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JSOU 12-5 Report Confronting the Confronting the Terrorism Haram Boko of in Nigeria Terrorism of Boko Haram in Nigeria Joint Special Operations University 7701 Tampa Point Boulevard MacDill AFB FL 33621 https://jsou.socom.mil Forest James J.F. Forest JSOU Report 12-5 May 2012 Joint Special Operations University Brian A. Maher, Ed.D., SES, President Kenneth H. Poole, Ed.D., Strategic Studies Department Director Juan Alvarez, Colonel, U.S. Air Force, Ret.; Dona Stewart, Ph.D., Geography; William Knarr, Ed.D., Colonel, U.S. Army, Ret. — Resident Senior Fellows Editorial Advisory Board Joint Special Operations University John B. Alexander Alvaro de Souza Pinheiro Ph.D., Education, The Apollinaire Group Major General, Brazilian Army, Ret. and the Strategic Studies Department and JSOU Senior Fellow JSOU Associate Fellow The Joint Special Operations University (JSOU) provides its publications Roby C. Barrett James F. Powers, Jr. to contribute toward expanding the body of knowledge about joint special Ph.D., Middle Eastern and Colonel, U.S. Army, Ret. South Asian History JSOU Senior Fellow operations. JSOU publications advance the insights and recommendations Public Policy Center Middle East Institute of national security professionals and the Special Operations Forces (SOF) and JSOU Senior Fellow Thomas Sass students and leaders for consideration by the SOF community and defense Ph.D., International Relations Joseph D. Celeski leadership Colonel, U.S. Army, Ret. Richard H. Shultz, Jr. JSOU is the educational component of the United States Special Opera- JSOU Senior Fellow Ph.D., Political Science tions Command (USSOCOM), MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. The JSOU Director, International Security Chuck Cunningham Studies Program, The Fletcher School, mission is to educate SOF executive, senior, and intermediate leaders and Lieutenant General, U.S. Air Force, Ret. Tufts University and JSOU Senior Fellow selected other national and international security decision makers, both Professor of Strategy, Joint Advanced military and civilian, through teaching, outreach, and research in the sci- Warfighting School and JSOU Senior Stephen Sloan Fellow Ph.D., Comparative Politics ence and art of joint special operations. JSOU provides education to the men University of Central Florida and JSOU and women of SOF and to those who enable the SOF mission in a joint and Thomas H. Henriksen Senior Fellow interagency environment. Ph.D., History, Hoover Institution Robert G. Spulak, Jr. JSOU conducts research through its Strategic Studies Department where Stanford University and JSOU Senior Fellow Ph.D., Physics/Nuclear Engineering effort centers upon the USSOCOM and United States SOF missions: Sandia National Laboratories Russell D. Howard and JSOU Associate Fellow USSOCOM mission. Provide fully capable Special Operations Forces Brigadier General, U.S. Army, Ret. to defend the United States and its interests. Synchronize planning of JSOU Senior Fellow Joseph S. Stringham global operations against terrorist networks. Brigadier General, U.S. Army, Ret. John D. Jogerst JSOU Associate Fellow USSOF mission. USSOF conduct special operations to prepare the Colonel, U.S. Air Force, Ret. Jessica Glicken Turnley operational environment, prevent crisis, and respond with speed, preci- James Kiras Ph.D., Cultural Anthropology/ sion, and lethality to achieve tactical through strategic effect. Ph.D., History, School of Advanced Air Southeast Asian Studies The Strategic Studies Department also organizes and conducts strategic and Space Studies, Air University and Galisteo Consulting Group symposia, interagency curricula, international curricula, regional and cul- JSOU Associate Fellow and JSOU Senior Fellow tural education senior level courses, and senior level professional military William W. Mendel, Rich Yarger education. Colonel, U.S. Army, Ret. Ph.D., History JSOU Senior Fellow JSOU Senior Fellow This publication is available on the JSOU public web page located at https://jsou.socom.mil. On the cover: Residents inspect a police patrol van outside Sheka police station in the northern Nigerian city of Kano on 25 January 2012. The van was burned in bomb and shooting attacks on the police station the previous night by approximately 30 members of Boko Haram, wounding a policeman and killing a female visitor, according to residents. Photo used by permission of Newscom. Confronting the Terrorism of Boko Haram in Nigeria James J.F. Forest JSOU Report 12-5 The JSOU Press MacDill Air Force Base, Florida 2012 This monograph and other JSOU publications can be found at https://jsou.socom. mil. Click on Publications. Comments about this publication are invited and should be forwarded to Director, Strategic Studies Department, Joint Special Operations University, 7701 Tampa Point Blvd., MacDill AFB FL 33621. ******* The JSOU Strategic Studies Department is currently accepting written works rel- evant to special operations for potential publication. For more information please contact the JSOU Research Director at [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the JSOU Press. ******* This work was cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ISBN 978-1-933749-70-9 The views expressed in this publication are entirely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views, policy, or position of the United States Government, Department of Defense, United States Special Operations Command, or the Joint Special Operations University. Recent Publications of the JSOU Press Strategic Culture and Strategic Studies: An Alternative Framework for Assessing al-Qaeda and the Global Jihad Movement, May 2012, Richard Shultz Understanding the Form, Function, and Logic of Clandestine Insurgent and Terrorist Networks: The First Step in Effective Counternetwork Operations, April 2012, Derek Jones “We Will Find a Way”: Understanding the Legacy of Canadian Special Operations Forces, February 2012, Bernd Horn Winning Hearts and Minds in Afghanistan and Elsewhere, February 2012, Thomas H. Henriksen Cultural and Linguistic Skills Acquisition for Special Forces: Necessity, Acceleration, and Potential Alternatives, November 2011, Russell D. Howard Oman: The Present in the Context of a Fractured Past, August 2011, Roby Barrett 2011 JSOU and NDIA SO/LIC Division Essays, July 2011 USSOCOM Research Topics 2012 Yemen: A Different Political Paradigm in Context, May 2011, Roby Barrett The Challenge of Nonterritorial and Virtual Conflicts: Rethinking Coun- terinsurgency and Counterterrorism, March 2011, Stephen Sloan Cross-Cultural Competence and Small Groups: Why SOF are the way SOF are, March 2011, Jessica Glicken Turnley Innovate or Die: Innovation and Technology for Special Operations, December 2010, Robert G. Spulak, Jr. Terrorist-Insurgent Thinking and Joint Special Operational Planning Doctrine and Procedures, September 2010, Laure Paquette Convergence: Special Operations Forces and Civilian Law Enforcement, July 2010, John B. Alexander Hezbollah: Social Services as a Source of Power, June 2010, James B. Love Contents Foreword ....................................................................................... ix About the Author ........................................................................... xi Preface ........................................................................................ xiii 1. Introduction ................................................................................ 1 2. A Brief Political History of Nigeria ............................................. 19 3. Grievances of the Governed ...................................................... 31 4. The Complex Security Environment of Nigeria ........................... 45 5. The Unique Case of Boko Haram ............................................... 61 6. Responding to Boko Haram ....................................................... 87 7. Conclusion and Implications for SOF ...................................... 111 Bibliography ................................................................................ 123 Appendix A – Recent Attacks Attributed to Boko Haram ............. 135 Appendix B – Additional Resources for Information ..................... 143 Endnotes ..................................................................................... 151 vii Foreword n this monograph counterterrorism expert James Forest assesses the Ithreat Boko Haram poses to Nigeria and U.S. national security interests. As Dr. Forest notes, Boko Haram is largely a local phenomenon, though one with strategic implications, and must be understood and addressed within its local context and the long standing grievances that motivate terrorist activity. Dr. Forest deftly explores Nigeria’s ethnic fissures and the role of unequal distribution of power in fueling terrorism. Indeed, these conditions, combined with the ready availability of weapons, contribute to Nigeria’s other security challenges including militancy in the Niger Delta and organized crime around the economic center of the country, Lagos. Born of colonial rule the modern state of Nigeria contains a multitude of ethno linguistic groups and tribes, religious traditions, and local histories. This complexity, spread out across diverse environments from the coastal southern lowlands to the dry and arid north, has long posed a daunting challenge to governance and stability. Nigeria has had 14 heads of state since independence in 1958—many of these have taken power by military coup, while only five, including the current president Goodluck Jonathan, have
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