a list of towns). Belgeo, 3-4 | 2008 Mapping the towns of Europe: The European towns in Braun & Hogenberg’s Town A..
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