DOCSLIB.ORG

Intervento Neo-Mercenario O Peacekeeping Regionale? Un Confronto Tra Private Military Companies Ed ECOMOG in Sierra Leone

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Intervento Neo-Mercenario O Peacekeeping Regionale? Un Confronto Tra Private Military Companies Ed ECOMOG in Sierra Leone UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI CAGLIARI FACOLTA’ DI SCIENZE POLITICHE Dipartimento Storico Politico Internazionale dell´Età Moderna e Contemporanea Tesi di dottorato in: “Storia, Istituzioni e Relazioni Internazionali dell’Asia e dell’Africa Moderna e Contemporanea” XX Ciclo Intervento neo-mercenario o peacekeeping regionale? Un confronto tra Private Military Companies ed ECOMOG in Sierra Leone Dottorando: Dott. Antonino Adamo Tutor: Ch.ma Prof.ssa Liliana Mosca Settore Scientifico Disciplinare: SPS/13 INDICE Acronimi .......................................................................................................... p. ix Introduzione ..................................................................................................... p. xv Cap. I L’EROSIONE DELLA SOVRANITÀ STATUALE E LE “NUOVE GUERRE”.................................................................................... p. 1 La guerra e la nascita dello Stato moderno ................................. p. 4 La debolezza istituzionale dello stato africano indipendente...... p. 10 Verso un nuovo ordine mondiale e le “nuove guerre”................ p. 15 L’economia delle nuove guerre .................................................. p. 22 La globalizzazione e lo stato africano......................................... p. 25 La ricerca della sicurezza privata: la “domanda” e l’”offerta” ... p. 29 Cap. II LE PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES (PMC) NELL’AFRICA SUB-SAHARIANA. CASE STUDY: EXECUTIVE OUTCOMES (EO)............................................................................................. p. 35 I mercenari e l’età classica .......................................................... p. 37 Libere compagnie, condottieri, soldati di fortuna e compagnie commerciali ................................................................................. p. 39 I mercenari e le guerre coloniali.................................................. p. 44 L’origine delle PMC ................................................................... p. 48 Il mercato delle PMC in Africa................................................... p. 50 I tentativi di classificazione......................................................... p. 54 “Prendi un’arma e viaggerai”: origini e caratteristiche di EO... p. 63 La rete di affari di EO ................................................................. p. 70 L’intervento di EO in Angola ..................................................... p. 75 L’intervento di EO in Sierra Leone............................................. p. 81 Il prezzo della sicurezza.............................................................. p. 86 Sandline International in Sierra Leone e il prolungamento della guerra civile................................................................................. p. 90 Considerazioni su EO.................................................................. p. 94 Cap. III IL DIBATTITO SUL NEO-MERCENARIATO TRA DIRITTO E PROSPETTIVE DI REGOLAMENTAZIONE .......................... p. 101 Il diritto internazionale e il problema dei mercenari................... p. 105 v Esempi di legislazione nazionale ................................................ p. 111 Vantaggi connessi all’uso delle PMC ......................................... p. 114 PMC come strumenti di peacekeeping........................................ p. 118 Conclusioni ................................................................................. p. 124 Cap. IV CRITICA AL NEO-MERCENARIATO.................................... p. 125 Tra stato e mercato: l’intervento neo-mercenario nell’Africa sub- sahariana ...................................................................................... p. 127 La mancanza di controllo e le questioni di responsabilità .......... p. 129 Le questioni di neutralità ed affidabilità ..................................... p. 134 Le questioni di efficacia ed efficienza economica...................... p. 138 Conclusioni: mercenari ed insicurezza ....................................... p. 142 Cap. V VERSO UN SISTEMA DI SICUREZZA SUB-REGIONALE: IL CASO DELL’ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS) E DELL’ECOWAS CEASE-FIRE MONITORING GROUP (ECOMOG)....................................... p. 145 Il dilemma della sicurezza .......................................................... p. 148 Gli interventi di peacekeeping di “seconda generazione” .......... p. 151 I meccanismi di sicurezza dell’Unione Africana (UA) .............. p. 155 Dall’ECOWAS all’ECOMOG in Liberia (1990-1998).............. p. 159 Vizi e virtù di peacekeepers “per caso”...................................... p. 162 Cap. VI L’INTERVENTO DELL’ECOMOG IN SIERRA LEONE (1997-2000) .................................................................................................... p. 169 La ribellione del Revolutionary United Front (1991-2002) ....... p. 172 Il crollo dello stato...................................................................... p. 178 I prodromi e le prime fasi dell’intervento (1997) ....................... p. 181 Le operazioni sul campo............................................................. p. 186 Verso il ritiro del contingente (2000) ......................................... p. 189 Le cause militari della sconfitta.................................................. p. 192 La valutazione politica dell’intervento ....................................... p. 195 Conclusioni................................................................................. p. 199 Cap. VII ECOWAS/ECOMOG E LA SICUREZZA REGIONALE IN AFRICA OCCIDENTALE ........................................................................ p. 203 Il protocollo di sicurezza dell’ECOWAS (1999)........................ p. 205 Verso l’istituzionalizzazione dell’ECOMOG............................. p. 211 Le condizioni per il successo...................................................... p. 213 vi Gli interventi recenti dell’ECOWAS (2003): Costa d’Avorio e Liberia .................................................................................................... p. 215 Verso una “Pax West Africana”?................................................ p. 219 Conclusioni ...................................................................................................... p. 223 Bibliografia ...................................................................................................... p. 229 Appendici: • Papua New Guinea/Sandline International agreement -- January 1997; • Chronology of Sierra Leone (1991-2007); • ECOWAS Foreign Ministers Final Communiqué, Conakry, June 26, 1997; • ECOWAS Decision on Sierra Leone, Abuja, August 29, 1997; • Committee of Five Communiqué, Conakry, October 23, 1997; • Committee of Five Communiqué, Abuja, December 19, 1997; • ECOWAS Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peace-keeping and Security. vii ACRONIMI AAFC Allied Armed Forces of the Community ACOTA Africa Contingency Operations Training Assistance ACRI African Crisis Response Initiative AFDL Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre AFL Armed Forces of Liberia AFRC Armed Forces Ruling Council AFRICOM USA Africa Command AMIS African Union Monitoring Mission in Sudan AMISOM African Mission to Somalia ANAD Accord de non-agression et d’assistance en matière de défense ANC African National Congress APC All People’s Congress ARIB Africa Research and Information Bureau ASF African Stand-by Force BASIC British American Security Information Council BM Banca Mondiale BRA Bougainville Revolutionary Army BRS Brown & Root Services CCB Civil Cooperation Bureau CDF Civil Defence Forces CEAO Communauté économique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest CEDEAO Communauté des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest CEO Chief Executive Officer CIA Central Intelligence Agency CMD Conflict Management Division CONAKAT Confédération des associations du Katanga CPA Coalition Provisional Authority CPLP Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa DCC Directorate of Covert Collection DSL Defence Systems Limited ix ECOFORCE ECOWAS Peace Force in Côte d’Ivoire ECOMICI ECOWAS Peacekeeping Force in Côte d’Ivoire ECOMIL ECOWAS Mission in Liberia ECOMOG ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group ECOWAP ECOWAS Common Agricultural Policy ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EO Executive Outcomes FAA Forças Armadas de Angola FAZ Forces Armées du Zaïre FDI Foreign Direct Investment FMI Fondo Monetario Internazionale FOB Forward Operation Base GPSP Global Peace and Security Partnership GSG Gurkha Security Guards IA International Alert ICI International Charter Inc. of Oregon IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development IMET International Military and Education Training INPFL Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia IPOA International Peace Operation Organisation ISU Internal Security Unit ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulation LIC Low-Intensity Conflict LPC Liberian Peace Council LURD Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy MAP Mass Awareness and Participation MI Military Intelligence MINUCI Mission des Nations Unies en Côte d'Ivoire MNJ Mouvement des Nigériens pour la Justice MODEL Movement for Democracy in Liberia MONUC Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo MOOTW Military Operations Other Than War MOSOP Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola MPRI Military Professional Resources Incorporated x NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NPFL National Patriotic Front
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria: the Role of Traditional Institutions
    Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria Past, Present, and Future Edited by Abdalla Uba Adamu ii Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria Past, Present, and Future Proceedings of the National Conference on Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria. Organized by the Kano State Emirate Council to commemorate the 40th anniversary of His Royal Highness, the Emir of Kano, Alhaji Ado Bayero, CFR, LLD, as the Emir of Kano (October 1963-October 2003) H.R.H. Alhaji (Dr.) Ado Bayero, CFR, LLD 40th Anniversary (1383-1424 A.H., 1963-2003) Allah Ya Kara Jan Zamanin Sarki, Amin. iii Copyright Pages © ISBN © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the editors. iv Contents A Brief Biography of the Emir of Kano..............................................................vi Editorial Note........................................................................................................i Preface...................................................................................................................i Opening Lead Papers Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria: The Role of Traditional Institutions...........1 Lt. General Aliyu Mohammed (rtd), GCON Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria: A Case Study of Sarkin Kano Alhaji Ado Bayero and the Kano Emirate Council...............................................................14 Dr. Ibrahim Tahir, M.A. (Cantab) PhD (Cantab)
    [Show full text]
  • Taylor Trial Transcript
    Case No. SCSL-2003-01-T THE PROSECUTOR OF THE SPECIAL COURT V. CHARLES GHANKAY TAYLOR THURSDAY, 25 FEBRUARY 2010 9.30 A.M. TRIAL TRIAL CHAMBER II Before the Judges: Justice Julia Sebutinde, Presiding Justice Richard Lussick Justice Teresa Doherty Justice El Hadji Malick Sow, Alternate For Chambers: Ms Erica Bussey For the Registry: Ms Rachel Irura Ms Zainab Fofanah For the Prosecution: Ms Brenda J Hollis Mr Nicholas Koumjian Ms Maja Dimitrova For the accused Charles Ghankay Mr Courtenay Griffiths QC Taylor: Mr Morris Anyah Mr Simon Chapman CHARLES TAYLOR Page 35995 25 FEBRUARY 2010 OPEN SESSION 1 Thursday, 25 February 2010 2 [Open session] 3 [The accused present] 4 [Upon commencing at 9.30 a.m.] 09:29:10 5 PRESIDING JUDGE: Good morning. We will take appearances, 6 please. 7 MR KOUMJIAN: Good morning, Madam President, your Honours, 8 counsel opposite. For the Prosecution this morning, Brenda J 9 Hollis, Maja Dimitrova and myself Nicolas Koumjian. 09:33:35 10 MR ANYAH: Good morning, Madam President. Good morning, 11 your Honours. Good morning, counsel opposite. Appearing for the 12 Defence this morning are Courtenay Griffiths QC and myself Morris 13 Anyah. Thank you. 14 MR GRIFFITHS: Madam President, can I raise a matter which 09:33:49 15 was brought to my notice by the Court Manager this morning. 16 Apparently Mr Taylor doesn't have access to LiveNote at the 17 moment. That really concerns me, because from our point of view 18 it's imperative that the defendant, of all people in this 19 courtroom, be able to follow the proceedings.
    [Show full text]
  • Expanded Witness Summary of Major-Gen
    S<:~L- o\- I\J.-T ( •Sl'fC4-4 - ,g~,+1) SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE Trial Chamber 1 Before: Justice Bankole Thompson, Presiding Justice Pierre Boutet Justice Benjamin Mutanga Hoe Registrar: Mr. Lovemore G. Munlo, SC Date: 14th July, 2006 PROSECUTOR Against Samuel Hinga Norman Moinina Fofana Allieu Kondewa Case No. SCSL-04-14-T Public EXPANDED WITNESS SUMMARY OF MAJOR-GEN. ABDUL ONE MOHAMMED Office of the Prosecutor: For Samuel Hinga Norman Mr Christopher Staker Dr. Bu-Buakei Jabbi James Johnson John Wesley Hall, Jr. Joseph Kamara Alusine Sani Sesay For Moinina Fofana: Michiel Pestman Arrow 1. Bockarie Victor Koppe For Allieu Kondewa: Charles Margai Yada Williams Ansu Lansana Susan Wright. SUBMISSIONS 1. Pursuant to the Decision on Norman Motion to Defer Further Evidence and Closing of His Case to September-December Trial Session,' whereby "the Chamber orders Counsel for Norman to file with the Court detailed summary of witness Major-General Abdul One Mohammed as soon as possible but not later than Friday, the 14th of July 2006 at 4.00pm.,,2, Counsel for the First Accused hereby files a detailed and expanded witness summary of Major-General Abdul One Mohammed as AnnexA. \;rt~~JCounsel <\ ur. t~Jabbi. I SCSL-04-14-T-619: Decision on Norman Motion to Defer Further Evidence and Closing ofHis Case to September-December Trial Session 2 Ibid, Para 17 Case No. SCSL-04-14-T ANNEXA SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSED TESTIMONY OF MAJOR-GENERAL ABDUONE MOHAMMED Name & Summary of testimony Reference to key Estimated Intended Identifiable points in the Time mode and information indictment Language of testimony Major-General Abdu Witness will testify amongst others as follows:- Paragraphs 13, 23, 24, 4 hours In Person & One Mohammed.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights Chronology: 1991-1997
    QUESTION AND ANSWER SERIES SIERRA LEONE POLITICAL, MILITARY, AND HUMAN RIGHTS CHRONOLOGY: 1991-1997 [QA/SLE/98.001] APRIL 1998 PRODUCED BY: INS RESOURCE INFORMATION CENTER 425 I STREET, N.W. (ULLICO BUILDING, 3RD FLOOR) WASHINGTON, D.C. 20536 DISCLAIMER The July 27, 1990 Regulations, “Aliens and Nationality: Asylum and Withholding of Deportation Procedures,” mandated the creation of a new corps of Asylum Officers to provide an initial, nonadversarial adjudication of asylum claims. Asylum Officers use asylum law, interviews with asylum applicants, and relevant information on country conditions to determine the merits of individual claims for asylum. As specified in the Regulations (8 CFR 208.12), as amended, such information may be obtained from “the Department of State, the Office of International Affairs, other Service offices, or other credible sources, such as international organizations, private voluntary agencies, news organizations, or academic institutions.” Question and Answer Series papers are one means by which information on human rights conditions in a country and/or conditions affecting given groups or individuals deemed “at risk” within a given country is presented to Asylum and Immigration Officers. Question and Answer Series papers are brief descriptions of conditions in countries based on information provided by the sources referred to above. They are prepared by expert consultants and/or the staff of the Resource Information Center, Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Department of Justice. Question and Answer papers cannot be, and do not purport to be either exhaustive with regard to the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 27 Nigeria and the Politics of Unreason 7/21/2008
    Nigeria and the Politics of Unreason Page 1 of 27 Nigeria and the Politics of Unreason: Political Assassinations, Decampments, Moneybags, and Public Protests By Victor E. Dike Introduction The problems facing Nigeria emanate from many fronts, which include irrational behavior (actions) of the political elite, politics of division, and politics devoid of political ideology. Others factors are corruption and poverty, lack of distributive justice, regional, and religious cleavages. All these combine to create crises (riots and conflicts) in the polity, culminating in public desperation and insecurity, politics of assassinations, decampments (carpet crossing), moneybags, and public protests. All this reached its climax during the 2003 elections. When the nation thinks it is shifting away from these forces, they would somersault and clash again creating another political thunderstorm. It looks that the society would hardly outgrow ‘the politics of unreason’ (Lipset and Raab, 1970), which is often politics of extremism, because the political class is always going beyond the limits of what are reasonable to secure or retain political power. During the 2003 elections moneybags (instead of political ideology) directed political actions in political parties; and it also influenced the activities of many politicians. As a result, the presidential candidates of the two major political parties (PDP and ANPP) cliched their party tickets by stuffing the car boots, so to say, of their party delegates with Ghana-Must- Go bags. This frustrated and intimidated their political opponents within (and those in the other minor political parties). Since after his defeat by Chief Olusegun Obasanjo in the 2003 PDP primary in Abuja, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • State Building and Service Provision After Rebel Victory in Civil Wars
    From Insurgent to Incumbent: State Building and Service Provision After Rebel Victory in Civil Wars The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:40050154 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA From Insurgent to Incumbent: State Building and Service Provision after Rebel Victory in Civil Wars A dissertation presented by Kai Massey Thaler to The Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Political Science Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2018 © 2018 – Kai Massey Thaler All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Kai Massey Thaler Professor Steven Levitsky From Insurgent to Incumbent: State Building and Service Provision after Rebel Victory in Civil Wars ABSTRACT How do rebel organizations govern when they gain control of an internationally recognized state? I advance an organization-level theory, arguing that ideology affects recruitment, socialization of fighters and followers, and group relations with civilians, creating path dependencies that carry over to shape post-victory state building and governance. I code rebel groups on a spectrum between two ideal types: programmatic and opportunistic. More programmatic organizations’ aims extend beyond power to socioeconomic and political transformation, spurring attempts to expand state reach over and through territory and society.
    [Show full text]
  • Confronting the Terrorism of Boko Haram in Nigeria
    JSOU 12-5 Report Confronting the Confronting the Terrorism Haram Boko of in Nigeria Terrorism of Boko Haram in Nigeria Joint Special Operations University 7701 Tampa Point Boulevard MacDill AFB FL 33621 https://jsou.socom.mil Forest James J.F. Forest JSOU Report 12-5 May 2012 Joint Special Operations University Brian A. Maher, Ed.D., SES, President Kenneth H. Poole, Ed.D., Strategic Studies Department Director Juan Alvarez, Colonel, U.S. Air Force, Ret.; Dona Stewart, Ph.D., Geography; William Knarr, Ed.D., Colonel, U.S. Army, Ret. — Resident Senior Fellows Editorial Advisory Board Joint Special Operations University John B. Alexander Alvaro de Souza Pinheiro Ph.D., Education, The Apollinaire Group Major General, Brazilian Army, Ret. and the Strategic Studies Department and JSOU Senior Fellow JSOU Associate Fellow The Joint Special Operations University (JSOU) provides its publications Roby C. Barrett James F. Powers, Jr. to contribute toward expanding the body of knowledge about joint special Ph.D., Middle Eastern and Colonel, U.S. Army, Ret. South Asian History JSOU Senior Fellow operations. JSOU publications advance the insights and recommendations Public Policy Center Middle East Institute of national security professionals and the Special Operations Forces (SOF) and JSOU Senior Fellow Thomas Sass students and leaders for consideration by the SOF community and defense Ph.D., International Relations Joseph D. Celeski leadership Colonel, U.S. Army, Ret. Richard H. Shultz, Jr. JSOU is the educational component of the United States Special Opera- JSOU Senior Fellow Ph.D., Political Science tions Command (USSOCOM), MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. The JSOU Director, International Security Chuck Cunningham Studies Program, The Fletcher School, mission is to educate SOF executive, senior, and intermediate leaders and Lieutenant General, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Addendum to the Shelf Prospectus for the Kogi State Government of Nigeria
    THIS DOCUMENT IS IMPORTANT AND YOU ARE ADVISED TO CAREFULLY READ AND UNDERSTAND ITS CONTENTS. IF YOU ARE IN DOUBT ABOUT ITS CONTENTS OR THE ACTION TO TAKE, PLEASE CONSULT YOUR STOCKBROKER, SOLICITOR, BANKER OR AN INDEPENDENT INVESTMENT ADVISER. THIS PROSPECTUS HAS BEEN SEEN AND APPROVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE KOGI STATE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL AND THEY COLLECTIVELY AND INDIVIDUALLY ACCEPT FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION GIVEN AND CONFIRM, HAVING MADE ALL REASONABLE INQUIRIES, THAT TO THE BEST OF THEIR KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEF, THERE ARE NO FACTS, THE OMISSION OF WHICH WOULD MAKE ANY STATEMENT HEREIN MISLEADING OR UNTRUE. ADDENDUM TO THE SHELF PROSPECTUS FOR THE KOGI STATE GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA N20 BILLION BOND ISSUANCE PROGRAMME THIS ADDENDUM TO THE SHELF PROSPECTUS AND THE SECURITIES THAT IT OFFERS HAVE BEEN APPROVED AND REGISTERED BY THE SECURITIES & EXCHANGE COMMISSION. THE INVESTMENTS & SECURITIES ACT (NO. 29 OF 2007), PROVIDES FOR CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITIES FOR THE ISSUE OF A PROSPECTUS WHICH CONTAINS FALSE OR MISLEADING INFORMATION. THE CLEARANCE AND REGISTRATION OF THIS PROSPECTUS AND THE SECURITIES WHICH IT OFFERS DOES NOT RELIEVE THE PARTIES FROM ANY LIABILITY ARISING UNDER THE ACT FOR FALSE AND MISLEADING STATEMENTS CONTAINED HEREIN OR FOR ANY OMISSION OF A MATERIAL FACT IN THIS PROSPECTUS. ´7+,6ADDENDUM TO THE SHELF PROSPECTUS IS TO BE READ AND CONSTRUED IN CONJUNCTION WITH ANY SUPPLEMENT HERETO AND ALL DOCUMENTS WHICH ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN, BY REFERENCE AND, IN RELATION TO ANY TRANCHES (AS DEFINED HEREIN) OF INSTRUMENTS, TOGETHER WITH THE APPLICABLE PRICING SUPPLEMENT/SUPPLEMENTARY SHELF PROSPECTUS. THIS ADDENDUM TO THE SHELF PROSPECTUS SHALL ALSO BE READ AND CONSTRUED ON THE BASIS THAT SUCH DOCUMENTS ARE INCORPORATED AND FORM PART OF THIS ADDENDUM TO THE SHELF PROSPECTUS.
    [Show full text]
  • Shari'ah Criminal Law in Northern Nigeria
    SHARI’AH CRIMINAL LAW IN NORTHERN NIGERIA Implementation of Expanded Shari’ah Penal and Criminal Procedure Codes in Kano, Sokoto, and Zamfara States, 2017–2019 UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM On the cover: A veiled Muslim woman sits before Islamic judge Nuhu Mohammed Dumi during a court trial over a matrimonial dispute at Unguwar Alkali Upper Sharia Court in Bauchi, Northern Nigeria, on January 27, 2014. AFP PHOTO / AMINU ABUBAKAR Photo: AMINU ABUBAKAR/AFP/Getty Images USCIRF | SHARI’AH CRIMINAL LAW IN NORTHERN NIGERIA UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM SHARI’AH CRIMINAL LAW IN NORTHERN NIGERIA Implementation of Expanded Shari’ah Penal and Criminal Procedure Codes in Kano, Sokoto, and Zamfara States, 2017–2019 By Heather Bourbeau with Dr. Muhammad Sani Umar and Peter Bauman December 2019 www.uscirf.gov USCIRF | SHARI’AH CRIMINAL LAW IN NORTHERN NIGERIA Commissioners Tony Perkins Gary Bauer Chair Anurima Bhargava Gayle Manchin Tenzin Dorjee Vice Chair Andy Khawaja Nadine Maenza Vice Chair Johnnie Moore Executive Staff Erin D. Singshinsuk Executive Director Professional Staff Harrison Akins Patrick Greenwalt Dominic Nardi Policy Analyst Researcher Policy Analyst Ferdaouis Bagga Roy Haskins Jamie Staley Policy Analyst Director of Finance and Office Senior Congressional Relations Keely Bakken Management Specialist Policy Analyst Thomas Kraemer Zachary Udin Dwight Bashir Director of Operations and Project Specialist Director of Outreach and Policy Human Resources Scott Weiner Elizabeth K. Cassidy Kirsten Lavery Policy Analyst Director of Research and Policy International Legal Specialist Kurt Werthmuller Jason Morton Supervisory Policy Analyst Policy Analyst USCIRF | SHARI’AH CRIMINAL LAW IN NORTHERN NIGERIA TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction by USCIRF ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Global Journal of Social Sciences Vol 8, No
    129 GLOBAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VOL 8, NO. 2, 2009: 129-138 COPYRIGHT© BACHUDO SCIENCE CO. LTD PRINTED IN NIGERIA. ISSN 1596-6216 POST-MILITARISM: PROVENANCE OF PRAETORIAN DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIAN, 1999 – 2007 S. I. EBOHON (Received 10, June 2009; Revision Accepted 10, August 2009) ABSTRACT This paper attempts to capture the logic and character of Nigerian politics and governance from 1999 to 2007. The development of ‘command democracy’ took root during this period. On the basis of the empirical evidence adduced, the paper argued that the phenomenon of ‘praetorian democracy’ which became visible from 1999 to 2007 undermined the constitution and due democratic process. Executive contempt for the rule of law, gave the president the power of a military Head of State, while the federal system was run like a unitary state. The dialectical confrontation between democracy and partocracy, in which a black market system of power evolved to leverage the dominant wing of People Democracy Party leadership became the painful reminder of the inglorious military authoritarian antibodies constructed to resist democratic virus. Conscious of the crisis of power fixation that makes acquisition of state power the only guarantee of upward social mobility, shrinking the state to make it less attractive as the politics of the “belly domain” is recommended. rulers, incoherent civil society organizations and INTRODUCTION members of the fast growing Nigerian May 29, 1999 is remembered and supermarket of development intellectuals who celebrated in Nigeria as Democracy Day . This is benefited from praetorian order, have been because, that day is a watershed in the engaged in debates as to the viability of Western reconfiguration of political leadership and type democracy for the Nigerian political project.
    [Show full text]
  • Participant List
    Participant List 10/20/2020 12:59:08 PM Category First Name Last Name Position Organization Nationality CSO Jamal Aazizi Chargé de la logistique Association Tazghart Morocco Luz Abayan Program Officer Child Rights Coalition Asia Philippines Babak Abbaszadeh President And Chief Toronto Centre For Global Canada Executive Officer Leadership In Financial Supervision Amr Abdallah Director, Gulf Programs Education for Employment - United States EFE Ziad Abdel Samad Executive Director Arab NGO Network for Lebanon Development TAZI Abdelilah Président Associaion Talassemtane pour Morocco l'environnement et le développement ATED Abla Abdellatif Executive Director and The Egyptian Center for Egypt Director of Research Economic Studies Nabil Abdo MENA Senior Policy Oxfam International Lebanon Advisor Baako Abdul-Fatawu Executive Director Centre for Capacity Ghana Improvement for the Wellbeing of the Vulnerable (CIWED) Maryati Abdullah Director/National Publish What You Pay Indonesia Coordinator Indonesia Dr. Abel Executive Director Reach The Youth Uganda Switzerland Mwebembezi (RTY) Suchith Abeyewickre Ethics Education Arigatou International Sri Lanka me Programme Coordinator Diam Abou Diab Fellow Arab NGO Network for Lebanon Development Hayk Abrahamyan Community Organizer for International Accountability Armenia South Caucasus and Project Central Asia Aliyu Abubakar Secretary General Kano State Peace and Conflict Nigeria Resolution Association Sunil Acharya Regional Advisor, Climate Practical Action Nepal and Resilience Salim Adam Public Health
    [Show full text]
  • US Covert and Overt Operations in Liberia, 1970S to 2003
    ASPJ Africa & Francophonie - 3rd Quarter 2014 US Covert and Overt Operations in Liberia, 1970s to 2003 NIELS HAHN, PHD* Introduction and Background ith support from the US Navy, the American Colonization Soci- ety founded Liberia as an American colony in 1822 with the in- tention of sending rebellious blacks who were formerly slaves “back to Africa.”1 To reduce the administration cost of the colony and limit the responsibility of the US government (USG), Liberia was granted independence in 1847.2 The constitution was written at Harvard University, and W 3 the flag adopted was similar to that of the United States but with only one star. Although Liberia had all of the outward features of an independent state, the American Colonization Society and the USG de facto governed it indirectly. As former research director and president of the US Foreign Policy Association Ray- mond Leslie Buell puts it, Liberia survived “through visits of United States war- ships to Liberian ports and through more urbane gestures, the United States has posted a keep-off-the-grass sign on Liberian soil.”4 Liberia became a foothold of the USG in Africa during European colonial- ism, a place from where it could project its interests into other parts of the conti- nent. In 1926 the Firestone Company established one of the world’s largest rub- ber plantations in Liberia as a response to the British rubber monopoly.5 In the following decades, the USG put in place a number of military facilities such as a deep-sea port, an airport, and numerous military bases and training camps.
    [Show full text]