Des Origines Du Programme Nucléaire Français À Nos Jours
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Courier Volume 45 Number 6 July/August 2005
INTERNATIONACERL JOURNAL OF HIGH-ENERGNY PHYSIC S COURIER VOLUME 45 NUMBER 6 JULY/AUGUST 2005 LABORATORIES FREDHOYLE LAKE BAIKAL SLAC reorganizes The life of a pioneer in The next step towards forthe future p6 nuclear astrophysics pl5 higher energies p24 Linde Kryotechnik AG & Linde BOC Process Plants LLC 4.5K Helium Coldbox for the Spallation Neutron Source at ORNL Coldbox in final stage of fabrication at the Linde shop in Coldbox ready to load on special the Port of Catoosa, Oklahoma, USA low clearance trailer Coldbox in operation at the SNS Central Helium Liquefier Linde KyotechnikAG Phone:+41 (0)52 304 05 55 Linde BOC Process Plants LLC Phone:+1 918 250 8522 DaettlikonerstrasseS Fax: +41 (0)52 304 05 50 Cryogenic Plants and Services Fax: +1 918 250 6915 CH-8422 Pfungen Email: [email protected] 3522 East 61st Street [email protected] Switzerland www.linde-kryotechmk.ch Tulsa, OK 74133-1923/USA www.lindebocpp.com X-ftaqr Oefecfor Digital Puke Processor XR-tOOCR at 149 eV FWHM Resolution No Liquid Nitrogen PX4 Solid State Design Digital Pulse Processor Power Supply Easy to Use Shaping Amplifier Low Cost MCA Features APPLICATIONS • Trapezoidal shaping to reduce • Nuclear Physics ballistic deficit • Synchroton Radiation • Wide range of shaping time settings • High Energy Physics • High count rate capability • Neutron Experiments • High throughput • Astrophysics • MCA with 8 k channels • Research & Teaching • High energy resolution • Nuclear Medicine • Excellent pile-up rejection • X-Ray Fluorescence • Enhanced stability • USB interface XR100CR X~Ray Detector XR100CR fitted for vacuum • Software instrument control, data with P;X4 Digital Pulse applications Visit Us Now Processor, Power Supply, www.amptek.com acquisition and analysis Shaping Amplifier & MCA • Oscilloscope mode available AMPTEK Inc. -
The Race for Norwegian Heavy Ater, 1940-1945 Table of Contents
IFS Info 4/1995 Olav Njolstad Ole Kristian Grimnes Joachim RBnneberg Bertrand Goldschmidt The Race for Norwegian Heavy ater, 1940-1945 Table of Contents Olav Nj0lstad : Introduction .............................................................................................. :........ 5 Ole Kristian Grimnes : The Allied heavy water operations at Rjukan .................................................. 7 Joachim R0nneberg : Operation "Gunnerside": Reminiscences of a heavy water saboteur ............ 13 Bertrand Goldschmidt : The supplies of Norwegian heavy water to France and the early development of atomic energy ......................................................... 17 Introduction By Olav Njl!llstad The sabotage action against Norsk Hydro's heavy that the Norwegian-Allied heavy water operations water factory at Vemork, Rjukan, in February 1943 "may be considered the first attempt to secure the was undoubtedly one of the most astonishing and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons by military heroic Norwegian-Allied operations in Norway action", and he discusses what kind oflegacy they during the Second World War. Its blend of high represent in that respect. politics, scientific adventure, military drama and In the second paper, Joachim RIilnneberg, who individual courage has intrigued people for more at the age of22 led the sabotage action in February than fifty years. Numerous accounts of the event 1943, shares with us his memories of that dramatic have been made, including two commercial films, event. In addition to the many fascinating details and in Norsk Industriarbeidermuseum (the Norwe about how the sabotage was planned and executed, gian Industrial Workers Museum) at Rjukan there the reader will find some very valuable reflections is now a permanent exhibition of related sabotage on why that particular operation became such a memorabilia. On each anniversary hundreds of huge success. -
Lew Kowarski
Lew Kowarski 1907-1979 Avant-propos ~~~'\ John B. Adams Les textes publies dans le present document sont ceux directeur de son Departement des sciences naturelles. des allocutions prononcees !ors d'une reunion a la me Denis de Rougemont, comme Lew Kowarski, a done pris moire de Lew Kowarski, qui s'est tenue au CERN a une grande part a la creation du CERN et s'est trouve en Geneve le 20 decembre 1979. contact avec Kowarski, tant a ce moment-la que pendant Ces allocutions couvrent les differentes phases de la vie Jes annees ou ce dernier a travaille au CERN. Leurs rela et de !'oeuvre de Lew Kowarski, et chaque orateur s'est tions se resserrerent encore apres que Kowarski eut pris sa trouve en association etroite avec lui a differentes epoques retraite. de sa carriere. Jean Mussard a egalement concouru a la creation du Jules Gueron a rencontre Kowarski avant la seconde CERN car, a l'epoque ou !'UNESCO entreprenait d'ela guerre mondiale alors qu'il travaillait au laboratoire de borer le projet d'un Laboratoire europeen de physique Joliot a Paris. Ensemble, ils entrerent a «Tube Alloys», nucleaire, ii etait directeur adjoint de la Division pour la nom de code pour le projet d'energie nucleaire en Angle cooperation scientifique internationale a l'UNESCO et terre, et se rendirent au Canada quand ce projet y fut Pierre Auger le chargea de cette elaboration. C'est ainsi transfere en 1943. Apres la guerre, tous deux devinrent qu'il entra en contact avec Lew Kowarski et ii resta en directeurs au CEA, en France, puis leurs itineraires se rapport etroit avec lui jusqu'au deces de celui-ci. -
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: the PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 Vincent Jonathan Houghton, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida Department of History The subject of this dissertation is the U. S. atomic intelligence effort against both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the period 1942-1949. Both of these intelligence efforts operated within the framework of an entirely new field of intelligence: scientific intelligence. Because of the atomic bomb, for the first time in history a nation’s scientific resources – the abilities of its scientists, the state of its research institutions and laboratories, its scientific educational system – became a key consideration in assessing a potential national security threat. Considering how successfully the United States conducted the atomic intelligence effort against the Germans in the Second World War, why was the United States Government unable to create an effective atomic intelligence apparatus to monitor Soviet scientific and nuclear capabilities? Put another way, why did the effort against the Soviet Union fail so badly, so completely, in all potential metrics – collection, analysis, and dissemination? In addition, did the general assessment of German and Soviet science lead to particular assumptions about their abilities to produce nuclear weapons? How did this assessment affect American presuppositions regarding the German and Soviet strategic threats? Despite extensive historical work on atomic intelligence, the current historiography has not adequately addressed these questions. THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 By Vincent Jonathan Houghton Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor Jon T. -
Les Rivalités Atomiques, 1939-1966
« Les Rivalités Atomiques 1939-1966 » retra- ce, sans aborder du tout l'aspect technique, l'histoire de la politique atomique interna- tionale depuis la découverte de base jusqu'à nos jours. C'est le premier ouvrage qui révèle la complexité de la compétition pour la puissance nucléaire depuis un quart de siècle, véritable «jungle » atomique vue à travers le témoignage, émaillé de nombreux souvenirs personnels, d'un des pionniers de ce passionnant domaine. Le récit débute par un prologue où l'auteur dépeint les débuts de sa carrière de chercheur scientifique au laboratoire Curie avant la guerre et les événements qui l'ont amené à être le seul Français à travailler, pendant le conflit, dans l'organisation atomique américaine et cela au moment le plus pas- sionnant, en 1942. La première partie de l'ouvrage, « le chemin de la suprématie », est consacrée à l'entre- prise atomique alliée pendant la guerre aboutissant à la création du monopole américain, aux difficultés anglo-américaines au niveau même de Churchill et de Roosevelt, aux problèmes soulevés par la présence de quelques savants français dans l'équipe britannique, et enfin à la décision d'emploi de la bombe. La deuxième partie, « la perte d'un mono- pole », décrit la politique du secret suivie par les alliés anglo-saxons après la guerre, la fin de la collaboration anglo-américaine et les premières négociations avec l'Union Soviétique ; puis comment les coups de théâtre de la bombe atomique russe, des affaires d'espionnage et la course à la bombe H, ont entraîné l'abandon de la politique du secret en faveur de celle de l'aide con- trôlée. -
Churchill Was Not As Short Sighted As Hitler and Saw the Danger Of
Britain and the atomic bomb: MAUD to Nagasaki. Item Type Thesis Authors Gorman, Claire L. Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 25/09/2021 12:38:38 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4332 Chapter Three: The Allies and the bomb, August 1943 to August 1945 1. Germany Churchill realised a German nuclear weapon could threaten London. If Germany had a nuclear reactor it would be possible to launch a radioactive strike on the British capital. Accordingly, the British planned an audacious raid on the German heavy water supply in Norway. An attack squad was parachuted into the Norsk Hydro plant on 16th February 1943. This attack was „completely successful.‟1 The attack party planted explosives in the factory, causing extensive damage „and over 4 months‟ stock of “heavy water” were destroyed.‟2 Later that year, the British were dismayed to learn via the Norwegian underground that the Norsk Hydro plant had not in fact been put out of action. By August 1943 it had resumed production. The fact that the Germans had rebuilt the High Concentration Plant so rapidly was taken by the Allies as „a clear indication that the uranium project had a high priority in the German war effort.‟3 John Anderson decided prompt action was essential and the plant should be attacked once again. -
SOLEILLET 415 SOLEILLET (Paul), Né À Marseille Le 13 Mars 1902
SOLEILLET 415 SOLEILLET (Paul), né à Marseille le 13 mars 1902, décédé à Paris le 4 août 1992. — Promotion de 1919. Paul Soleillet est né à Marseille, le 13 mars 1902. Il en plaisantait parfois : « Ce siècle avait deux ans ». ... Une famille d'enseignants, ... et d'explorateurs. Son père était professeur dans l'enseignement technique, sa mère enseignait les mathématiques. Un oncle vénéré, Paul Soleillet, dont on lui avait donné le prénom, avait été un explorateur courageux des immensités sahariennes et éthiopiennes. Après des études au lycée de Marseille, il entre rue d'Ulm en 1919, dans ces promotions d'après la première Guerre mondiale, où, avec la joie de vivre, se retrouvait la passion de l'enseignement et celle de la recherche. On allait, pensait-on, vers une période de paix durable et d'inaltérable prospérité. Soleillet, discret et optimiste, partageait alors les passions de ses condisciples, surtout les physiciens : Auger, Couderc, Kirrmann, de sa promotion, ou des promotions suivantes, Morand, Bayen, Kastler, jusqu'à l'agrégation des Sciences physiques, en 1923. C'est en définitive l'optique qui l'attira et qui occupa toute sa carrière, sous diverses formes. Devenu — il eut cette chance ! — agrégé-préparateur à l'Ecole, c'est avec Henri Abraham et Eugène Bloch qu'il travailla principalement. Sa thèse, dédiée à Paul Langevin, traite de la polarisation de la lumière dans les phénomènes de fluorescence. C'était un travail principalement théorique ; mais Soleillet, dans cette ambiance chaude des labos de l'École, « manipait » aussi. Cette thèse brillante est soutenue le 11 avril 1929, sous la présidence de Jean Perrin, les « examinateurs » étant Eugène Bloch et Léon Brillouin. -
The Exact Sciences Michel Paty
The Exact Sciences Michel Paty To cite this version: Michel Paty. The Exact Sciences. Kritzman, Lawrence. The Columbia History of Twentieth Century French Thought, Columbia University Press, New York, p. 205-212, 2006. halshs-00182767 HAL Id: halshs-00182767 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00182767 Submitted on 27 Oct 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 The Exact Sciences (Translated from french by Malcolm DeBevoise), in Kritzman, Lawrence (eds.), The Columbia History of Twentieth Century French Thought, Columbia University Press, New York, 2006, p. 205-212. The Exact Sciences Michel Paty Three periods may be distinguished in the development of scientific research and teaching in France during the twentieth century: the years prior to 1914; the interwar period; and the balance of the century, from 1945. Despite the very different circumstances that prevailed during these periods, a certain structural continuity has persisted until the present day and given the development of the exact sciences in France its distinctive character. The current system of schools and universitiespublic, secular, free, and open to all on the basis of meritwas devised by the Third Republic as a means of satisfying the fundamental condition of a modern democracy: the education of its citizens and the training of elites. -
Karl Rawer's Life and the History of IRI
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ADVANCES IN SCIENCE d EDIRECT@ SPACE RESEARCH (a COSPAR publication) ELSEVIER Advances in Space Research 34 (2004) 1845-1850 www.elsevier.com/locate/asr Karl Rawer's life and the history of IRI Bodo W. Reinisch a,*, Dieter Bilitza b a Department of Environmental Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 600 Suffolk Street, Lowell, MA 01854, USA b Raytheon ITSSISSD00, GSFC, Code 632, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA Received 12 September 2004; accepted 13 September 2004 Abstract This laudation is given in honor of the 90th birthday of Prof. Karl Rawer that coincides with the 35th anniversary of the Inter- national Reference Ionosphere (IRI). The ionosphere was discovered during Karl Rawer's life, and he has dedicated his life to the exploration of this part of Earth's environment. The horrible events of world wars I and II shaped his early life, but they also launched his career as one of the eminent geophysical scientists of the twentieth century. The paper looks back at Karl's life and the 35 years of research and development in the framework of the IRI project. K. Rawer initiated this international modeling effort and was the first chairman of the IRI Working Group. IRI is a joint project of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio science (URSI) that has the goal to establish an international standard model of the ionospheric densities temperatures, and drifts. © 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Karl Rawer; International Reference Ionosphere; Ionosphere 1. -
A Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Edward Teller
A Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Edward Teller Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 17 March 2021 Version 1.177 Title word cross-reference + [KT48, TT35a]. $100 [Smi85b]. $12.95 [Edg91]. $19.50 [Oli69]. $24.95 [Car91]. $3.50 [Dys58]. $30.00 [Kev03]. $32.50 [Edg91]. $35 [Cas01b, Cas01a]. $35.00 [Dys02a, Wat03]. $39.50 [Edg91]. $50 [Ano62]. − 7 $8.95 [Edg91]. = [TT35a]. [BJT69]. [CT41]. 2 [SST71, ST39b, TT35a]. 3 [HT39a]. 4 [TT35a]. 6 [TT35a]. β [GT36, GT37, HS19]. λ2000 [MT42]. SU(3) [GT85]. -Disintegration [GT36]. -Mesons [BJT69]. -Transformation [GT37]. 0 [Cas01b, Cas01a, Dys02a]. 0-7382-0532-X [Cas01b, Cas01a, Dys02a]. 0-8047-1713-3 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1714-1 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1721-4 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1722-2 [Edg91]. 1 [Har05]. 1-86094-419-1 [Har05]. 1-903985-12-9 [Tho03]. 100th 1 2 [KRW05, Tel93d]. 17.25 [Pei87]. 1930 [BW05]. 1930/41 [Fer68]. 1939 [Sei90]. 1939-1945 [Sei90]. 1940 [TT40]. 1941 [TGF41]. 1942 [KW93]. 1945 [Sei90]. 1947 [Sei90]. 1947-1977 [Sei90]. 1948 [Tel49a]. 1950s [Sei90]. 1957 [Tel57b]. 1960s [Mla98]. 1963 [Szi87]. 1973 [Kur73]. 1977 [Sei90]. 1979 [WT79]. 1990s [AB88, CT90a, Tel96b]. 1991 [MB92]. 1992 [GER+92]. 1995 [Tel95a]. 20 [Goe88]. 2003 [Dys09, LBB+03]. 2008 [LV10]. 20th [Mar10, New03d]. 28 [Tel57b]. 3 [Dic79]. 40th [MKR87]. 411-415 [Ber03b]. -
The Nuclear Engineer, C1940-1965
Johnston, S.F. (2009) Creating a Canadian profession: the nuclear engineer, c. 1940-1968. Canadian Journal of History / Annales Canadiennes d'Histoire, 44 (3). pp. 435-466. ISSN 0008-4107 http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/24891/ Deposited on: 11 February 2010 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Abstract/Résumé analytique Creating a Canadian Profession: The Nuclear Engineer, c. 1940-1968 Sean F. Johnston Canada, as one of the three Allied nations collaborating on atomic energy development during the Second World War, had an early start in applying its new knowledge and defining a new profession. Owing to postwar secrecy and distinct national aims for the field, nuclear engineering was shaped uniquely by the Canadian context. Alone among the postwar powers, Canadian exploration of atomic energy eschewed military applications; the occupation emerged within a governmental monopoly; the intellectual content of the discipline was influenced by its early practitioners, administrators, scarce resources, and university niches; and a self-recognized profession coalesced later than did its American and British counterparts. This paper argues that the history of the emergence of Canadian nuclear engineers exemplifies unusually strong shaping of technical expertise by political and cultural context. Le Canada, une des trois nations Alliées collaborant au développement de l’énergie atomique durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale connut une avance précoce dans la mise en application de cette nouvelle connaissance et dans la définition de cette nouvelle profession. À cause du secret de l’aprèsguerre et des buts nationaux très nets, l’industrie nucléaire fut modelée uniquement par le contexte canadien. -
Arxiv:1812.11847V2 [Physics.Hist-Ph] 22 Nov 2019
LNF ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI FISICA NUCLEARE Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN-18/12/LNF December 31, 2018 Bruno Touschek with AdA in Orsay: The first direct observation of electron-positron collisions Giulia Pancheri1, Luisa Bonolis2 1)INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, P.O. Box 13, I-00044 Frascati, Italy 2)Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany Abstract We describe how the first direct observation of electron-positron collisions took place in 1963-1964 at the Laboratoire de l’Accel´ erateur´ Lineaire´ d’Orsay, in France, with the storage ring AdA, which had been proposed and constructed in the Italian National Lab- oratories of Frascati in 1960, under the guidance of Bruno Touschek. The obstacles and successes of the two and a half years during which the feasibility of electron-positron col- liders was proved will be illustrated using archival and forgotten documents, in addition to transcripts from interviews with Carlo Bernardini, Peppino Di Giugno, Mario Fascetti, Franc¸ois Lacoste, and Jacques Ha¨ıssinski. arXiv:1812.11847v2 [physics.hist-ph] 22 Nov 2019 Drawing by Bruno Touschek (Amaldi 1981). Authors’ ordering in this and related works alternates to reflect that this work is part of a joint collaboration project with no principal author. Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 Sources and outline . .6 2 Prequel8 2.1 Electron-positron collisions from Kiev to Rome and Frascati . 10 2.2 July 1961: a visit from Orsay . 17 3 AdA’s arrival and installation in Orsay: Summer 1962 19 3.1 First experiments: weekends and long nights or sixty hours in row .