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Des Origines Du Programme Nucléaire Français À Nos Jours
Résistance et Dissuasion Des originesRésistance du programme et nucléaire Dissuasion français à nos jours Des originesRésistance du programme et nucléaire Dissuasion français à nos jours Des origines du programme nucléaire français à nos jours EXPOSITION Résistance et Dissuasion Des origines du programme nucléaire français à nos jours © D.R. – ECPAD/Défense / Archives historiques CEA / Archives © D.R. – ECPAD/Défense Résistance et Dissuasion Des origines du programme nucléaire français à nos jours LE RÔLE PIONNIER DE LA FRANCE DANS LE DOMAINE DE L’éNERGIE NUCLÉAIRE De la découverte de la radioactivité naturelle à celle de la radioactivité artificielle Extrait du discours de réception du prix Nobel de physique, le 6 juin 1905, par Pierre Curie « (…) On peut concevoir encore que dans des mains criminelles le radium puisse devenir très dangereux, ès la fin du XIXe siècle, la France exerce un rôle majeur dans la Ci-dessus : Henri Becquerel dans son laboratoire, 1903 – D.R. et ici on peut se demander si l’humanité a avantage découverte de l’énergie atomique. C’est ainsi que le physicien Henri à connaître les secrets de la nature, si elle est mûre Becquerel découvre en 1896 le rayonnement émis par les sels À gauche : Pierre et Marie Curie dans leur laboratoire, vers 1898 pour en profiter ou si cette connaissance ne lui sera D Musée Curie (coll. ACJC) d’uranium ; c’est une découverte considérable car il vient de mettre en pas nuisible. Ci-dessous : Frédéric Joliot et Irène Curie dans leur laboratoire, évidence le phénomène de la radioactivité naturelle. L’étape suivante vers 1934 – Musée Curie (coll. -
A Tribute to Jean Perrin
A TRIBUTE TO JEAN PERRIN l Henk Kubbinga – University of Groningen (The Netherlands) – DOI: 10.1051/epn/2013502 Nineteenth century's physics was primarily a molecular physics in the style of Laplace. Maxwell had been guided by Laplace’s breathtaking nebular hypothesis and its consequences for Saturn. Somewhat later Van der Waals drew upon his analysis of capillarity. The many textbooks of Biot perpetuated the molecularism involved in all this. Jean Perrin, then, proposed a charmingly simple proof for the well-foundedness of the molecular theory (1908). 16 EPN 44/5 Article available at http://www.europhysicsnews.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2013502 JEAN PERRIN FEATURES ean [Baptiste] Perrin enrolled in 1891 at the Ecole and Robert Koch and fancied a state of science in which b P.16: Normale Supérieure de Paris, the nursery of France’s the microscope had not yet been invented. In such a situ- Saturn (with Titan) edge-on as viewed academic staff. The new ‘normalien’ came from Lyon ation Pasteur and Koch—let’s say, medical science in by the Hubble and had passed a typically French parcours: primary general—might have concluded all the same that con- Telescope (2012; Jschool and collège ‘en province’, lycée at Paris. The ‘nor- tagious diseases were caused by invisibly small living courtesy: NASA). maliens’ of the time were left-winged politically, but wore beings which infect a victim and set out immediately to uniforms, though, and despised their Sorbonne fellow multiply, before attacking subsequent victims etc. Effec- students. Mathematics made the difference; Perrin had tive countermeasures might have been developed in that passed without any trouble. -
The Discovery of Subatomic Particles
The Discovery of Subatomic Particles Steven Weinberg I. W. H . Freeman and Co mpa ny NE W Y ORK Staff and students at the Cavendish Laboratory, 1933 . Fourth row: J. K. Roberts, P. Harteck, R. C. Evans, E. C. Childs, R. A. Smith, Top row: W. ]. Henderson , W. E. Dun canson, P. Wright, G. E. Pringle, H. Miller. G. T. P. Tarr ant , L. H. Gray, j . P. Gort, M. L. Oliphant , P. I. Dee, ]. L. Pawsey, Second row: C. B. O. Mohr, N. Feath er, C. W. Gilbert , D.Shoenberg, D. E. Lea, C. £. Wynn-Williams. R. Witty, - -Halliday, H . S. W. Massey, E.S. Shire. Seated row: - - Sparshotr, J. A.Ratcliffe, G. Stead, J. Chadwick, G. F. C. Searle, Third row : B. B. Kinsey, F. W. Nicoll, G. Occhialini, E. C. Allberry, B. M. Crowt her, Professor Sir J. J. Thomson, Professo r Lord Ruth erford, Professor C. T. R. Wilson, B. V. Bowden, W. B. Lewis, P. C. Ho, E. T. S. Walton, P. W. Burbidge, F. Bitter. C. D. Ellis, Professor Kapirza, P. M. S. Blackett , - - Davies. 13 2 The Discovery of the Electron This century has seen the gradual realization that all matter is composed of a' f~w type s of elementary particles-tiny units that apparently cannot be subdi vided further. The list of elementary particle types has changed many times dunng the century, as new particles have been discovered and old ones have been found to be composed of more elementary constituents. At latest count there are some sixteen known types of elementary particles. -
Avogadro's Constant
Avogadro's Constant Nancy Eisenmenger Question Artem, 8th grade How \Avogadro constant" was invented and how scientists calculated it for the first time? Answer What is Avogadro's Constant? • Avogadros constant, NA: the number of particles in a mole • mole: The number of Carbon-12 atoms in 0.012 kg of Carbon-12 23 −1 • NA = 6:02214129(27) × 10 mol How was Avogadro's Constant Invented? Avogadro's constant was invented because scientists were learning about measuring matter and wanted a way to relate the microscopic to the macroscopic (e.g. how many particles (atoms, molecules, etc.) were in a sample of matter). The first scientists to see a need for Avogadro's constant were studying gases and how they behave under different temperatures and pressures. Amedeo Avogadro did not invent the constant, but he did state that all gases with the same volume, pressure, and temperature contained the same number of gas particles, which turned out to be very important to the development of our understanding of the principles of chemistry and physics. The constant was first calculated by Johann Josef Loschmidt, a German scientist, in 1865. He actually calculated the Loschmidt number, a constant that measures the same thing as Avogadro's number, but in different units (ideal gas particles per cubic meter at 0◦C and 1 atm). When converted to the same units, his number was off by about a factor of 10 from Avogadro's number. That may sound like a lot, but given the tools he had to work with for both theory and experiment and the magnitude of the number (∼ 1023), that is an impressively close estimate. -
Die Ursprünge Des Freikletterns
Eine Schlüsselfigur in der Ideengeschichte des welchen andere solcher bedürfen, so ging ich bald Freikletterns ist zweifellos der Wiener Kletterer auch auf Höhen, welche die Führer, die zünftigen Die Ursprünge Paul Preuß. Er war einer der prominentesten Ver wenigstens, nicht zu betreten wagen. Ich durch- treter der sogenannten Wiener Schule des Klet streifte Gebirge, in welchen man vergeblich nach terns, die um 1880 von den führenden Alpinisten Führern fragt, – ich erstieg Gipfel, deren Namen man der Donaumetropole begründet wurde. Im Au in den umliegenden Thälern nicht kennt. Den Einge- des Freikletterns gust 1911 veröffentlichte Preuß in der Deutschen borenen der Alpen, den Jägern und Hirten, mochte Alpenzeitung seinen Epoche machenden Beitrag ich neue Pfade lehren und von dem Gemswild liess Die Bewegung der Führerlosen und die Wiener Schule „Künstliche Hilfsmittel auf Hochtouren“. Einer der ich die meinigen mir weisen.3 >> Nicholas Mailänder Kernsätze lautet: Ich halte die Sicherung durch ein- Von Barth schilderte seine Erfahrungen in dem getriebene Mauerhaken, in vielen Fällen Sicherung Werk „Aus den Berchtesgadener Alpen“. Es enthält überhaupt, sowie das Abseilen und alle anderen Seil- ein flammendes Plädoyer für das selbständige manöver, die so oft die Besteigung von Bergen er- Bergsteigen: Oder wer möchte das schrankenlose, möglichen oder wenigstens dabei angewendet wer- bloß auf eigene Erfahrung, Gewandtheit und Kraft den, für künstliche Hilfsmittel und daher vom Stand- gestützte Umherklettern in den Felsen, bis man nach punkt des Alpinisten wie des Klettersportlers als mancher Mühe, manchem mißlungenen Versuche nicht einwandfrei, als nicht berechtigt.1 den angestrebten Gipfel erreicht hat – nun allein, Wie war Preuß zu diesem seinem Gedanken von keinem lebenden Wesen gehört noch gesehen, gut gekommen? Paul Preuß sah sich sehr bewusst auf der schroffen Felsenspitze thront, da und dort in der Tradition des führerlosen ostalpinen Berg alte, auf gleiche Weise gewonnene Bekannte grü- steigens, die im letzten Drittel des 19. -
Lesson 37: Thomson's Plum Pudding Model
Lesson 37: Thomson's Plum Pudding Model Remember back in Lesson 18 when we looked at trapping moving particles in a circular path using a magnetic field? • In this lesson we look at how using this type of set up eventually helped physicists start to figure out the nature of the atom. Early Theories about Atoms In 1803 John Dalton presented his theory that the elements of the periodic table were made of atoms. • The main reason he was proposing this idea was to be able to explain the chemistry that he was studying. • Dalton believed that atoms were solid pieces of matter that could not be broken down any further. ◦ This is why his model is often referred to as the Solid Sphere Model. • Although Dalton's model was able to explain the way he saw chemical reactions working, he was unable to really prove that matter was made up of these atoms, or how chemical bonding could happen between them. During the late 1800's experiments with cathode ray tubes (CRTs) were starting to The negative give the first glimpses into what an atom might be. electrode is referred ● A cathode ray tube is just a vacuum tube with two electrodes at the ends. to as the cathode. That's the reason ○ When a really high voltage is applied, mysterious “cathode rays” this is called a moved from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. cathode ray tube. ○ Sometimes you could see a glow at the opposite end of the tube when the tube was turned on. ● William Crookes used a really high quality cathode ray tube in 1885. -
SOLEILLET 415 SOLEILLET (Paul), Né À Marseille Le 13 Mars 1902
SOLEILLET 415 SOLEILLET (Paul), né à Marseille le 13 mars 1902, décédé à Paris le 4 août 1992. — Promotion de 1919. Paul Soleillet est né à Marseille, le 13 mars 1902. Il en plaisantait parfois : « Ce siècle avait deux ans ». ... Une famille d'enseignants, ... et d'explorateurs. Son père était professeur dans l'enseignement technique, sa mère enseignait les mathématiques. Un oncle vénéré, Paul Soleillet, dont on lui avait donné le prénom, avait été un explorateur courageux des immensités sahariennes et éthiopiennes. Après des études au lycée de Marseille, il entre rue d'Ulm en 1919, dans ces promotions d'après la première Guerre mondiale, où, avec la joie de vivre, se retrouvait la passion de l'enseignement et celle de la recherche. On allait, pensait-on, vers une période de paix durable et d'inaltérable prospérité. Soleillet, discret et optimiste, partageait alors les passions de ses condisciples, surtout les physiciens : Auger, Couderc, Kirrmann, de sa promotion, ou des promotions suivantes, Morand, Bayen, Kastler, jusqu'à l'agrégation des Sciences physiques, en 1923. C'est en définitive l'optique qui l'attira et qui occupa toute sa carrière, sous diverses formes. Devenu — il eut cette chance ! — agrégé-préparateur à l'Ecole, c'est avec Henri Abraham et Eugène Bloch qu'il travailla principalement. Sa thèse, dédiée à Paul Langevin, traite de la polarisation de la lumière dans les phénomènes de fluorescence. C'était un travail principalement théorique ; mais Soleillet, dans cette ambiance chaude des labos de l'École, « manipait » aussi. Cette thèse brillante est soutenue le 11 avril 1929, sous la présidence de Jean Perrin, les « examinateurs » étant Eugène Bloch et Léon Brillouin. -
The Exact Sciences Michel Paty
The Exact Sciences Michel Paty To cite this version: Michel Paty. The Exact Sciences. Kritzman, Lawrence. The Columbia History of Twentieth Century French Thought, Columbia University Press, New York, p. 205-212, 2006. halshs-00182767 HAL Id: halshs-00182767 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00182767 Submitted on 27 Oct 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 The Exact Sciences (Translated from french by Malcolm DeBevoise), in Kritzman, Lawrence (eds.), The Columbia History of Twentieth Century French Thought, Columbia University Press, New York, 2006, p. 205-212. The Exact Sciences Michel Paty Three periods may be distinguished in the development of scientific research and teaching in France during the twentieth century: the years prior to 1914; the interwar period; and the balance of the century, from 1945. Despite the very different circumstances that prevailed during these periods, a certain structural continuity has persisted until the present day and given the development of the exact sciences in France its distinctive character. The current system of schools and universitiespublic, secular, free, and open to all on the basis of meritwas devised by the Third Republic as a means of satisfying the fundamental condition of a modern democracy: the education of its citizens and the training of elites. -
Nobel Prizes in Physics Closely Connected with the Physics of Solids
Nobel Prizes in Physics Closely Connected with the Physics of Solids 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Munich, for the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him 1909 Guglielmo Marconi, London, and Ferdinand Braun, Strassburg, for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Leiden, for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which lead, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium 1914 Max von Laue, Frankfort/Main, for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals 1915 William Henry Bragg, London, and William Lawrence Bragg, Manchester, for their analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays 1918 Max Planck, Berlin, in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta 1920 Charles Edouard Guillaume, Sèvres, in recognition of the service he has rendered to precise measurements in Physics by his discovery of anoma- lies in nickel steel alloys 1921 Albert Einstein, Berlin, for services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan, Pasadena, California, for his work on the ele- mentary charge of electricity and on the photo-electric effect 1924 Manne Siegbahn, Uppsala, for his discoveries and researches in the field of X-ray spectroscopy 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin, Paris, for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium 1928 Owen Willans Richardson, London, for his work on the thermionic phe- nomenon and especially for his discovery of the law named after him 1929 Louis Victor de Broglie, Paris, for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons 1930 Venkata Raman, Calcutta, for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 199 R.P. -
Mitteilungen Aus Dem Brenner-Archiv Nr. 37/2018
Mitteilungen aus dem Brenner-Archiv Nr. 37/2018 innsbruck university press Hg. v. Ursula A. Schneider und Ulrike Tanzer: Brenner-Archiv, Universität Innsbruck Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Vereins Brenner-Forum ISSN 1027-5649 Eigentümer: Brenner-Forum und Forschungsinstitut Brenner-Archiv Innsbruck 2018 Bestellungen sind zu richten an: Forschungsinstitut Brenner-Archiv Universität Innsbruck (Tel. +43 512 507-45001) A-6020 Innsbruck, Josef-Hirn-Str. 5 [email protected] Druck: Steigerdruck, 6094 Axams, Lindenweg 37 Satz: Barbara Halder Umschlaggestaltung nach Entwürfen von Christoph Wild Nachdruck oder Vervielfältigung nur mit Genehmigung der Herausgebenden gestattet. © innsbruck university press, 2018 Universität Innsbruck 1. Auflage Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Inhalt Editorial 5 Texte Anita Pichler: Tanna 9 Rut Bernardi: Regina di Fanes 11 Brunamaria Dal Lago Veneri: Die Königin-Mutter 12 Anna Rottensteiner: NOCH DA 13 Beiträge Ulrike Kindl: Bei Vater Johann Wolff in der Schule: Einblick in die Ent- 17 stehung der Denkmuster von Karl Felix Wolff Christoph Hartung von Hartungen: „Romanen“ und „Germanen“ im na- 41 tionalen Spannungsfeld Tirols des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts Ulrike Kindl: Dolomitensagen und Dolomitenführer. Karl Felix Wolff als 99 Journalist im Dienst der frühen Tourismus-Werbung des Dolomitengebietes Michael Wedekind: Von Fabelwesen und Führerrassen: Der Tiroler Alpen- 113 forscher Karl Felix Wolff Ulrike Kindl und Fabio Chiocchetti: Die Briefwechsel von Karl Felix Wolff 149 mit ladinischen Aktivisten aus Fassa Rut Bernardi: Karl Felix Wolff und die Literatur der Dolomitenladiner, 163 „das Volk der leidvollen Schönheit“ Aus dem Archiv Michael Klein: „das Fenster“. Aus gegebenem Anlass und zur Erinnerung 195 an die „Tiroler Kulturzeitschrift“ (1967–2000) 3 Rezensionen Else Jerusalem: Der heilige Skarabäus und Marta Karlweis: Ein österreichi- 213 scher Don Juan (Irene Zanol) Gerda Lerner: Es gibt keinen Abschied (Maria Heidegger) 216 Federico Memola, Federico Vicentini, Teresa Marzia: Im Reich der Fanes. -
The Theory of Brownian Motion: a Hundred Years’ Anniversary Paweł F
52 SPECIAL ISSUE, Spring 2006 The theory of Brownian Motion: A Hundred Years’ Anniversary Paweł F. Góra Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics Jagellonian University, Cracow, Poland The year 1905 was truly a miracle year, annus mirabilis, in theoretical physics. Albert Einstein published four im- portant papers that year: Two papers laying foundations for the Special Theory of Relativity, one explaining the photo- electric effect that would win Einstein the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics, and one explaining the mechanism of Brownian motion1. An independent explanation of this last phenome- non was published the following year by a Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski2. An explanation of the origin and Marian Smoluchowski properties of Brownian motion was a solution to a nearly 80 (1872–1917) years old puzzle, a remarkable feat, but nobody expected it to be a major breakthrough that would reshape the whole physics. This was, how- ever, the case and we will try to explain why. Brownian motion takes its name after a Scottish botanist, Robert Brown. Brown was a highly respected man in his time, not, however, for the discovery that he is now famous for, but for his classification of the plants of the New World. It was during this research that Brown noticed in 1827 that pollen in water suspension which he examined in his microscope displayed a very rapid, highly irregular, zigzag motion. Such motions had been observed even prior to Brown, but only in organic molecules, and their origin was delegated to some mysterious “vital Robert Brown (1773–1858) force” characteristic of living matter. Brown was not satisfied with this explanation, which could possibly fit the living pollen. -
111 Years of Brownian Motion
Soft Matter View Article Online TUTORIAL REVIEW View Journal | View Issue 111 years of Brownian motion a b a Cite this: Soft Matter, 2016, Xin Bian,* Changho Kim and George Em Karniadakis* 12, 6331 We consider the Brownian motion of a particle and present a tutorial review over the last 111 years since Einstein’s paper in 1905. We describe Einstein’s model, Langevin’s model and the hydrodynamic models, with increasing sophistication on the hydrodynamic interactions between the particle and the fluid. In Received 18th May 2016, recent years, the effects of interfaces on the nearby Brownian motion have been the focus of several Accepted 29th June 2016 investigations. We summarize various results and discuss some of the controversies associated with new DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01153e findings about the changes in Brownian motion induced by the interface. www.rsc.org/softmatter 1 Introduction dust in a fluid. However today, its theory can be also applied to describe the fluctuating behavior of a general system interact- Soon after the invention of the microscope, the incessant and ing with the surroundings, e.g., stock prices. irregular motion of small grains suspended in a fluid had been It was not until 1905 that physicists such as Albert Einstein,3 observed. It was believed for a while that such jiggling motion William Sutherland,4 and Marian von Smoluchowski5 started to was due to living organisms. In 1827, the botanist Robert gain deep understanding about Brownian motion. While the Brown systematically demonstrated that any small particle existence of atoms and molecules was still open to objection, suspended in a fluid has such characteristics, even an Einstein explained the phenomenon through a microscopic inorganic grain.1 Therefore, the explanation for such motion picture.