1 Food Fit for a Khan: Stable Isotope Analysis of the Elite Mongol Empire
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The Great Empires of Asia the Great Empires of Asia
The Great Empires of Asia The Great Empires of Asia EDITED BY JIM MASSELOS FOREWORD BY JONATHAN FENBY WITH 27 ILLUSTRATIONS Note on spellings and transliterations There is no single agreed system for transliterating into the Western CONTENTS alphabet names, titles and terms from the different cultures and languages represented in this book. Each culture has separate traditions FOREWORD 8 for the most ‘correct’ way in which words should be transliterated from The Legacy of Empire Arabic and other scripts. However, to avoid any potential confusion JONATHAN FENBY to the non-specialist reader, in this volume we have adopted a single system of spellings and have generally used the versions of names and titles that will be most familiar to Western readers. INTRODUCTION 14 The Distinctiveness of Asian Empires JIM MASSELOS Elements of Empire Emperors and Empires Maintaining Empire Advancing Empire CHAPTER ONE 27 Central Asia: The Mongols 1206–1405 On the cover: Map of Unidentified Islands off the Southern Anatolian Coast, by Ottoman admiral and geographer Piri Reis (1465–1555). TIMOTHY MAY Photo: The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. The Rise of Chinggis Khan The Empire after Chinggis Khan First published in the United Kingdom in 2010 by Thames & Hudson Ltd, 181A High Holborn, London WC1V 7QX The Army of the Empire Civil Government This compact paperback edition first published in 2018 The Rule of Law The Great Empires of Asia © 2010 and 2018 Decline and Dissolution Thames & Hudson Ltd, London The Greatness of the Mongol Empire Foreword © 2018 Jonathan Fenby All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced CHAPTER TWO 53 or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, China: The Ming 1368–1644 including photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. -
Iron Age Nomads of Southern Siberia in Craniofacial Perspective
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE Vol. 122(3), 137–148, 2014 Iron Age nomads of southern Siberia in craniofacial perspective Ryan W. SCHMIDT1,2*, Andrej A. EVTEEV3 1University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, Missoula, MT 59812, USA 2Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan 3Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 125009, Mokhovaya St., 11, Russia Received 9 April 2014; accepted 24 July 2014 Abstract This study quantifies the population history of Iron Age nomads of southern Siberia by ana- lyzing craniofacial diversity among contemporaneous Bronze and Iron Age (7th–2nd centuries BC) groups and compares them to a larger geographic sample of modern Siberian and Central Asian popula- tions. In our analyses, we focus on peoples of the Tagar and Pazyryk cultures, and Iron Age peoples of the Tuva region. Twentysix cranial landmarks of the vault and facial skeleton were analyzed on a total of 461 ancient and modern individuals using geometric morphometric techniques. Male and female cra- nia were separated to assess potential sexbiased migration patterns. We explore southern Siberian pop- ulation history by including Turkicspeaking peoples, a Xiongnu Iron Age sample from Mongolia, and a Bronze Age sample from Xinjiang. Results show that male Pazyryk cluster closer to Iron Age Tuvans, while Pazyryk females are more isolated. Conversely, Tagar males seem more isolated, while Tagar fe- males cluster amongst an Early Iron Age southern Siberian sample. When additional modern Siberian samples are included, Tagar and Pazyryk males cluster more closely with each other than females, sug- gesting possible sexbiased migration amongst different Siberian groups. -
Prehistoric Mongolian Archaeology in the Early 21St Century: Developments in the Steppe and Beyond
Journal of Archaeological Research (2021) 29:431–479 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-020-09152-y Prehistoric Mongolian Archaeology in the Early 21st Century: Developments in the Steppe and Beyond Joshua Wright1 Published online: 7 January 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract There has been a great increase in archaeological research in Mongolia since 2000. Increasingly precise chronologies, regional studies, and the growth of development- driven archaeology are transforming our knowledge of this key region of north- eastern Asia. This review summarizes recent work and provides a narrative of the prehistoric and medieval cultural sequences as presently understood. I focus on long-standing key topics: early human habitation, the adoption of food-producing economies, Bronze Age social transformations, and the emergence of central places and large polities. I argue that, on the one hand, Mongolia has unique data and new examples to ofer the archaeological community and, on the other, that the prehis- tory of Mongolia and the steppe are not so diferent from the rest of the world in its history of research and key questions. This review provides general overviews covering the Upper Paleolithic, Epipaleolithic or Neolithic, and Bronze Age to the Xiongnu period; specifc data related to each period provide jumping-of points for comparative analysis and further examination. Keywords Mongolia · Hunter-gatherers · Nomadic pastoralism · Monumentality · State origins Introduction Mongolia has seen an explosion of high-quality archaeological research and publica- tion during the frst decades of this century. So much so that it is possible for me to write a new, and somewhat unorthodox, narrative of the prehistoric archaeology of Mongolia. -
Norovbanzad's Legacy: Contemporary Concert Long Song in Mongolia Gabrielle Giron
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 Norovbanzad's Legacy: Contemporary Concert Long Song in Mongolia Gabrielle Giron Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MUSIC NOROVBANZAD’S LEGACY: CONTEMPORARY CONCERT LONG SONG IN MONGOLIA By Gabrielle Giron A Thesis submitted to the College of Music In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Music Degree awarded Fall Semester 2007 Copyright © 2007 Gabrielle C. Giron All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Gabrielle Giron defended on August 22, 2007. __________________________________ Michael B. Bakan Professor Directing Thesis __________________________________ Jane Piper Clendinning Outside Committee Member __________________________________ Denise Von Glahn Committee Member __________________________________ Frank Gunderson Committee Member Approved: _______________________________________________ Jeffrey T. Kite-Powell, Professor and Chair, Department of Musicology ________________________________________________ Seth Beckman, Professor, Assistant Dean for Academic Affairs, and Director of Graduate Studies. The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members ii Figure 1. The Gentle Sun of the World. Mongolian artist Naiga renders in Mongolian calligraphy the text from Norovbanzad’s song in the shape of a sun. iii In memory of Marian Davis whose love for peace, justice, and beautiful music continues to light the world. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have assisted me in the exciting process of learning and writing about concert long song. While it would be impossible to name everyone who has contributed to this thesis, there are several people I would like to mention specifically. -
Defining Territories and Empires: from Mongol Ulus to Russian Siberia1200-1800 Stephen Kotkin
Defining Territories and Empires: from Mongol Ulus to Russian Siberia1200-1800 Stephen Kotkin (Princeton University) Copyright (c) 1996 by the Slavic Research Center All rights reserved. The Russian empire's eventual displacement of the thirteenth-century Mongol ulus in Eurasia seems self-evident. The overthrow of the foreign yoke, defeat of various khanates, and conquest of Siberia constitute core aspects of the narratives on the formation of Russia's identity and political institutions. To those who disavow the Mongol influence, the Byzantine tradition serves as a counterweight. But the geopolitical turnabout is not a matter of dispute. Where Chingis Khan and his many descendants once held sway, the Riurikids (succeeded by the Romanovs) moved in. *1 Rather than the shortlived but ramified Mongol hegemony, which was mostly limited to the middle and southern parts of Eurasia, longterm overviews of the lands that became known as Siberia, or of its various subregions, typically begin with a chapter on "pre-history," which extends from the paleolithic to the moment of Russian arrival in the late sixteenth, early seventeenth centuries. *2 The goal is usually to enable the reader to understand what "human material" the Russians found and what "progress" was then achieved. Inherent in the narratives -- however sympathetic they may or may not be to the native peoples -- are assumptions about the historical advance deriving from the Russian arrival and socio-economic transformation. In short, the narratives are involved in legitimating Russia's conquest without any notion of alternatives. Of course, history can also be used to show that what seems natural did not exist forever but came into being; to reveal that there were other modes of existence, which were either pushed aside or folded into what then came to seem irreversible. -
The Earliest Bronze Age Culture of the South-Eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia
The earliest Bronze Age culture of the south-eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia Joshua Wright1,*, Galdan Ganbaatar2, William Honeychurch3, Batdalai Byambatseren2 & Arlene Rosen4 Research Studies of the Eurasian Bronze Age have tended to emphasise the homogeneity of social and political processes across the Steppe, evi- denced by a common ‘package’ of practices and material culture. The Dornod Mongol Survey examines the major stone monumental forms and associated features of the Ulaan- zuukh mortuary tradition of the Gobi region of Mongolia. Combining evidence for mortu- ary and ritual practices, ceramic traditions and new radiocarbon dates, the authors argue that the appearance of the earliest Bronze Age cultures in this region represents a disparate collection of local, regional and inter-regional expressions that challenge the established narrative of a ‘standard’ Eurasian Bronze Age. Keywords: Mongolia, Bronze Age, monumentality, funerary traditions, social hierarchy, place-making The Eurasian Bronze Age is one of the great archaeological horizons of the world. Across the vast grasslands and mountainous regions of the Steppe, mobile populations have left exquisite metallurgy and extensive mortuary monuments (Chernyk 1992; Anthony 1998; Koryakova & Epimakov 2007; Shelach 2009; Hanks 2010; Simpson & Pankova 2017). This article uses regional archaeological data from prehistoric Mongolia to recast the established narrative of a relatively homogeneous Eurasian Bronze Age, based on common social and cultural develop- ments, to one of local agency—a -
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
4 COM ITH/09/4.COM/CONF.209/14 Paris, 31 August 2009 Original: English UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION CONVENTION FOR THE SAFEGUARDING OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR THE SAFEGUARDING OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE Fourth session Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 28 September to 2 October 2009 Item 14 of the Provisional Agenda: Evaluation of the nominations for inscription on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding Summary Eight States Parties submitted twelve nominations for inscription in 2009 on the Urgent Safeguarding List. In conformity with paragraph 5 of the Operational Directives and Decision 3.COM 10, these nominations have been examined by examiners appointed by the Bureau of the Committee. This document includes a set of draft decisions, and annexes with an overview of each nomination and the two examination reports. The nomination files are available on the website of the Convention. Decision required: paragraph 13. ITH/09/4.COM/CONF.209/14 page 2 1. According to Article 17 of the Convention, the Committee establishes, keeps up to date and publishes the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding and inscribes such heritage on the List at the request of the State Party concerned. 2. At its second session, the General Assembly adopted the Operational Directives of the Convention (Resolution 2.GA 5), including the criteria and procedures for inscription on the Urgent Safeguarding List (Chapter 1.1). These Directives include in their paragraph 18 a transitional timetable for the first inscriptions on the List. -
Shipwreck Evidence and the Maritime Circulation of Medicine Between Iran and China in the 9Th Through 14Th Centuries
The Abode of Water: Shipwreck Evidence and the Maritime Circulation of Medicine Between Iran and China in the 9th Through 14th Centuries by Amanda Respess A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology and History) in the University of Michigan 2020 Doctoral Committee: Professor Kathryn Babayan, Chair Professor Miranda Brown Assistant Professor Jatin Dua Professor Carla Sinopoli, University of New Mexico Amanda Respess [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4616-701X © Amanda Respess 2020 DEDICATION “...for by reason we have comprehended the manufacture and use of ships, so that we have reached unto distant lands divided from us by the seas; by it we have achieved medicine with its many uses to the body.” - al-Rāzī, The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes, Of the Excellence and Praise of Reason “Whoever has emerged victorious participates to this day in the triumphal procession in which the present rulers step over those who are lying prostrate. According to traditional practice, the spoils are carried along in the procession. They are called cultural treasures, and a historical materialist views them with cautious detachment. For without exception the cultural treasures he surveys have an origin which he cannot contemplate without horror. They owe their existence not only to the efforts of the great minds and talents who have created them, but also to the anonymous toil of their contemporaries.” -Walter Benjamin, On the Concept of History For my family. For Khwāja ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn al-Iṣfahānī, whose gravestone in China gave the title to this work. -
Influence of the Silk Road Trade on the Craniofacial Morphology Of
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2018 Influence of the Silk Road rT ade on the Craniofacial Morphology of Populations in Central Asia Ayesha Yasmeen Hinedi The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2893 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] INFLUENCE OF THE SILK ROAD TRADE ON THE CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY OF POPULATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA by AYESHA YASMEEN HINEDI A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2018 ©2018 AYESHA YASMEEN HINEDI All Rights Reserved ii Influence of the Silk Road trade on the craniofacial morphology of populations in Central Asia. by Ayesha Yasmeen Hinedi This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________ ____________________________ Date Ekatarina Pechenkina Chair of Examining Committee _____________________ _____________________________ Date Jeff Maskovsky Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: William Harcourt-Smith Felicia Madimenos Rowan Flad THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Influence of the Silk Road trade on the craniofacial morphology of populations in Central Asia. by Ayesha Yasmeen Hinedi Advisor: Ekaterina Pechenkina, Vincent Stefan. Large-scale human migrations over long periods of time are known to affect population composition. -
Analysis of the Shamanic Empire of the Early Qing, Its Role in Inner Asian
THE SHAMANIC EMPIRE AND THE HEAVENLY ASTUTE KHAN: ANALYSIS OF THE SHAMANIC EMPIRE OF THE EARLY QING, ITS ROLE IN INNER ASIAN HEGEMONY, THE NATURE OF SHAMANIC KHANSHIP, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANCHU IDENTITY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MANOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY May 2020 By Stephen Garrett Thesis Committee: Shana Brown, Chairperson Edward Davis Wensheng Wang Keywords: Qing Dynasty, Manchu, Mongol, Inner Asia, Shamanism, Religion and Empire Acknowledgments: I would like to first and foremost show my deepest gratitude to my master’s thesis advisor, Dr. Shana Brown, whose ongoing uplifting support and instrumental advice were central to my academic success, without which I couldn’t have reached the finish line. I would also like to extend deepest thanks to my master’s thesis committee members Dr. Edward Davis and Dr. Wensheng Wang, who freely offered their time, efforts, and expertise to support me during this thesis project. Additionally, I would like to extend thanks to Dr. Mathew Lauzon and Dr. Matthew Romaniello, who both offered a great deal of academic and career advice, for which I am greatly appreciative. Special thanks to my peers: Ryan Fleming, Reed Riggs, Sun Yunhe, Wong Wengpok, and the many other friends and colleagues I have made during my time at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. They have always been a wellspring of academic advice, discussion, and support. While writing my master’s thesis, I have had the pleasure of working with the wonderful professional staff and faculty of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, whose instruction and support were invaluable to my academic success. -
Oyu Tolgoi Report on Phase 1 Activities of the Cultural Heritage
Protecting the Past, Preserving the Present Report on Phase 1 Activities of the Oyu Tolgoi Cultural Heritage Program Design for Ömnögovi Aimag Edited by B. Gunchinsuren, Jeffrey H. Altschul, and John W. Olsen Submitted by: SSustainabilityustainability East Asia LLLLCC Mongolian Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology Statistical Research, Inc. University of Arizona OYU TOLGOI LLC CULTURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM – PHASE ONE REPORT Document No. IMM033_CHP_201102 PHASE 1 REPORT_ENG_REV0.DOC EDITED BY B. GUNCHINSUREN, JEFFREY H. ALTSCHUL, AND JOHN W. OLSEN CONTRIBUTORS: B. GUNCHINSUREN CH. AMARTUVSHIN S. CHULUUN J. GERELBADRAKH KH. TSOGTBAATAR JEFFREY H. ALTSCHUL WILLIAM E. HAYDEN JEFFREY A. HOMBURG Submitted By: In Collaboration With: Sustainability East Asia LLC Mongolian Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology Statistical Research, Inc. University of Arizona MIHT: MONGOLIAN INTERNATIONAL HERITAGE TEAM TABLE OF CONTENTS _Toc295825927 List of Tables................................................................................................9 List of Figures .............................................................................................10 1. Introduction........................................................................................13 1.1 What Is Cultural Heritage? ..................................................................13 1.2 The Stuff of Heritage: Tangible and Intangible Resources......................15 1.3 The Mongolian International Heritage Team .........................................16 1.4 Project -
Transformation of the Tax System During the Middle Ages: the Case of Russia
European Research Studies Journal Volume XXI, Issue 3, 2018 pp. 242-253 Transformation of the Tax System During the Middle Ages: The Case of Russia A.Z. Nigamaev1, A.R. Gapsalamov2, E.M. Akhmetshin3, A.V. Pavlyuk4, N.A. Prodanova5, D.V. Savchenkova6 Abstract: The reorganization of the world and its globalization, a new turn of migration processes led to the appearance of problems that had not previously disturbed into the modern society. Consequently, nowadays there is a need to study the historical past so that we could understand the modern trends. The origin of modern problems, phenomena, processes and, especially, their appearance can be traced using the example of economic and political systems that have existed before. In this regard, it would be especially interesting to trace the specific aspects of modern taxation, why the Eastern and European tax collection systems occurred to be different, what influenced the formation of the mechanism of tax collection in different countries in the past, and, most importantly, how the interaction of the Asian and European taxation systems created the specifics of tax collection in the "middle" countries of Eastern Europe. The presented article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the taxation system of the feudal states of Eastern Europe such as Volga Bulgaria, Ulus Dzhuchi and the Kazan vilayet in the first half of the 16th century. While comparing them with the fiscal systems of the countries of the Muslim East, using the reports of Arab-Persian travelers, information from the Russian sources and information from Khan yarlyks, the authors analyze the diversity in the evolution of the of tax system and the extortion of a huge part of the population of Eastern Europe.