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Oyu Tolgoi Report on Phase 1 Activities of the Cultural Heritage

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Oyu Tolgoi Report on Phase 1 Activities of the Cultural Heritage Protecting the Past, Preserving the Present Report on Phase 1 Activities of the Oyu Tolgoi Cultural Heritage Program Design for Ömnögovi Aimag Edited by B. Gunchinsuren, Jeffrey H. Altschul, and John W. Olsen Submitted by: SSustainabilityustainability East Asia LLLLCC Mongolian Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology Statistical Research, Inc. University of Arizona OYU TOLGOI LLC CULTURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM – PHASE ONE REPORT Document No. IMM033_CHP_201102 PHASE 1 REPORT_ENG_REV0.DOC EDITED BY B. GUNCHINSUREN, JEFFREY H. ALTSCHUL, AND JOHN W. OLSEN CONTRIBUTORS: B. GUNCHINSUREN CH. AMARTUVSHIN S. CHULUUN J. GERELBADRAKH KH. TSOGTBAATAR JEFFREY H. ALTSCHUL WILLIAM E. HAYDEN JEFFREY A. HOMBURG Submitted By: In Collaboration With: Sustainability East Asia LLC Mongolian Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology Statistical Research, Inc. University of Arizona MIHT: MONGOLIAN INTERNATIONAL HERITAGE TEAM TABLE OF CONTENTS _Toc295825927 List of Tables................................................................................................9 List of Figures .............................................................................................10 1. Introduction........................................................................................13 1.1 What Is Cultural Heritage? ..................................................................13 1.2 The Stuff of Heritage: Tangible and Intangible Resources......................15 1.3 The Mongolian International Heritage Team .........................................16 1.4 Project History ...................................................................................17 1.5 Report Organization ...........................................................................19 2. Tangible Resources – Archaeology .....................................................21 2.1 Methods and Methodology ..................................................................21 2.1.1 History of Publication on Cultural Heritage in Mongolia ...............21 2.1.2 Documents .............................................................................23 2.2 Summary of Archaeological Research in Ömnögovi Aimag Based on the Literature ......................................................................23 2.3 Archaeology of the OT Direct Impact Zone ...........................................27 2.3.1 Literature review......................................................................27 2.3.2 Summary of Archaeological Research in the OT Direct Impact Zone ............................................................................30 2.4 Mapping Cultural Heritage Sites In ÖmnĘgovi Aimag .............................36 2.5 Cultural Heritage Gis Database ............................................................37 2.5.1 What information is included in the database?............................37 2.5.2 Fields of the database ..............................................................38 2.5.3 How the data were converted to GIS .........................................39 2.5.4 Explanation of GIS files.............................................................40 2.5.5 GIS files and description of their tabled data and sources ...................................................................................42 2.6 Predictive Modeling of Archaeological Site Location ...............................46 2.7 Archaeological Baseline Studies ...........................................................54 2.7.1 Summary of Field Survey August 18-27, 2010.............................55 OYU TOLGOI LLC CULTURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM – PHASE 1 REPORT February 2011 3 MIHT: MONGOLIAN INTERNATIONAL HERITAGE TEAM 2.7.2 Summary of Field Survey November 11-20, 2010........................56 2.8 A Regional Research Design for Mongolian Archaeology: Ömnögovi Aimag................................................................................58 2.8.1 Periodization of Mongolian Archaeology .....................................59 2.8.2 The Stone Age .........................................................................59 2.8.3 The Metal Ages ........................................................................62 2.8.4 The Period of Ancient States .....................................................64 2.8.5 The Turkic Period.....................................................................65 2.8.6 The Uyghur Period ...................................................................66 2.8.7 The Khitan Period.....................................................................67 2.8.8 The Medieval Period or Middle Ages...........................................67 2.8.9 Research Questions to Guide Future Research in Ömnögovi Archaeology.............................................................69 2.8.10 Data Categories Necessary to Implement the Research Agenda .................................................................................70 2.8.11 Oyu Tolgoi Archeological Mining Sites .......................................71 2.9 OT Cultural Heritage Compliance .........................................................72 2.9.1 Why are these sites important? .................................................74 2.9.2 An Opportunity ........................................................................75 3. Tangible Resources - Paleontology .....................................................76 3.1 What You Should Know about Vertebrate Fossils ..................................76 3.2 Why Should Mongolia’s Fossils Be Preserved? .......................................77 3.3 How Many and What Kinds of Paleontological Properties Are Located in the Oyu Tolgoi Area?..........................................................78 3.3.1 Baishin Tsav ............................................................................79 3.3.2 Khuurai Tsav ...........................................................................80 3.3.3 Urlub Khudag...........................................................................80 3.3.4 Shar Tsav ................................................................................80 3.3.5 Amtgai ....................................................................................81 3.3.6 Principal paleontological localities of Ömnögovi aimag.................82 3.4 The Status of and Threats to Mongolia’s Fossil Heritage ........................84 3.5 A Model for the Protection of Mongolia’s Fossil Heritage ........................85 4. Intangible Resources ..........................................................................89 4.1 Overview of Gobi Culture ....................................................................90 OYU TOLGOI LLC CULTURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM – PHASE 1 REPORT February 2011 4 MIHT: MONGOLIAN INTERNATIONAL HERITAGE TEAM 4.2 The Land and the People ....................................................................90 4.3 The Culture .......................................................................................91 4.3.1 Industrialisation and an Influx of Foreigners...............................92 4.4 Method and Approach to the Intangible Resources of Ömnögovi Aimag ...............................................................................................93 4.5 Material Culture .................................................................................94 4.5.1 Blacksmithing & Silver-smithing.................................................94 4.5.2 Characteristic Features of the Noyon-Sevrei School of Silver-smithing.........................................................................97 4.5.3 Silver-smithing Bellows .............................................................99 4.5.4 Saddle Blankets, Bridles and Traps ............................................99 4.5.5 Making Birch-handled Knives...................................................100 4.5.6 Metalworking and Silver-smithing Glue.....................................101 4.5.7 Silver Jewelry.........................................................................101 4.5.8 Three Taboos of the Metal-smith .............................................102 4.5.9 Conclusion on Metalworking and Silver-smithing .......................102 4.6 Other Material Culture ......................................................................103 4.6.1 Snuff Bottles Passed Down through Many Generations ..............103 4.6.2 The Culture of Animal Brands..................................................104 4.6.3 Wooden Containers ................................................................104 4.6.4 Felt Carpet Making, Dugluur and Toirog ...................................104 4.7 Making and Living In A Mongolian Ger ...............................................106 4.7.1 Ger Furniture and Facilities .....................................................106 4.8 Foods..............................................................................................109 4.8.1 Und – Milk tea with rice and meat ...........................................109 4.8.2 Preparing Tsulkhir and Bajuun Flour ........................................109 4.9 Society, Religion, and Language ........................................................111 4.9.1 Religions of Ömnögovi aimag ..................................................111 4.9.2 Deities...................................................................................112 4.10 Christian Churches ...........................................................................113 4.10.1 Worshipers and believers .......................................................114
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