Design and Construction of Compacted Shale Embankments," Vol

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Design and Construction of Compacted Shale Embankments, . YE 662 bort No. FHWA-RD- 75-61 Oept of Transportation ./v3 no JUN7 1976 FHWA- RU- ^IGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CJUABACflS 75-61 '^^T^ALE EMBANKMENTS. Vol. 1. Survey of Problem Areas and Current Practices J. H. Shamburger, D. M. Patrick, and R. J. Lutten "«"<**• August 1975 Interim Report This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 Prepared for FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION Offices of Research & Development Washington, D.C. 20590 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Trans- portation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assiomes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experi- ment Station which is responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily re- flect the official views or policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manu- facturers' names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document. FHI'JA DISTRIBUTION NOTICE Sufficient copies of this report are being distributed by FHWA bulletin to provide a minimum of two copies to each regional office, one copy to each division office, and two copies to each State highway agency. Direct distribution is being made to the division offices. e Technical Report Documentation Page 'h/0 1. RrpoM No. 7. Gov.rnmrnl Ar [ 3. RecipirnI s Catolog No. FHWA-RD-T5-61 4. Title ar,i Subtitle 5. Report Do*« DESIGN MD CONSTRUCTION OF COMPACTED SHALE August 1975 EMBANKMENTS. Vol. 1. Survey of Problem Areas 6. Perlorming Oigoni zotion Code and Current Practices 8. Performing Orgonizotion Report No. 1. Author's) J. H. Shamburger , D. M. Patrick, and R. J. Lutton '. Performing Orgoni zotior^ Noma ond Address 10. Work Unit No. (TfJAlS) Soils and Pavements Laboratory FCP-3^D5-012 U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 1). Conttoct or Grant No. Intra P. 0. Box 631 Purchase Order No. H-I-OI96 Vicksburg, Mississippi 39l80 13. Type of R?poit ond Period Covered 12, Sponsoiing Agency Nome ond Address Office of Research and Development Interim Report Federal Highway Administration July 19T^-June 1975 U. S. Department of Transportation • 4, Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D. C. 20590 /!/ :XF ]S. Supplemcntory Notes FHWA Contract Manager: Mr. D. G. Fobs WES Project Leader: Mr. W. E. Strohm, Jr. 16. Abstract rpj^g purpose of the three-phase study is to develop design and construction methodologies that will enable shales causing settlements and slope failure in highway embankments in the past to be identified and used successfully in future construction. During the first year's work (Phase l), state and federal agencies were contacted. Information obtained on the extent and types of problems, possible causes, and problem formations is discussed, and current highway practices are summarized. Physical and chemical weathering of shale placed as rock fill is a primary cause of problems. Nine states do not permit shale to be placed as rock fill, and seven states allow placement as rock fill with special provisions. Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation experiences indicate that heavy compaction equipment and relatively thin lifts produce well compacted embankments having no problems. Dats, from 16 projects indicate that saturated compacted shale materials have low shear strengths. A review of shale composition, factors contributing to degradation, and laboratory testing emphasizes the importance of mineralogy and slake-durability characteristics. The natural variability of shales collected from formations in five geologic age groups is described. This is the first of two volumes. Volume 2, covering Phase II, is published as FHWA-RD-75--62 , subtitle: Evaluation and Remedial Treatment of Comp acted Shale Embankments. 17. Key Words 18. Dis.iibulion Slotcmcnt Shale embankments No restrictions. This document is Problem shales Shale durability tests available to the public through the Evaluation techniques National Technical Information Service, Remedial treatment Springfield, Virginia 221^^1 Highway c on struction reporit [~ ? tTn'o .TtT a g s 22. P< 19. S'.-curity Cln»«.if. (of tfiit Dept c) j Unclassified 292 (8-72) Form DOT F l/Gy.y iLfio:z:i97&: pie! rd Dgrr \iu\Uoc\z9d J. Library PREFACE This report describes Phase I of a three-phase investigation funded by the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), under Intra-Government Purchase Order Wo. U-I-OI96. Contract manager was Mr. D. G. Fohs , Materials Division, FHWA. The work was conducted during the period July 19T^-June 1975 by the Soils and Pavements Laboratory (S&PL), U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES), Vicksburg, Miss. Mr. W. E. Strohm, Jr., was project coordinator. Messrs. Strohm and J. H. Shamburger and Drs. D. M. Patrick and R. J. Lutton prepared the report. The investigation was accomplished under the direct supervision of Mr. D. C. Banks, Chief, Engineering Geology and Rock Mechanics Division, S&PL, and under the general supervision of Mr. J. P. Sale, Chief, S&PL. Mineralogical examinations and their interpretation for a study of shale variability were provided by Mr. G. S. Wong, Engineering Sciences Division (ESD), Concrete Laboratory, WES. Mr. A. D. Buck, ESD, provided mineralogical examinations and their interpretation for a study of shale samples from an embankment in Clifton Forge, Va. Personnel of the State highway organizations of California, Colo- rado, Indiana, Oklahoma, Ohio, Oregon, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, and West Virginia provided valuable information for the study and assistance in obtaining shale samples. Director of the WES during the conduct of this study and the prep- aration of the report was COL G. H. Hilt, CE. Technical Director was Mr. F. R. Brown. n CONTENTS Page PREFACE ii CONVERSION FACTORS, U. S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (Sl) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT X I. INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Basic Objectives 3 Scope of Study h Approach h Scope of Report 6 II. DATA COLLECTION 8 Literature Search 8 Personal Contacts 10 Data Review 11 III. SHALE EMBANKMENTS . lU Shale Occurrence 1^ Problem Shales . 15 Occurrence of Problem Shales 2^1 Types of Problems h2 Current Highway Construction Procedures 50 Preconstruction Practices 51 Construction Criteria 6l Remedial Treatment 6U Discussion 65 Corps of Engineers Experiences and Practices 6T USER Practices 97 Application of CE and USER Practices to the Construc- tion of Highway Shale Embankments 100 rv. CLASSIFICATION AND COMPOSITIONAL ASPECTS OF FINE-GRAINED CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 102 Classification 102 Geological Classification Schemes lOU Composition 108 Fabric Il6 V. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO MATERIAL DEGRADATION 119 Geological and Environmental Considerations 119 Material Degradation Factors 122 VI. REVIEW OF LABORATORY EXAMINATION AND TESTING TECHNIQUES . 1^7 Mineralogical and Petrological Tests 14-8 Durability Tests 152 m CONTENTS Page Soil Mechanics Tests 157 Miscellaneous Tests 159 Discussion l60 Selected Tests l62 VII. PROBLEM SHALES AND THEIR VARIABILITY l63 Procedures for Variability Tests and Examinations . 163 Results of Tests and Examinations I8U Comparisons with Stratigraphy and Location of Problem I86 Discussion of Observations and Testing 201 VIII. DETERIORATION PROPERTIES OF SHALES AT KNOWN LOCATIONS OF PROBLEM EMBANKMENTS 205 Comparison of Results 207 Example of Chemical Weathering 207 IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 212 Conclusions 212 Recommendations 2l8 APPENDIXES A. APPROACH FOR PHASES II AND III 219 B. CHECKLIST FOR INFORMATION ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 223 C. DESCRIPTION OF ROLLED SHALE-LIMESTONE FILL AT TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANSAS 228 REFERENCES 230 BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 IV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure No. Title Page 1 States selected for the study. 9 2 Shale occurrence; Oregon and California. l6 3 Shale occurrence; Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota. 17 h Shale occurrence; Utah and Colorado. l8 5 Shale occurrence; Missouri, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. 19 6 Shale occurrence; Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. 20 7 Occurrer-ce^ of prohlem shale formation, California,, 29 8 Occurreace of proolem shale formation, Colorado. 30 9 Occurrence of problem shale formaticris , Indiana. 31 10 Occurrence of problem shale formations, Kentucky. 32 11 Occurrence of troublesome shales (]. , 2, and 3) and problem shales {h and 5), Missouri. 33 12 Occurrence of problem shales, Montana. 3^ 13 Occurrence of shales presenting probleiris in the past, Ohio. 35 lU Occurrence of problem shales, Oklahoma. 36 15 Occurrence of problem shales. South Dakota. 37 16 Occurrence of problem shales, Tennessee. 38 17 Occurrence of problem shale, Utah. 39 18 Occurrence of problem shales , Virginia. ^0 19 Occurrence of problem shales. West Virginia, Hi 20 Example of boring plan for spillway site (USAE, Huntington, 1973). 73 . Figure No. Title Page 21 Example of spillway section and NX boring log (USAE, Huntington, 1973). 7^ 22 Example of 2-in. drive sampler boring log and 6-in. core log (USAE, Huntington, 1973). 75 23 Gradation of shale, Beltzville test fills. 82 2k Comparison of percent settlement and compaction effort, Beltzville Dam.
Recommended publications
  • Rock Stratigraphy of the Silurian System in Northeastern and Northwestern Illinois
    2UJ?. *& "1 479 S 14.GS: CIR479 STATE OF ILLINOIS c. 1 DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION Rock Stratigraphy of the Silurian System in Northeastern and Northwestern Illinois H. B. Willman GEOLOGICAL ILLINOIS ""SURVEY * 10RM* APR 3H986 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY John C. Frye, Chief Urbano, IL 61801 CIRCULAR 479 1973 CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Time-stratigraphic classification 3 Alexandrian Series 5 Niagaran Series 5 Cayugan Series 6 Regional correlations 6 Northeastern Illinois 6 Development of the classification 9 Wilhelmi Formation 12 Schweizer Member 13 Birds Member 13 Elwood Formation 14 Kankakee Formation 15 Drummond Member 17 Offerman Member 17 Troutman Member 18 Plaines Member 18 Joliet Formation 19 Brandon Bridge Member 20 Markgraf Member 21 Romeo Member 22 Sugar Run Formation . „ 22 Racine Formation 24 Northwestern Illinois 26 Development of the classification 29 Mosalem Formation 31 Tete des Morts Formation 33 Blanding Formation 35 Sweeney Formation 36 Marcus Formation 3 7 Racine Formation 39 References 40 GEOLOGIC SECTIONS Northeastern Illinois 45 Northwestern Illinois 52 FIGURES Figure 1 - Distribution of Silurian rocks in Illinois 2 2 - Classification of Silurian rocks in northeastern and northwestern Illinois 4 3 - Correlation of the Silurian formations in Illinois and adjacent states 7 - CM 4 Distribution of Silurian rocks in northeastern Illinois (modified from State Geologic Map) 8 - lis. 5 Silurian strata in northeastern Illinois 10 ^- 6 - Development of the classification of the Silurian System in |§ northeastern Illinois 11 7 - Distribution of Silurian rocks in northwestern Illinois (modified ;0 from State Geologic Map) 2 7 8 - Silurian strata in northwestern Illinois 28 o 9 - Development of the classification of the Silurian System in CO northwestern Illinois 30 10 - Index to stratigraphic units described in the geologic sections • • 46 ROCK STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SILURIAN SYSTEM IN NORTHEASTERN AND NORTHWESTERN ILLINOIS H.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Cross Section
    Geologic Cross Section I–I′ Through the Appalachian Basin from the Eastern Margin of the Illinois Basin, Jefferson County, Kentucky, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Scott County, Virginia By Robert T. Ryder, Michael H. Trippi, and Christopher S. Swezey Pamphlet B to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3343 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2015 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copy- righted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Ryder, R.T., Trippi, M.H., and Swezey, C.S., 2015, Geologic cross section I–I′ through the Appalachian basin from the eastern margin of the Illinois basin, Jefferson County, Kentucky, to the Valley and Ridge province, Scott County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3343, 2 sheets and pamphlet A, 41 p.; pamphlet B, 102 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3343.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological Controls on Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Mississippian Marshall Formation, Michigan Basin, U.S.A
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2015 Geological Controls on Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Mississippian Marshall Formation, Michigan Basin, U.S.A. Joseph G. Adducci Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons, Geomorphology Commons, and the Sedimentology Commons Recommended Citation Adducci, Joseph G., "Geological Controls on Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Mississippian Marshall Formation, Michigan Basin, U.S.A." (2015). Master's Theses. 617. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/617 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GEOLOGICAL CONTROLS ON STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION OF THE MISSISSIPPIAN MARSHALL FORMATION, MICHIGAN BASIN, U.S.A by Joseph G. Adducci A thesis Submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Geosciences Western Michigan University August 2015 Thesis Committee: David A. Barnes, Ph.D. (Chair) William B. Harrison, III, Ph.D. Peter J. Voice, Ph.D. GEOLOGICAL CONTROLS ON STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION OF THE MISSISSIPPIAN MARSHALL FORMATION, MICHIGAN BASIN, U.S.A. Joseph G. Adducci, M.S. Western Michigan University, 2015 An understanding of regional orogenic, climatic, and eustatic processes is critical to the interbasinal correlation of Paleozoic strata in eastern North America. Tectonic activity associated with the culmination of Appalachian Orogenic events has been shown to have regional influence on paleostructure and sediment dispersal in the Appalachian foreland basin and adjacent intracratonic Illinois and Michigan basins.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of the Hollidaysburg and Huntingdon Quadrangles
    DESCRIPTION OF THE HOLLIDAYSBURG AND HUNTINGDON QUADRANGLES By Charles Butts INTRODUCTION 1 BLUE RIDGE PROVINCE topography are therefore prominent ridges separated by deep SITUATION The Blue Ridge province, narrow at its north end in valleys, all trending northeastward. The Hollidaysburg and Huntingdon quadrangles are adjoin­ Virginia and Pennsylvania, is over 60 miles wide in North RELIEF ing areas in the south-central part of Pennsylvania, in Blair, Carolina. It is a rugged region of hills and ridges and deep, The lowest point in the quadrangles is at Huntingdon, Bedford, and Huntingdon Counties. (See fig. 1.) Taken as narrow valleys. The altitude of the higher summits in Vir­ where the altitude of the river bed is about 610 feet above sea ginia is 3,000 to 5,700 feet, and in western North Carolina 79 level, and the highest point is the southern extremity of Brush Mount Mitchell, 6,711 feet high, is the highest point east of Mountain, north of Hollidaysburg, which is 2,520 feet above the Mississippi River. Throughout its extent this province sea level. The extreme relief is thus 1,910 feet. The Alle­ stands up conspicuously above the bordering provinces, from gheny Front and Dunning, Short, Loop, Lock, Tussey, Ter­ each of which it is separated by a steep, broken, rugged front race, and Broadtop Mountains rise boldly 800 to 1,500 feet from 1,000 to 3,000 feet high. In Pennsylvania, however, above the valley bottoms in a distance of 1 to 2 miles and are South Mountain, the northeast end of the Blue Ridge, is less the dominating features of the landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox University Microfilms
    information t o u s e r s This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of usefs indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Pander Society Newsletter
    Pander Society Newsletter Compiled and edited by M.C. Perri, M. Matteucci and C. Spalletta DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE, GEOLOGICHE E AMBIENTALI, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA, BOLOGNA, ITALY Number 45 December 2013 Webmaster Mark Purnell, University of Leicester Chief Panderer’s Remarks December, 2013 Dear Pander Society people, Welcome to the 2013 edition of the Pander Society Newsletter, my fourth attempt at providing news and a list of conodont publications for the past year! The slowness in producing this newsletter is my fault, I will try to close the next early in 2014. Conodont research continues to be thriving but there were more than half (143 on 239) non- responses to my request for brief reports on research activities. We have again enjoyed formal and informal meetings of the Society. A definitely informal mini- meeting of the Society was organized in association with the 34th International Geological Congress in Brisbane on 6 August 2012 during which Stig M. Bergström was awarded with the 2012 ICS Digby McLaren Award for his contributions to stratigraphy. The only official Pander Society meeting was one held in Dayton, Ohio, in association with the Annual Meeting of the North-Central Section of the Geological Society of America in April 2012. A report on it was published in the previous Newsletter n° 44. A sad news was the passing of Brian Frederick Glenister on June. He, together with Carl Rexroad organized the first symposium held by the society in 1968 at Iowa City. Thank you for sending in your contributions. Thanks also to Suzanna Garcia-Lopez, John Repetski and Wang Cheng-Yuan for deliberating on nominations for the Society's medals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Silurian of Central Kentucky, U.S.A.: Stratigraphy, Palaeoenvironments and Palaeoecology
    The Silurian of central Kentucky, U.S.A.: Stratigraphy, palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology FRANK R. ETTENSOHN, R. THOMAS LIERMAN, CHARLES E. MASON, WILLIAM M. ANDREWS, R. TODD HENDRICKS, DANIEL J. PHELPS & LAWRENCE A. GORDON ETTENSOHN, F.R., LIERMAN, R.T., MASON, C.E., ANDREWS, W.M., HENDRICKS, R.T., PHELPS, D.J. & GORDON, L.A., 2013:04:26. The Silurian of central Kentucky, U.S.A.: Stratigraphy, palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 44, 159-189. ISSN 0810-8889. Silurian rocks in Kentucky are exposed on the eastern and western flanks of the Cincinnati Arch, a large-wavelength cratonic structure separating the Appalachian foreland basin from the intracratonic Illinois Basin. The Cincinnati Arch area experienced uplift during latest Ordovician-early Silurian time, so that the exposed Silurian section is relatively thin due to onlap and post- Silurian erosional truncation on the arch. On both flanks of the arch, dolomitic carbonates predominate, but the section on the eastern side reflects a more shale-rich ramp that faced eastern Appalachian source areas. In the Silurian section on the western side of the arch, which apparently developed across a platform-like isolation-accommodation zone, shales are rare except dur- ing some highstand episodes, and rocks in the area reflect deposition across a broad, low-gradient shelf area, interrupted by structurally controlled topographic breaks. Using the progression of interpreted depositional environments and nearshore faunal communities, a relative sea-level curve, which parallels those of previous workers, was generated for the section in Kentucky. While the curve clearly shows the influence of glacial eustasy, distinct indications of the far-field, flexural influence of Taconian and Salinic tectonism are also present.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Fairfield County, Ohio
    This dissertation has been 61—5134 microfilmed exactly as received WOLFE, Edward Winslow, 1936- GEOLOGY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY, OHIO. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1961 Geology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan GEOLOGY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY, OHIO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Edward Winslow Wolfe, B. A. The Ohio State University 1961 Approved by Department of Geology ! ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are due Mr. R. J. Bernhagen, State Geologist, who suggest­ ed the need for an investigation of the geology of Fairfield County. The writer is particularly indebted to Dr. Aurele La Rooque who di­ rected the investigation and guided the writer throughout the prepara­ tion of this report. Many others gave freely of their time in dis­ cussing with the writer the geology of Fairfield County. Among these, special thanks are due Dr. Jane L. Forsyth of the Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Mr. George J. Franklin, who is presently completing a report on the geology of Licking County, and the writer's colleagues in the Department of Geology at the College of Wooster. The writer thanks several members of the Ohio Division of Geological Survey, in­ cluding Miss Pauline Smyth, Mr. Karl V. Hoover, and Mr. Harold J. Flint, for their valuable assistance. Most helpful, too, was the as­ sistance of Mr. Jon S. Galehouse during the summer of i960. The field work was sponsored and financed by the Ohio Division of Geological Survey. Additional financial aid, in the form of a William H.
    [Show full text]
  • The Upper Ordovician Glaciation in Sw Libya – a Subsurface Perspective
    J.C. Gutiérrez-Marco, I. Rábano and D. García-Bellido (eds.), Ordovician of the World. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 14. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid. ISBN 978-84-7840-857-3 © Instituto Geológico y Minero de España 2011 ICE IN THE SAHARA: THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN GLACIATION IN SW LIBYA – A SUBSURFACE PERSPECTIVE N.D. McDougall1 and R. Gruenwald2 1 Repsol Exploración, Paseo de la Castellana 280, 28046 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 2 REMSA, Dhat El-Imad Complex, Tower 3, Floor 9, Tripoli, Libya. Keywords: Ordovician, Libya, glaciation, Mamuniyat, Melaz Shugran, Hirnantian. INTRODUCTION An Upper Ordovician glacial episode is widely recognized as a significant event in the geological history of the Lower Paleozoic. This is especially so in the case of the Saharan Platform where Upper Ordovician sediments are well developed and represent a major target for hydrocarbon exploration. This paper is a brief summary of the results of fieldwork, in outcrops across SW Libya, together with the analysis of cores, hundreds of well logs (including many high quality image logs) and seismic lines focused on the uppermost Ordovician of the Murzuq Basin. STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK The uppermost Ordovician section is the youngest of three major sequences recognized widely across the entire Saharan Platform: Sequence CO1: Unconformably overlies the Precambrian or Infracambrian basement. It comprises the possible Upper Cambrian to Lowermost Ordovician Hassaouna Formation. Sequence CO2: Truncates CO1 along a low angle, Type II unconformity. It comprises the laterally extensive and distinctive Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian-Floian?) Achebayat Formation overlain, along a probable transgressive surface of erosion, by interbedded burrowed sandstones, cross-bedded channel-fill sandstones and mudstones of Middle Ordovician age (Dapingian-Sandbian), known as the Hawaz Formation, and interpreted as shallow-marine sediments deposited within a megaestuary or gulf.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphic Characteristics of Streams in the Bluegrass Physiographic Region of Kentucky
    Project Final Report for A Grant Awarded Through the Section 319(h) Nonpoint Source Implementation Program Cooperative Agreement #C9994861-00 under the Geomorphic Characteristics Section 319(h) Kentucky Nonpoint Source Implementation of Streams in the Bluegrass Grant Workplan “Stream Geomorphic Bankfull Regional Physiographic Region Curves—Streams of the Green/Tradewater River Basin Management Unit” of Kentucky Kentucky Division of Water NPS 00-10 MOA M-02173863 and PO2 0600000585 February 1, 2001 to November 1, 2007 Arthur C. Parola, Jr. William S. Vesely Michael A. Croasdaile Chandra Hansen of The Stream Institute Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky and Margaret Swisher Jones Kentucky Division of Water Kentucky Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet Frankfort, Kentucky The Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet (EPPC) and the University of Louisville Re- search Foundation, Inc., (a KRS164A.610 corporation) do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or disability. The EPPC and the University of Louisville Research Foundation, Inc., will provide, on request, reasonable accommodations including auxiliary aids and services necessary to afford an individual with a disability an equal opportunity to participate in all services, programs and activities. To request materials in an alternative format, contact the Kentucky Division of Water, 14 Reilly Road, Frankfort, KY 40601 or call (502) 564-3410 or contact the Universi- ty of Louisville Research Foundation, Inc. Funding for this project was provided in part by a grant from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) through the Kentucky Division of Water, Nonpoint Source Section, to the University of Louisville Research Foundation, Inc., as authorized by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1987, §319(h) Nonpoint Source Implementation Grant #C9994861-00.
    [Show full text]
  • View of Pa Element, OSU 41751, X 28, Collection
    INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing theUMI World’s Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8820S06 Taxonomy and biostratigraphic significance of Wenlockian and Ludlovian (Silurian) conodonts in the midcontinent outcrop area, North America Kleffner, Mark Alan, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Synoptic Taxonomy of Major Fossil Groups
    APPENDIX Synoptic Taxonomy of Major Fossil Groups Important fossil taxa are listed down to the lowest practical taxonomic level; in most cases, this will be the ordinal or subordinallevel. Abbreviated stratigraphic units in parentheses (e.g., UCamb-Ree) indicate maximum range known for the group; units followed by question marks are isolated occurrences followed generally by an interval with no known representatives. Taxa with ranges to "Ree" are extant. Data are extracted principally from Harland et al. (1967), Moore et al. (1956 et seq.), Sepkoski (1982), Romer (1966), Colbert (1980), Moy-Thomas and Miles (1971), Taylor (1981), and Brasier (1980). KINGDOM MONERA Class Ciliata (cont.) Order Spirotrichia (Tintinnida) (UOrd-Rec) DIVISION CYANOPHYTA ?Class [mertae sedis Order Chitinozoa (Proterozoic?, LOrd-UDev) Class Cyanophyceae Class Actinopoda Order Chroococcales (Archean-Rec) Subclass Radiolaria Order Nostocales (Archean-Ree) Order Polycystina Order Spongiostromales (Archean-Ree) Suborder Spumellaria (MCamb-Rec) Order Stigonematales (LDev-Rec) Suborder Nasselaria (Dev-Ree) Three minor orders KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM PROTISTA PHYLUM PORIFERA PHYLUM PROTOZOA Class Hexactinellida Order Amphidiscophora (Miss-Ree) Class Rhizopodea Order Hexactinosida (MTrias-Rec) Order Foraminiferida* Order Lyssacinosida (LCamb-Rec) Suborder Allogromiina (UCamb-Ree) Order Lychniscosida (UTrias-Rec) Suborder Textulariina (LCamb-Ree) Class Demospongia Suborder Fusulinina (Ord-Perm) Order Monaxonida (MCamb-Ree) Suborder Miliolina (Sil-Ree) Order Lithistida
    [Show full text]