Les Rivalités Atomiques, 1939-1966
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Des Origines Du Programme Nucléaire Français À Nos Jours
Résistance et Dissuasion Des originesRésistance du programme et nucléaire Dissuasion français à nos jours Des originesRésistance du programme et nucléaire Dissuasion français à nos jours Des origines du programme nucléaire français à nos jours EXPOSITION Résistance et Dissuasion Des origines du programme nucléaire français à nos jours © D.R. – ECPAD/Défense / Archives historiques CEA / Archives © D.R. – ECPAD/Défense Résistance et Dissuasion Des origines du programme nucléaire français à nos jours LE RÔLE PIONNIER DE LA FRANCE DANS LE DOMAINE DE L’éNERGIE NUCLÉAIRE De la découverte de la radioactivité naturelle à celle de la radioactivité artificielle Extrait du discours de réception du prix Nobel de physique, le 6 juin 1905, par Pierre Curie « (…) On peut concevoir encore que dans des mains criminelles le radium puisse devenir très dangereux, ès la fin du XIXe siècle, la France exerce un rôle majeur dans la Ci-dessus : Henri Becquerel dans son laboratoire, 1903 – D.R. et ici on peut se demander si l’humanité a avantage découverte de l’énergie atomique. C’est ainsi que le physicien Henri à connaître les secrets de la nature, si elle est mûre Becquerel découvre en 1896 le rayonnement émis par les sels À gauche : Pierre et Marie Curie dans leur laboratoire, vers 1898 pour en profiter ou si cette connaissance ne lui sera D Musée Curie (coll. ACJC) d’uranium ; c’est une découverte considérable car il vient de mettre en pas nuisible. Ci-dessous : Frédéric Joliot et Irène Curie dans leur laboratoire, évidence le phénomène de la radioactivité naturelle. L’étape suivante vers 1934 – Musée Curie (coll. -
The Race for Norwegian Heavy Ater, 1940-1945 Table of Contents
IFS Info 4/1995 Olav Njolstad Ole Kristian Grimnes Joachim RBnneberg Bertrand Goldschmidt The Race for Norwegian Heavy ater, 1940-1945 Table of Contents Olav Nj0lstad : Introduction .............................................................................................. :........ 5 Ole Kristian Grimnes : The Allied heavy water operations at Rjukan .................................................. 7 Joachim R0nneberg : Operation "Gunnerside": Reminiscences of a heavy water saboteur ............ 13 Bertrand Goldschmidt : The supplies of Norwegian heavy water to France and the early development of atomic energy ......................................................... 17 Introduction By Olav Njl!llstad The sabotage action against Norsk Hydro's heavy that the Norwegian-Allied heavy water operations water factory at Vemork, Rjukan, in February 1943 "may be considered the first attempt to secure the was undoubtedly one of the most astonishing and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons by military heroic Norwegian-Allied operations in Norway action", and he discusses what kind oflegacy they during the Second World War. Its blend of high represent in that respect. politics, scientific adventure, military drama and In the second paper, Joachim RIilnneberg, who individual courage has intrigued people for more at the age of22 led the sabotage action in February than fifty years. Numerous accounts of the event 1943, shares with us his memories of that dramatic have been made, including two commercial films, event. In addition to the many fascinating details and in Norsk Industriarbeidermuseum (the Norwe about how the sabotage was planned and executed, gian Industrial Workers Museum) at Rjukan there the reader will find some very valuable reflections is now a permanent exhibition of related sabotage on why that particular operation became such a memorabilia. On each anniversary hundreds of huge success. -
The Nuclear Engineer, C1940-1965
Johnston, S.F. (2009) Creating a Canadian profession: the nuclear engineer, c. 1940-1968. Canadian Journal of History / Annales Canadiennes d'Histoire, 44 (3). pp. 435-466. ISSN 0008-4107 http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/24891/ Deposited on: 11 February 2010 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Abstract/Résumé analytique Creating a Canadian Profession: The Nuclear Engineer, c. 1940-1968 Sean F. Johnston Canada, as one of the three Allied nations collaborating on atomic energy development during the Second World War, had an early start in applying its new knowledge and defining a new profession. Owing to postwar secrecy and distinct national aims for the field, nuclear engineering was shaped uniquely by the Canadian context. Alone among the postwar powers, Canadian exploration of atomic energy eschewed military applications; the occupation emerged within a governmental monopoly; the intellectual content of the discipline was influenced by its early practitioners, administrators, scarce resources, and university niches; and a self-recognized profession coalesced later than did its American and British counterparts. This paper argues that the history of the emergence of Canadian nuclear engineers exemplifies unusually strong shaping of technical expertise by political and cultural context. Le Canada, une des trois nations Alliées collaborant au développement de l’énergie atomique durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale connut une avance précoce dans la mise en application de cette nouvelle connaissance et dans la définition de cette nouvelle profession. À cause du secret de l’aprèsguerre et des buts nationaux très nets, l’industrie nucléaire fut modelée uniquement par le contexte canadien. -
Canada and the Atom
CANADA AND THE ATOM by Gordon Edwards, Ph.D. 2019 All rights reserved. CANADA AND THE ATOM CHAPTER ONE SHARING IN THE TRIUMPH Gordon Edwards All rights reserved. CANADA AND THE ATOM: Chapter One: Sharing in the Triumph The Glory Days at McGill Atomic research in Canada began in 1899, before the existence of the atom was fully accepted as a scientific fact. In that year, a 27-year-old New Zealand physicist arrived in Montreal from England. A Canadian tobacco merchant, W.C. Macdonald, had given McGill University a generous donation sufficient to build a brand new Physics lab and hire several new professors. This newcomer was selected to be one of them. Though no one could have guessed it at the time, he was destined to become “the Newton of atomic physics”. His name was Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford was eager to explore the mysterious new world of radioactivity. Three years earlier, in Paris, Henri Becquerel had left a lump of uranium ore in a closed drawer containing some photographic plates that were securely wrapped. Later, he found a pattern of intense light on the prints, radiating outward from the exact spot where the rock had been sitting. Becquerel was astonished. How can a rock, unstimulated by sunlight or any other external agency, spontaneously emit energy – an invisible kind of light that can’t even be blocked by thick black paper? While still in England, Rutherford had just begun to investigate these peculiar rays, given off by any and all ores containing uranium or thorium. “There are present at least two distinct types of radiation,” he wrote, “one that is very readily absorbed, which will be termed for convenience the alpha radiation, and the other of a more penetrative character, which will be termed the beta radiation.” A third type of atomic radiation, having far greater penetrating power than either the alpha or beta variety, was discovered by Paul Villard in France one year later, in 1900. -
Thorium Research in the Manhattan Project Era
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2014 Thorium Research in the Manhattan Project Era Kirk Frederick Sorensen University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Sorensen, Kirk Frederick, "Thorium Research in the Manhattan Project Era. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2758 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Kirk Frederick Sorensen entitled "Thorium Research in the Manhattan Project Era." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Nuclear Engineering. Ondrej Chvala, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Laurence Miller, Howard Hall Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Thorium Research in the Manhattan Project Era A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Kirk Frederick Sorensen May 2014 © by Kirk Frederick Sorensen, 2014 All Rights Reserved. ii to my patient and wonderful wife Quincy.. -
France and Nuclear Deterrence a Spirit of Resistance
France and Nuclear Deterrence A Spirit of Resistance Edited by Céline Jurgensen & Dominique Mongin January 2020 Recherches & Documents N°1/2020 www.frstrategie.org This English translation of the original book “Résistance et Dissuasion – Des origines du programme nucléaire français à nos jours”, published in France by Odile Jacob in August 2018, was made possible by the support of the French Atomic Energy Commission. It is published with the kind permission of the CEA. Édité et diffusé par la Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique 4 bis rue des Pâtures – 75016 PARIS ISSN : 1966-5156 ISBN : 978-2-490100-24-8 EAN : 9782490100248 FONDATION pour la RECHERCHE STRAT É GIQUE France and Nuclear Deterrence – A Spirit of Resistance CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 4 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................... 5 FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 1: NUCLEAR SCIENCE, A STRATEGIC MATTER FOR FRANCE DURING WWII ......................................... 15 CHAPTER 2: THE SPIRIT OF RESISTANCE AND THE BEGINNINGS OF THE FRENCH ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ...... 118 CHAPTER 3: GENERAL DE GAULLE -
FRANCES CONTRIBUTION to the DISCOVERY of the CHAIN REACTION by Bertrand Goldschmidt GOVERNOR from FRANCE on the BOARD of GOVERNORS of IAEA
FRANCES CONTRIBUTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE CHAIN REACTION by Bertrand Goldschmidt GOVERNOR FROM FRANCE ON THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF IAEA One of the characteristics of modern science and technology is the extraordinary overlapping pat tern of the contributions by different teams working on the same problem in different countries. As a result, it is difficult, and sometimes even presump tuous, to endeavour to remove from its international context and single out the contribution made to a common problem by one particular team. I shall nevertheless attempt here to describe the part played by French scientists in the series of developments that led to the epoch-making start-up of Fermi's re actor in Chicago on 2 December 1942, the event that was the genesis of the atomic problem, on the evolution of which the fate of our civilization depends. The real beginnings of the atomic adventure go back to the discovery of radioactivity and radium by Henri Becquerel and Pierre and Marie Curie in France at the end of the last century. This was the crucial step - henceforth the way to the new alchemy was open and the key to the structure of matter lay within the reach of modern science, which was to progress in particular through the brilliant discoveries of Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr along the long road which we are still travelling today. The final, indispensable stage preceding the discovery of fission was completed at the Radium Institute in Paris in February 1934, a few months before the death of Marie Curie. Using the unrivalled stocks of radioactive materials accum Bertrand Goldschmidt ulated with characteristic patience and tenacity over a period of more than 30 years by Madame Curie, the son-in-law and daughter of the scientist, Fre'de'ric transmutations of this kind to be propagated in matter, and Irene Joliot, prepared the most powerful source one can imagine what enormous amounts of useful en of polonium hitherto available; on exposing aluminium ergy will be liberated.