FFuturopauturopa For a new vision of landscape and territory A Council of Europe Magazine n o 2 / 2010 – English

Landscape Territory Nature Landscape and transfrontier Culture co-operation Heritage Human beings Society Sustainable development Ethics Aesthetic Inhabitants Perception Inspiration Genius loci n o 2 – 2010

Editors Robert Palmer, Director of Culture and Cultural and Natural Heritage FFuturopauturopa of the Council of Europe Daniel Thérond, Deputy to the Director of Culture and Cultural and Natural Heritage of the Council of Europe Editorial Transfrontier landscapes – a challenge with multiple and sometimes Director of publication confl icting approaches – Andreas Stalder...... p. 3 Maguelonne Déjeant-Pons, Head of the Cultural Heritage, Landscape Presentation and Spatial Planning Division Crossing frontiers: towards a common European landscape of the Council of Europe Graham Fairclough ...... p. 4 With the co-operation of Some examples of co-operation within Europe Alison Cardwell, Administrator, The North Cultural Heritage, Landscape Nordic multilateral co-operation on landscape – Audun Mofl ag, Jerker Moström, and Spatial Planning Division Søren Rasmussen, Ragnheiður Þórarinsdóttir and Satu Mikkonen-Hirvonen ....p. 6 Béatrice Sauvageot, Assistant, Cultural Heritage, Landscape The West and Spatial Planning Division The experience of France’s transfrontier workshops for identifying and assessing landscapes – Jean-François Seguin ...... p. 8 Concept and editing Transfrontier co-operation and landscapes: Walloon experiences Amy Ruffl e Mireille Deconinck ...... p. 9 Kristel Jurado The Planarch 2 Project: integrating archaeology and spatial planning Claudio Corsi Marie-Jeanne Ghenne and John Williams ...... p. 11 The Spain-Portugal atlas of landscapes Printer Maria José Festas and Margarita Ortega Delgado ...... p. 12 Bietlot – Gilly (Belgium) The Centre and the East Identifying trans-border landscapes – Arthur Spiegler and Gernot Stöglehner ....p. 14 Articles may be freely reprinted provided that reference is made to the source and Protecting landscapes to strengthen regional identities and local economies: a copy sent to the editor. The copyright the transnational project ‘Cultural Landscapes’ – Józef Hernik, Burkhardt of all illustrations is reserved. Kolbmüller, Jacek Pijanowski and Agnieszka Was¸ ...... p. 16 Transfrontier co-operation for preserving landscape in the Drava Valley, The opinions expressed in this publication Croatia and Hungary – László Fenyo˝si, Balázs Trócsányi, Mirna Bojić are those of the authors and do not and Gábor Kiss ...... p. 18 necessarily refl ect the views of the Council A transboundary landscape between Austria and Hungary around of Europe. the Lake Fertö/Neusiedler – Éva Konkoly-Gyuró ...... p. 22 © Cover by James Thew – Fotolia.com Riverbank forests of the Moldova-Ukraine Middle Nistru Basin Aurel Lozan and Andrei Dumbraveanu ...... p. 24 This issue has been printed with Transfrontier co-operation projects in the South Caucasus: REC Caucasus the support of the Swiss Federal Nune G. Harutyunyan ...... p. 26 Offi ce of the Environment, European Christmas landscapes: a transfrontier analysis Forestry and Landscape. Alexander V. Drozdov ...... p. 28 The South A proposal for a shared landscape reading methodology Lionella Scazzosi and Anna Rossi ...... p. 30 The European Landscape Observatory of Arco Latino – Angelo Paladino, Domenico Nicoletti and Christine Garnero Morena ...... p. 32 Describing and labelling Mediterranean landscapes to protect their diversity – Nataša Bratina Jurkovicˇ ...... p. 33 The “Côteàcôte” Project: a sea viewed from its shores for greater co-operation between Mediterranean landscapes – Jean-Guy Ubiergo ...... p. 35 Co-operation between Mediterranean regions to encourage good landscape practices – Andreas Hildenbrand Scheid ...... p. 36 Co-operation across and beyond Europe Rivers as cultural infrastructures – Romeo Farinella ...... p. 38 The potential of the Geopark European Network for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention – Martina Paskova ...... p. 39 The role of landscape in co-operation between Andalusia and Morocco Florencio Zoido Naranjo ...... p. 41 Towards landscape-centred transfrontier co-operation “Andalusia and Northern Morocco” – A model to emulate – Abdelhouahab Idelhadj ..... p. 42 Alliance of world heritage cultural landscapes – Luciano Sanchez ...... p. 43 Co-operation for transfrontier landscape – Alberto A. Herrero de la Fuente ...... p. 44 “Landscape ambassadors” students – Yves Michelin ...... p. 45 Conclusion Council of Europe: towards development of transfrontier co-operation in favour of the territory and the landscape – Maguelonne Déjeant-Pons ...... p. 46 Editorial

Transfrontier landscapes – a challenge with multiple and sometimes C confl icting approaches ce

Transfrontier landscapes – confl icting approaches? Transfrontier landscapes – a multitude of approaches Under Article 9 of the European Landscape Convention (Florence Convention of 20 October 2000), the Parties Transfrontier landscapes also give Council of Europe Photo Offi undertake to encourage transfrontier co-operation at local us the opportunity to become aware of and regional level and to implement joint landscape projects. the multitude of natural habitats, cultures, What does this mean in practice? At fi rst sight, this provision mentalities and historical developments in Europe seems to contradict itself. It can only really be understood and the landscape development to which this has given rise. and have any effect if it is read and understood in the spirit Causes and consequences, starting points and subsequent of the Convention and the other provisions. As we shall see, developments – often these things defy explanation, and often considerable political astuteness is required to interpret this they are even interchangeable with one another. They show article and put it into practice. us that everything can be seen and interpreted from different viewpoints, and also be used for different purposes. Even the The central starting point is respect for the principle of interpretation of the term “transfrontier landscape” varies and subsidiarity and national constitutional principles, in other is often ambiguous: words the territorial organisation of the state concerned and the division of powers (Article 4). As a rule, relations with other – What frontiers are we talking about? Territorial boundaries? states are a central-government responsibility, but there are Or topographical, climatic, cultural, linguistic, religious, exceptions to this of varying degrees in a number of countries. ethnic, geological or mental boundaries? – Are the landscapes on either side of national borders different Furthermore, the concept of landscape on which the Convention because they have developed differently or is the border there is based requires co-operation between regional authorities, because natural conditions have shaped different landscapes, stakeholders and the public to identify landscapes, categorise and different peoples and people have used and developed them, set protection and development goals and, of course, them differently? devise joint transfrontier landscape projects. The challenge of – Are landscapes shaped by man-made territorial boundaries the participatory approach is to cater for regional populations’ or are they the result of functional links and dependencies? needs while taking account of increasing mobility and their – Are rivers the arteries of landscapes, and mountains their remoteness from their native regions, without however creating backbones, or do rivers and mountains separate different total uniformity. In practice this means that participation landscapes? Where a national frontier is marked by a river or is possible only if it is guided by (regional) experts and by mountains, is that a natural or an artifi cial boundary? specialists with an understanding of wider landscape issues. – Some landscapes force humans to surpass themselves while others bring them up against their limits. The discrepancy pointed out above should on no account be a – If landscapes are progressively losing their character and barrier to promoting transfrontier landscapes and landscape hence their identity, then their frontiers are also fading and projects. On the other hand, the public and the stakeholders do vanishing. If that is the case, can we talk about landscapes need to be made aware of the principles behind the approach any more? to landscape and of regional and local landscape values. Only in this way can these specifi c values then serve to foster a – Virtual landscapes involve any number of stakeholders, sense of identifi cation with landscape and raise its profi le, can be anywhere, have no beginning or end, and have no and become a “unique selling proposition”. Creative problem- frontiers. If that is the case, can we talk about frontiers any solving and close, preferably non-bureaucratic, co-operation more? are required between each country’s different sub-state tiers – What is the future for landscapes? of government (vertical co-operation) and between the offi cial bodies at all levels of the various states concerned (horizontal I hope that by exploring the “borderlines” of landscape, we co-operation). Actual landscape projects often arise not as can encourage a fresh understanding, build bridges and join the result of a specifi c landscape policy but as the by-product together in developing new approaches. Let us give a new of a sectoral policy relevant to landscape (policy drivers), or meaning to frontier landscapes so that Europe can continue to are triggered by specifi c spatial confl icts. The watchword is boast such a great variety of landscapes! multi-sectoral co-operation within States and between the different States involved, as this is the only way of ensuring Andreas Stalder that what emerges is not just a random “residual landscape”, Vice-Chairman of the Steering Committee for Heritage and Landscape but a real landscape development project based on clear and of the Council of Europe (CDPATEP), Bern, Switzerland comprehensible foundations and goals. [email protected]

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 3 Presentation

Crossing frontiers: towards a common: European landscape

Transfrontier co-operation enables us to with the ‘European landscape’, but any landscape, however, is challenged by share landscapes. Exploring new places, combination of landscapes in Europe is noting that all Europe’s national fron- meeting new people and fi nding new in character distinctively European, not tiers are ‘young’ in relation to the deep ways of ‘seeing’ are benefi ts of trans- American or African. There is indeed a ‘time-depth’ of the landscapes that frontier co-operation. They support the ‘European landscape’, and transfron- cross them. ‘Local’ differences born of aims of the Council of Europe’s European tier co-operation – programmes and the spirit of a place are important, but Landscape Convention, and they sup- projects, workshops and exchanges – is comparing areas across borders reveals port the Framework Convention on the an important way to understand it. deeper pan-European similarities that value of cultural heritage for society arise from cultural fundamentals such by increasing understanding between Working across borders extends percep- as types of agriculture, social structures countries and cultures and by contribut- tions and opens up new perspectives. and long-term historical functional proc- ing to a sharper defi nition of Europe’s Seeing other landscapes (preferably in esses. common heritage. the company of those who ‘own’ them) causes a ‘European’ view of landscape Over recent years, I have been fortunate Landscape is one of the most impor- to emerge. Furthermore, seeing our to have participated in several trans- tant components of common herit- own landscapes, through the eyes frontier (or pan-European) projects. age. It provides a common ‘language’ of colleagues and friends from other As a result, ‘my’ European landscape that arises simply from being human countries revises our perceptions even is becoming a diverse collection of (landscape is an area “as perceived by of familiar areas, whilst having crossed images, memories and interpretations, people”) transcending nationality, race, a frontier we can look back from ‘the a collage of Europe, an ever-changing religion or culture. What, however, is the other side’ and re-imagine our own kaleidoscope which speaks increasingly ‘European landscape’? It has been said landscape. consistently to me of ‘Europe’. to me that there can be no ‘European landscape’ because landscape exists in It is often possible to see strong differ- The Meetings of the workshops for local or national perceptions, and the ences between landscapes with similar the implementation of the European European scale is simply too big. It is topography or climate but divided by Landscape Convention organised by the true that we fi nd it easier to recognise political frontiers, thus demonstrating Council of Europe with various countries specifi c areas or types of landscape (such the role of culture in shaping landscape. are a good example of this, allowing par- as the Perigord or dehesa) than we do The relevance of national frontiers to ticipants not only to see new landscapes

Dehesa landscape, Portugal

4 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 Presentation

but to discuss what they mean to both managed and protected in 13 different A still current project (the Culture 2007 residents and visitors. More specifi cally, countries. An earlier project, European Eucaland Project) considers the contri- a recent Cost action (A27; Landmarks) Pathways to the Cultural Landscape in bution to Europe’s landscape of past led to many examples of transfrontier the Culture 2000 programme, compared and present agricultural activity. It aims comparison, including exchange visits, landscape and responses to landscape to create a provisional European-wide joint projects (e.g. between Greece and in 12 places in eight countries, using the classifi cation of agricultural landscape Iceland) and a published overview of how metaphor of stories to frame different so that a ‘reading’ of the landscape ‘landscape’ is conceptualised, researched, perceptions of landscape. on a European scale will move closer together. Projects such as this, or the French transfrontier workshops, help us to look beyond the national or local perceptions that have emphasised each country’s exceptionalism without also noticing a higher commonality. Any area of landscape can have both local and transnational values.

Transfrontier work rises above and tran- scends borders of all kinds. It reveals what ‘landscape as common herit- age’ might mean, and it introduces an enlarged common perspective and understanding of the mechanics of landscape management. In return, land- scape offers a fertile area of research and action for transfrontier co-opera- tion. There have been many successful transfrontier or pan-European land- scape-based projects, as this issue of the Council of Europe magazine Futuropa testifi es, but the next few years – thanks to European Union programmes funded by Esf-Cost, FP7, Culture 2007 or Era- net – are likely to offer many more opportunities for using transfrontier co- operation to see landscape at European as well as local or national level.

Graham Fairclough Head of Characterisation, English Heritage, London, United Kingdom [email protected] www.english-heritage.org.uk/characterisation

A Périgord landscape, France Presentation

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 5 Some examples of co-operat

Punkaharju, south eastern Tapio Heikkilä Finland. Nordic multilateral co-operation on landscape The Nordic context – a vast space A long tradition of multilateral co-operation The Nordic region is among the most sparsely populated in Europe. Its 25 mil- The Nordic countries are joined together lion people are just enough to cover the by their common history, culture and, to territory with some 21 people per square a great extent, similarity of languages. kilometre. The vast share of landscape The fi rst political union dates back to per capita is a trait shared by most of 1397-1523. In recent history, the Nordic the northern countries and it is both an countries have been working closely asset and a challenge in terms of plan- together on political issues for the last ning, management and the protection 50 years. This forms a basis also for a of landscapes. joint Nordic approach to landscape chal- lenges. The concept of vast spaces and desola- tion is an important part of the branding The Nordic Council was established in of the Nordic landscape. The advertis- 1952. It is a forum for parliamentary co- ing business and the tourist industry are operation between Denmark, Finland, carefully cultivating the exotic images of Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and the true wilderness, vast forests, archipelagos autonomous territories of Greenland, and the Nordic light, fully aware of the the Faroe Islands and Åland. Initial suc- economic potential. But vast space also cesses in the 1950s include the passport has obvious drawbacks. A truly un-exotic union, the common labour market and fact is that many countryside municipali- social policy conventions. ties are facing a situation with a rapidly decreasing population. This may not be The Nordic Council of Ministers, estab- an exclusive Nordic trend, but taking into lished in 1971, is a forum for governmen- nature, open air and cultural environ- account the insignifi cant number of resi- tal co-operation. Under the Committee ment (NFK) is dealing with a broad spec- dents housed by these municipalities, the of Senior Offi cials for Environmental trum of themes – including biological challenge is striking. Affairs (EK-M), the Working group for diversity, landscape, cultural environ- ment and outdoor recreation. In the area of landscape and cultural environ- ment, the working group is supporting joint Nordic proposals for the imple- mentation of the European Landscape Convention. Through the facilitating work of the Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic co-operation on landscape issues Jan Solgård has a strong multilateral approach.

Intergovernmental actions

The national bodies responsible for the European Landscape Convention are co- operating within the framework of the Nordic Council of Ministers. The Nordic Council of Ministers’ Environmental Action Plan 2005-08 identifi ed the imple- mentation of the European Landscape Convention as a priority area of action. The NFK Working group has supported a series of important initiatives: – A preliminary project on the fol- low-up to the European Landscape Convention, presenting information on the work on landscape in the Nordic countries, and identifying common priorities for co-operation Ålesund, mid-western Norway in implementing the Convention.

6 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 ion within Europe The North

IS

FI

NO SE

DK

Landscape Convention by municipal and regional planning, and establishing a Nordic network of people involved in these issues (Norway, September 2004). The work is presented in the

Pål-Nils Nilsson report: Implementering av den euro- peiske landskapskonvensjonen i lokal og regional planlegging i Norden (55 p.

in Norwegian). ANP 2005:771. 0 1 000 km – A Nordic workshop, consolidating the network for Nordic co-operation on Map of the Nordic Region landscape and cultural environment, and improving the basis for joint Nordic projects (September 2007, Sweden). implementation. The aim is to create Report: Landskap i förändring (74 p. in a better overview in order to facilitate Swedish). TemaNord 2008:581. co-operation. – The Nordic countries should adopt a In addition to these initiatives, the common Nordic action programme Nordic Council of Ministers has sup- for landscape. The co-operation ported a number of joint projects within should draw on each country’s par-

the areas of natural conservation and ticular expertise in different areas, The North cultural heritage with strong relevance and promote a Nordic perspective in Odensbacken, inland Sweden to landscape. national contexts.

Opportunities ahead Jerker Moström Swedish National Heritage Board, Within current Nordic co-operation, Stockholm, Sweden the need for more concrete action has [email protected] Leif Gren been raised. The co-operation should in particular focus on political aspects and Audun Mofl ag Ministry of the Environment, Oslo, Norway options related to the implementation Audun.mofl [email protected] of the European Landscape Convention, and strengthen links between the man- agement of natural and cultural herit- With the contribution of: age, recognising them as resources of Søren Rasmussen mutual enrichment. Eyafjordur, northern coast of Iceland Agency for spatial/regional planning, Ministry of the Environment, Three initial steps may explore the Copenhagen, Denmark opportunities: [email protected] – The Convention gives new meaning to our notion of landscapes. Awareness- Ragnheiður Þórarinsdóttir Sérfræðingur raising is the key to implementation. Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Everybody in relevant planning or Reykjavík, Iceland decision-making positions should [email protected] recognise the nature of landscapes Søren Rasmussen (according to the Convention defi ni- Satu Mikkonen-Hirvonen Researcher tion), what they mean to human qual- National Board of Antiquities, ity of life and what kind of forces are Helsinki, Finland changing them. satu.mikkonen-hirvonen@nba.fi – The institutional frameworks for the implementation of the European Sjællands Odde, central Denmark Landscape Convention differ slightly between the Nordic countries. There The work is presented in the report: should be a project looking into the Nordens landskap (76 p. in Norwegian). division of responsibilities in each TemaNord 2003:550. country, the authorities involved and – A Nordic workshop, exchanging the processes organised at central views on implementing the European government level for ratifi cation and Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 7 Some examples of co-operat

The experience of France’s transfrontier workshops for identifying and assessing landscapes

We often hear it said that the European Maritime Affairs began holding trans- more often than not, the language being Landscape Convention is a groundbreak- frontier workshops on the identifi cation used as a means of communication dis- ing instrument. Is there any truth to this and assessment of landscapes: torts the true meaning of the vocabulary claim or is it merely one of those trite – Transfrontier workshop with the of landscape. Where necessary, however, statements of the kind that has become Walloon Region, individuals who are bilingual are invited to traditional at international gatherings? – Transfrontier workshop with Spain, explain the meaning of certain words or – Transfrontier workshop with Italy, concepts. This is very important because In my view, and this will come as no sur- – Transfrontier workshop with England, the landscape terms used in the different prise to anyone, the European Landscape – Transfrontier workshop with Catalonia. languages are littered with faux amis. As a Convention genuinely breaks new ground. regular at these transfrontier workshops, It has generated real, signifi cant progress The French “Landscape Atlases Method” I have given up trying to fi nd “literal” in the landscape policy implemented in is constantly being improved by these translations of words, preferring instead France, and probably in many other exchanges of experience and methodology, to look for equivalent terms in the differ- countries besides. This progress has been in 2005 with the Walloon Region, in 2006 ent languages, cultures or scientifi c and made possible because the Convention with Spain, in 2007 with Italy, in 2008 with technical vocabularies. has turned several of our habits, and even England and in 2009 with Catalonia. some of our fi rmly held beliefs, on their Each workshop looks at a particular aspect head. It has changed our conception of The idea behind these workshops is quite of the process of identifying and assessing landscape in several fundamental ways. simple: in principle, landscapes form a landscapes: with the Walloons, the focus The innovations that the Convention continuum that does not stop at national was on the synopsis, i.e. all the themes and brings are not actually original and the borders. The workshops are held in areas topics to be explored, with the Spanish, concepts behind them had been articu- which, although separated by a border it was on landscape units, structures and lated before by various scientists, nota- between states, have common geographi- elements, with the Italians, consideration bly geographers and sociologists. These cal and landscape features. These prox- for local perceptions, with the English, concepts, however, had not yet, or only imities and similarities make it possible the dynamics and with the Catalans, the barely, begun to creep into legal instru- to draw valid comparisons between the use made of the Landscape Atlases. A ments. This incorporation of research methods used and the results achieved. few experts or practitioners from other into a legal text was in large part due to European countries or related disciplines the efforts of Yves Luginbühl, one of the Work starts well before the actual work- (such as landscape ecology) are always two authors of the non-legal version of the shop, with documents being assembled invited as well, helping to produce more convention. Such understanding between and sent out to participants a month considered and better-thought-out conclu- researchers and administrators remains in advance. The workshop itself begins sions. When it comes to landscapes, you all too rare and is one of those challenges in the field, where participants can can never have too much brainpower. that still needs to be addressed. compare and contrast what they dis- cover there with the description of the As I see it, this “meeting of minds” is one The European Landscape Convention landscape provided, according to the of the main contributions of the European provides that “identifi cation and assess- methods used on both sides of the bor- Landscape Convention. The transfrontier ment procedures shall be guided by the der. This vital “grounding” exercise con- workshops are a good example of this exchanges of experience and methodology, tinues in the classroom with an in-depth not only because various parties to the organised between the Parties at European discussion and exchange of views. The Convention attend them, but also because level pursuant to Article 8” which states workshop ends with participants formu- they bring together representatives of pub- that “the Parties undertake to co-operate lating the conclusions together, which lic authorities, states, regions, provinces in order to enhance the effectiveness of are displayed “live” on a screen. and municipalities, scientists, practition- measures taken under other articles of ers and NGOs. All of which goes to show this Convention, and in particular … to In an effort to keep costs down, the work- that a lightweight structure, where each render each other technical and scientifi c shops are run on a voluntary basis: every- individual makes a contribution, can be assistance in landscape matters through one pays their own travel and subsistence an effective and useful complement to the pooling and exchange of experience, costs and local resources are made avail- the Council of Europe Meetings of the and the results of research projects”. able by the relevant Regional Department workshops for the implementation of the of the Environment in France. The European Landscape Convention. In order to give practical effect to these number of participants is deliberately provisions and, at the same time, pre- kept to around 30 to encourage every- Jean-François Seguin Chair of the Council of Europe Conference pare a new version of the “Méthode one to take an active part in the proceed- of the European Landscape Convention, pour des Atlas de paysages” (“Landscape ings. Most of the time, no translation is Head of the Landscape Offi ce, Ministry of Ecology, Atlases Method”) used in France since provided, with participants being asked Sustainable Development and Sea, France 1994, in 2005 the Ministry of Ecology, instead to speak in their own language. Jean-Francois.seguin@developpement- Energy, Sustainable Development and This helps to avoid misunderstandings, as durable.gouv.fr

8 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 ion within Europe The West

Transfrontier co-operation

and landscapes : Walloon experiences

Although a modestly sized region, exchange of experiences about the task ble to consult and download it on the Wallonia has frontiers stretching for of identifying and qualifying landscapes website of the Cpdt. 1,231 kilometres. France, the Grand and to refl ect on operational improve- Duchy of Luxembourg, Germany and ment of the method. The first part of the Atlas helps the the Netherlands, without forgetting the reader to understand the formation of Flemish region, border Wallonia, although One of the results of this exchange was the Walloon landscapes, specifically there are no real physical barriers to mark the elaboration of a ‘reading grid of those of L’Entre-Vesdre-et-Meuse. It its limits. Given this context, transfrontier landscape atlases’ presenting the cons- provides the key principles for reading co-operation becomes signifi cant. Indeed, titutive elements of such a document. current landscapes as well as showing a large part of the Walloon population the pressures to which these landscapes lives close to a frontier and its landscapes Reassured by this transfrontier are subjected. In the second part, the have no administrative limits. Workshop, the Walloon region then reader can discover the elements which decided to launch itself into the produc- characterise more local landscapes, as The European Landscape Convention, tion of landscape atlases and to entrust well as the issues which arise as a conse- in force in Belgium since 2005 and rati- their realisation to the Permanent quence of the observations made; issues fi ed by the Walloon region since 2001, Conference of Territorial Development to do with conservation, management foresees a series of particular measures (Cpdt)1, with the help of a working group and landscape planning. including the identifi cation and descrip- constituted of experts in the fi eld. tion of landscapes, mutual assistance and exchange of information, and its At the start of the work of the ‘Landscape The Interreg projects

application in transfrontier landscapes Territories of Wallonia’2, the territorial The West (articles 6, 7, 8 and 9). scale chosen was landscape groups. The EU structural funds have been, for Wallonia has thirteen. some local institutions and people inter- Subtly combining all these measures, ested in territorial issues, an opportu- Wallonia has undertaken a series of The “Landscape Atlases of Wallonia” nity to develop a landscape project in actions, some completed, others still in were conceived as tools to spread know- partnership with the administration3. progress. ledge, raise awareness and improve management. Amply illustrated, they The Deux Ourthes Natural Park, associa- are designed to be accessible to a wide ted with the Hëllef Fir d’Natur Foundation The France-Wallonia public, from citizens who are simply of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, for transfrontier Workshop curious or love their region to policy example, has produced a ‘topo guide’ to and landscape atlases makers, and including members of dif- transfrontier hiking entitled La Traversée ferent associations. des Pays et des Ages (Travelling through Since 1994 in France, the Minister countries and time). of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable The first volume of this collection, Development and Maritime Affairs has which, when fi nished, will cover the The goal of this project is ambitious and been developing landscape atlases. whole of Wallonia, was published at has several aspects; it links the develop- Since 2001, work of a similar nature the beginning of 2008 and concerns ment of sustainable tourism, raising the has been envisaged in Wallonia. The the landscape group of L’Entre-Vesdre- awareness of populations about their sur- Workshop organised at Montherme in et-Meuse, a territory bordering the roundings and the enhanced value of the September 2005 aimed to give rise to an Netherlands and Germany. It is possi- landscape heritage of the Ardennes.

The guide describes the exceptional views which are dotted here and there along the walk, but also the landscapes which although seeming at fi rst glance not very spectacular, actually conceal the traces of an often unknown past. Ruins of buildings, ancient agrarian structures, place names… All these

Jean-François Seguin elements deserve as much attention as the landscapes considered ‘remark- able’ and can improve interpretation of a landscape, understanding of its issues, determination of the pressures which affect it and its probable evolution.

These descriptions and analysis are pre- sented through an original and attractive The experience of France’s transfrontier workshops for identifying and assessing landscapes

introductory key. In fact, whether it is a Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 9 Some examples of co-operat

Roman road, major cadastral axes put in The observatory is destined to illustrate place in Antiquity or a postal route used the territory and its future on the basis at the dawn of modern times, the routes of participation by citizens. It could shown in ‘Travelling through countries constitute a tool to help make deci- and time’ all have a long history. sions, in order to safeguard harmony between current landscapes and those The 48 km hike is marked out, as are of the future. routes allowing a shorter walk. The project links a technical approach The topo guide is accompanied by a and a sensitive approach. Indeed, the map (scale 1: 25,000) showing the dif- transfrontier observatory of landscape ferent routes. It also includes a series aims to be: of useful addresses (accommodation, – an instrument of knowledge: to restaurants…). understand and record the diversity of landscapes thanks to the creation Another project financed by the of a photographic collection; Interreg IV funds has just begun. It con- – an instrument of analysis: to observe cerns the creation of a transfrontier pho- and evaluate the evolutions of land- tographic observatory of landscape. scapes, whether rapid or slow; – an instrument of mobilisation: to raise This project began in 2007 thanks to the awareness and involve the different Border stone No 271 between Gouvy resolve of the French side of the Natural actors and inhabitants in the evolution (Belgium) and Wincrange (Luxembourg) Regional Park of Scarpe-Escaut and the of local landscapes. Walloon side of the Natural Park of the Plains of Escaut, brought together in the This project was inspired by other It is therefore too early to learn from it; Transfrontier Natural Park of Hainaut, experiments run in Wallonia, France, the lessons will emerge later. to commit themselves to improving and even other countries. It is supported knowledge of these landscapes and to by a driving committee which is trans- Other experiments could have been following their transformations. frontier and is now in its initial phase. discussed here but these few exam- ples illustrate the manner in which the Walloon region respects the engage- ments which it has undertaken by ratifying the European Landscape Convention.

Atlas of landscapes L'Entre-Vesdre- of Wallonia Gislaine Devillers et-Meuse First Offi cer Public Service of Wallonia, DG04 Heritage Division, Belgium Jambes (Namur), Belgium [email protected] Mireille Deconinck Offi cer Public Service of Wallonia, Planning and Urbanism Division, Belgium Jambes (Namur), Belgium [email protected]

1 For more information see: http://cpdt.wallonie.be/index.php 2 « Les territoires paysagers de Wallonie » (2004) Permanent Conference of Territorial Development, Studies and Documents 4, Ministry of the Walloon Region. 3 For more information, see the Cahiers de l’urbanisme no 64, June 2007, pages 68-73.

Atlas cover

10 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 ion within Europe The West

The Planarch 2 Project: integrating archaeology and spatial planning

The Planarch partnership originated in the late 1990s from a desire to create bet- ter awareness of heritage and archaeo- logy within spatial planning. Two projects NORTH SEA have been supported by the North-West Europe Interreg programme (IIC and IIIB), with partners from England, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany that were involved at a strategic level in cultural heritage management. Kent NETHERLANDS County Council was lead partner. Essex GREAT BRITAIN

Planarch 2, which commenced in 2004, BELGIUM focused on the heritage cycle, namely Kent Rhineland identifi cation, evaluation, management Flanders and promotion and the crucial role of ‘understanding’, which is informed by FRANCE Nord-Pas-de-Calais and informs our relationship with the Wallonia remains of the past. GERMANY

Under identifi cation, the role of heritage G.D. of The West LUX. records was considered both within spa- tial planning and also in making the past accessible to the wider public. Evaluation looked at how to improve decision- making relating to planning proposals; specifi c topics covered fi eld archaeology investigations, air-photography and the problems of wetland archaeology.

A key management output was a review of approaches to cultural heritage in Environmental Impact Assessment in the Planarch region. Although EIA in the planning process and also with Planarch partners are presently contem- emanated from a European directive, the public more generally: our European plating how they might take co-opera- responses could vary significantly. heritage is part of our collective identity tion forward into a Planarch 3 – and Strengths and weaknesses were rather than the preserve of a select few beyond. assessed and recommendations made. and it is important that it is cherished Guiding Principles for dealing with the and owned by all. Output from Planarch can be viewed at Cultural Heritage in Environmental www.planarch.org Impact Assessment, endorsed by the Looking after the historic environment European Association of Archaeologists and making it relevant to today’s society and the European Archaeological remains a challenge in the face of ongo- John Williams Council, were launched at a reception ing development and social and eco- Past Head of Heritage Conservation, in the European Parliament in Brussels nomic pressures. Understanding and Kent County Council, United Kingdom in November 2005. respecting our individual and collec- Marie-Jeanne Ghenne tive origins can help to bind the peo- Heritage Department, Public Service Promotion was very much about how to ples of Europe together as we face the of Wallonia, Belgium communicate, both with those involved challenges of the 21st century and the [email protected] Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 11 Some examples of co-operat

The Spain-Portugal Atlas of landscapes

An innovative project design of territorial models”, and also The description of each landscape is of European co-operation as an “element for intervention favour- conducted using standardised formats for the acknowledgement ing its protection and conservation and including basic aspects of the territo- of landscape for aiming its improvement in land use rial and dynamic characterisation of transformation processes”. the landscape: landscape organisation, In 1998, two European States, Portugal landscape dynamics, perception of the and Spain, decided to approach their landscape, and landscape values. Each landscapes in a coordinated way. The Co-operative methodology landscape analysed is presented by a three objectives were to: and some shared cross-border text, a cultural image of that landscape. – identify, characterise and map the landscapes in two independent landscape diversity; atlases Landscape types represent grouped land- – extend this identifi cation to all the ter- scapes whose fundamental structures ritory in the format of an atlas; The Project anticipated some of the are repeated throughout the territory. – incorporate landscape as a new basis aspects later considered in the European At the level of the atlas, the landscape for wider co-operation in territorial Landscape Convention, in particular types provide a synthetic but relatively management, in the framework of the “Identifi cation and assessment”, the detailed reading of large landscape European Union territorial process. contribution to European co-operation, configurations. In the identification integrating landscape in international and characterisation of the landscape In this way, in the Interreg IIC programmes and the identifi cation of types, the regional factor, understood Programme, South-western Europe cross-border landscapes (Articles 6, 7 as the landscape construction process was presented with the Project: and 8). The Convention also planned based on different territorial histories, “Characterisation and identifi cation of three specifi c tasks: to identify their was in most cases decisive. Many of the the landscapes of the Iberian peninsula own landscapes (those of the signato- landscapes respond to long-term proc- and insular territories” as a proposal of ries) within their territory as a whole; esses, which have occurred within the the Portuguese Ministry of Environment to analyse the characteristics thereof, framework of historic territories, cur- and Spatial Planning and the Spanish along with the dynamics and pressures rently within the regional scope. Ministry of Environment. Two teams, modifying them, and to monitor any from the University of Evora (Portugal) transformations. Associations of such landscape types and the Autonomous University of and landscape as the highest level of Madrid (Spain), were commissioned to The two Atlases tackle the identifi ca- taxonomy, integrate landscape types undertake the project1. After three years tion and characterisation of landscapes that are similar due to their topographic of joint work, the project produced two throughout the whole territory, both on confi guration, to their bioclimatic char- independent atlases, both published in the Iberian Peninsula and the islands acteristics and to similarities in the each country. (Madeira, The Azores, the Balearic land uses. In most cases, this font goes Islands and the Canary Islands). The project considers landscape as an expression of the centuries-old relation- ship of societies with their surroundings Typology of the landscapes and as a reality “that has become one of Portugal and Spain of the components that land planning and territorial development policies Even though the methodologies used and instruments should consider in the were not the same, the same types of variables were taken into account in each State.

The working method developed has R. Mata allowed the establishment of a hierarchi- cal typology on three levels: landscape units or simply, landscapes; landscape types, and landscape associations.

Landscape units express the diversity of landscapes at a basic level. Each unit is defi ned by its internal homogeneity and its differences with neighbouring landscapes. Uniqueness is its most char- acteristic feature and results from the particular relationships between local Cantabrian mountains, Asturias, Spain Holm oaks with arable land, Ciudad Real, Spain communities and their territory.

12 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 ion within Europe The West

beyond the regional scope, as regards physiographical features of the territory and provides a map that is relatively abstract in relation to the reality of the landscape, but is useful as a general and synthetic cartographic expression.

Cartography and photographs

The Atlases are presented with maps on different scales (1:700.000, Spanish Atlas; 1:250.000, Portuguese Atlas).

Maps are completed with photographs, taken by the authors during their fi eld work, as a valuable testimony of the image of the landscapes in the transition from the 20th to the 21st century. The West Margarita Ortega Senior Adviser, Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine areas, Spain [email protected]

Maria José Festas Senior Adviser, Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, Portugal [email protected]

1 Alexandre Cancela d’Abreu and Teresa Pinto Correia (Universidade de Evora), Rafael Mata and Concepción Sanz (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) Atlas of Spanish landscapes Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 13 Some examples of co-operation

Identifying trans-border landscapes

Introductory remarks the European Landscape Convention, tested this Ecovast method during a one methodological approaches that allow day workshop, some of its strengths In July 2006, the First Interreg Landscape active public participation could be and weaknesses were pointed out, like Symposium was held in Pernegg, Austria, developed and applied. the easy applicability and the holistic as a joint initiative of the University landscape characterisation on the one of Natural Resources and Applied Developing and applying such methods hand, and the predetermination of land- Life Sciences of Vienna, the Southern is complex. There is common agree- scape objectives through the selection Bohemian University Budvar, Ecovast ment that landscapes are a multi-sense of identifi cation criteria, on the other Austria and Ecovast International. The experience depending on people’s per- hand. It has been concluded that most main aim of the three day event was ception (which again has to do with weaknesses can be overcome when the to discuss the problems of identifying education). The dominating sense for group using the method is guided by an landscapes that extend across national landscape perception is vision. But other expert in landscape protection, manage- borders and to draw up solutions. The senses are also involved, for example ment and planning. event dealt with four crucial points of hearing (wind and water), feeling (heat, the European Landscape Convention: to cold, humidity) or even taste when try- identify landscapes, involve local people ing typical local food. The peculiarities of transborder in this process, raise their awareness and landscapes include landscape in education. One method designed for grass-roots level work is the Ecovast landscape iden- It is only rarely that a border-line tifi cation method with its 10 layers. The between different authorities, e.g. Identifying and appreciating basic layers (numbers 1-4) refer to the national borders, can be seen in the landscapes naturally created constituents of land- real landscape, with the exceptions of scape: surface geology, climate, soil and borders that are marked by large riv- Identifying landscape (units) is one landform. They are those landscape ers, the foot line of hills or the ridge of of the major targets of the European elements that can not be changed by mountain chains. Landscapes tend to Landscape Convention. The question humans or at least not easily (in a short extend such borders. But what do you is whether this only concerns experts time). Numbers 7-10 are the landscape have to take into account when dealing or whether local and interested lay peo- features created by people (e.g. houses with trans-border landscapes? ple – if guided – can also be involved. and settlements), whilst numbers 5 and 6 We are convinced that this is possible. are hybrid features with essential natural Let us use the example of the ‘Wood This is supported by the results of the elements but seriously infl uenced and/ Quarter’ in the north of Austria and its pedagogical research as shown in the or changed by humans. To put it briefl y: Czech equivalent on the other side of learning pyramid according to Bales. the basis of landscape is nature, in which the state border, where the First Interreg the “cultural elements” are rooted. Yet to Landscape Symposium took place: Whereas only 5% of information that is identify landscapes and their character, passed on to the public through speeches, both elements have to be taken seriously, – The natural elements of the landscape e.g. in meetings and information events, the natural and the cultural. and their visual impression are almost the is remembered, and 10% of the contents same on each side of the border (the same of written information, 50% is remem- At the Landscape Symposium, crossbor- geology, soil, climate and land form; lay- bered from discussions and up to 80% der landscapes between Austria and the ers 1-4 of the ‘matrix’ of Ecovast’s method when people are active. Czech Republic were identifi ed. Having to identify landscapes).

Active participation of the interested and concerned population during landscape identifi cation, the defi nition of quality goals for the landscape, and the elabora- tion of measures are therefore essential Hearing: 5% for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention’s landscape pol- Reading: 10% icy and really leads to a higher appre- ciation of landscapes and behavioural Perceiving: 20% changes which will facilitate landscape Demonstrating: 30% protection, management and planning. In turn, people will be able to perceive Discussion: 50% landscapes with more attention. In the Landscape Symposium, it became clear Practical Exercise: 75% that state of the art methods of land- scape identifi cation frequently do not Self Activity: 80% comply with these requirements. To support successful implementation of Learning pyramid according to Bales.

14 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 within Europe The Centre and the East

region ‘Wood Quarter’ in Austria and in the corresponding region in the Czech Republic will start identifying their sur- rounding landscapes in both countries. If this project delivers good results, this approach will be extended to other parts of the ‘Wood Quarter’ and the neigh- bouring ‘Wine Quarter’. Ideally, it might end with something like a ‘Landscape Register’ achieved by local people and schools and other educational organi- sations.

To avoid misinterpretation, two points should be made clear from the begin- ning: – The method and its results will give a The Austrian Weinviertel, viewed from the threshold to the higher Waldviertel fi rst rough but correct alternative view and description of the landscapes of – The land cover and the characteristic the Czech Republic, the landscape a region or a country, their character features and patterns of agriculture has not been given a specifi c name and names on which further research and forestry are also almost the same by the inhabitants; they do not iden- can be based if need be. (the ‘two-fold landscape’ dominated tify themselves with the name of their – This task should not be confused with by the almost rhythmical alternation region or landscape. Only geographers any wide scale or biotope mapping. of big clearances/fields and areas or spatial planners call the region the of forest; you need a trained eye to ‘Moravian Uplands’.

notice the differences in details). Final remark The Centre and the East Since it is agreed that landscape recogni- These six points (items 1-6 of the matrix) tion is a holistic and sensual experience, The identifi cation of transborder land- result in the fact that it will not be pos- account has to be taken of all the impres- scapes requires intensive co-operation sible to recognise the state border-line sions that add up to landscape perception, between nations implementing the when looking at the landscape from and not only those confi ned to the eye. European Landscape Convention at all either Austria or the Czech Republic levels of administration, scientifi c insti- (this even includes to a certain extent So the challenge, when identifying cross- tutions, and the people living in those the ‘inlay of a karstic region’ around the border landscapes, is to choose the appro- landscapes. Ecovast hopes to offer famous cave ‘Macocha’ north of Brno). priate line on the map when working at successful contributions with the help European scale. The solution suggested of local people after carrying out the The personal experiences of landscape to this problem (on the map) is: draw the intended cross-border school project. on both sides of the border are not the usual black line surrounding the identi- same: fi ed landscape unit but add an additional broken and thinner black line to the red Acknowledgements – There are differences in the fabric line that indicates the state border. of the settlements (e.g. in the Czech Thank to the European Union, the Republic, almost every village – not European Regional Development Fund to mention small towns – has at least Involving local people (Erdf) and the Province of Lower Austria, one signifi cant building from ‘socialist the Department of Spatial Planning and times’, the so called ‘panelák’; it is an The Ecovast method of identifying Regional Policy, the Department of interesting fact that some architects landscapes has been designed to make Culture and Science, the Department have already begun arguing that some a seemingly complicated matter more of Nature Protection for co-fi nancing the of those ‘panelák’ should be put under understandable and enable the involve- First Interreg Landscape Symposium. monument conservation, as symbols ment of local people. Ecovast has Further thanks to the contributors and of their time). had some good experiences with this participants in the symposium for a – But what counts much more is that it approach in various countries, and deal- vivid and in-depth dialogue on the con- feels like being in a strange country ing with various landscapes. The hand- ference issues. due to the totally different languages, out for this method is an ‘open source’ giving the whole landscape experi- for everybody and can be downloaded ence a different quality. free of charge at: www.Ecovast.org. In – It is the same with the signs: they are the course of practising this method, it written in a different language and do became obvious that dealing with land- Arthur Spiegler Ecovast Austria, Vienna, Austria not look alike. scape, particularly landscape identifi ca- a.spiegler@refl ex.at – Here is an additional difference that tion, has much to do with education; in applies to layer 10 ‘spirituality and fact, it is a matter of education! added value’. The Austrian people Gernot Stöglehner University of Natural Resources and Applied living in the ‘Wood Quarter’ identify Therefore, Ecovast has started a pilot Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria with the region and landscape; they project. From the beginning of 2009, [email protected]

call themselves ‘Wood-Quarters’. In four selected (higher) schools of the http://www.boku.ac.at/irub Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 15 Some examples of co-operation Büro Stock+Partner Castle Protecting landscapes to strengthen regional Leuchtenburg, Middle Saale Valley, Germany and local economies: the transnational project

Cultural landscapes of Central Europe have a more or less direct impact on The main activities of the project were are endangered. The reason for this is landscapes. They may help to maintain research, the development of new tools not only negligence of conservation but landscapes and to safeguard satisfactory of landscape survey and new teaching also poor spatial economies and socio- living conditions for the inhabitants – an curricula, the training and involvement economic processes. However, the important precondition to avoid migra- of local experts, and pilot projects to experiences of some European coun- tion and negative demographic impacts. strengthen local economies. tries, such as Germany or Austria, illus- Furthermore, the funds support activi- trate that it is possible to protect cultural ties directly linked to landscape issues, The level of landscape research and edu- landscapes when local communities and such as the rehabilitation of brownfi elds cation in Central Europe is diverse. With regional authorities cooperate actively or the protection of habitats. However, the help of the Interreg project, univer- with each other. in some cases, such as the construc- sities and research institutions from all tion of new roads or new commercial the participating countries exchanged The project ‘Cultural Landscapes’ sought areas, they may have a negative impact know-how and practical experiences to to analyse and possibly adjust such an on the landscape. It is therefore reason- improve this situation. Amongst other approach to the development and pro- able that the sustainable development activities, they developed a common tection of cultural landscapes in Central of landscape is an important topic for methodology of identifying and catego- Europe. It aimed at the identifi cation, the Interreg programme, funded by rising cultural landscapes of the Cadses enhancement and development of cul- the European Regional Development area, and surveyed innovative research tural landscapes in the whole of the Fund. methods and planning tools. Intensive Cadses area. exchange of knowledge resulted in the The fact that the project received the creation of an international catalogue of formal support of the Council of Europe historical cultural landscape elements of Structure of the project also confi rms the importance of the chal- Central Europe. lenge facing the ‘Cultural Landscapes’ The project was one of the activities project. Setting up an internet platform, within the programme Interreg IIIB ‘Landscape Wikipedia’, was another sig- Cadses1. Over 24 months (2006-2008), nifi cant result of the academic research the network brought together 11 part- Activities conducted. This platform makes it possi- ners from Poland, Germany, Austria, ble to integrate the wider public into the Romania and Ukraine and was directed Based on the inter-sectoral approach, process of cultural landscape identifi ca- by the University of Agriculture in including the protection of nature and tion and categorisation, and promotes Krakow, Poland 2. heritage as well as the development social awareness of the signifi cance and of rural areas, and on international quality of cultural landscape. The plat- The EU Structural Funds are a powerful research structures, the project has form (currently available in German) instrument for the sustainable develop- developed the best examples as regards consists of two parts: ‘Landscape Wiki’ ment of European regions. Many of the the implementation of the European (a glossary of elements) and maps / activities co-fi nanced by these funds Landscape Convention. orthophotomaps which allow the digi- talising of elements provided by people with access to the portal.

Building social awareness regarding cultural landscape assets should already take place in formal education. That is why project activities have resulted in the development of teaching curricula involving cultural landscape and spatial planning issues to be introduced at uni- versity. Some of them were developed StadtStrategen, Weimar and implemented, based on the trans- national exchange of knowledge

The project also resulted in training ses- sions for ‘local experts’ (regional deci- sion-makers and local people) to make them aware of the cultural landscape concept. After all, the people who live in a certain region mainly decide on the development of ‘their’ landscape. Gessen Valley Bridge, Ronneburg, Germany Moreover, their knowledge is neces-

16 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 within Europe The Centre and the East identities

‘Cultural landscapes’ Grund genug e.V.

sary to complete academic research. Results Numerous meetings, seminars, and workshops were an opportunity to dis- Due to its wide scope, the Cultural seminate the results of the research Landscapes project substantially carried out. These activities have set increased social and political aware- Rural Christmas Market, Reinstedt, Middle Saale Valley, an example of the perfect integration ness as regards the importance and role Germany of theoretical research and practical of cultural landscapes for sustainable actions aimed at the promotion of land- development, and of the identity of the Józef Hernik scape issues among the wider public. Cadses countries. Project Coordinator, Agricultural University of Kraków, Poland Transregional development tours and The protection of landscapes, which are [email protected] a series of thematic regional markets the most basic elements of our European www.cadses.ar.krakow.pl were aimed at strengthening local iden- cultural heritage, supports the develop- Burkhardt Kolbmüller tities and presenting the cultural land- ment and protection of local cultures. Offi ce for European Projects, scapes of other participating regions The project’s approach to cultural her- Weimar, Germany and countries. The tours enabled inter- itage made participating regions more [email protected] national participants to become familiar attractive for investment, especially [email protected] with examples of approaches to cultural as regards tourism and regional prod- landscape issues and observe how land- ucts. Jacek Pijanowski University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland scape can be managed and protected in [email protected] accordance with the principles of sus- The project was an important step The Centre and the East tainable development. towards the implementation of the European Landscape Convention in Agnieszka Was¸ University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland Finally, the project aimed at the inte- Central Europe. However, the project [email protected] gration of landscapes with regional results may be of interest to other development through pilot projects in regions and actors as well. These results agriculture, tourism, regional market are documented by several monogra- 1 www.cadses.ar.krakow.pl and renewable sources of energy. The phies also available via the Internet. 2 The project partners were the University of community of Miechów created the Currently, a follow-up project to be Agriculture in Krakow (PL) – Lead Partner, the Centre for Renewable Energies, which applied within the programme Interreg Community of Miechów (PL), the Community of Wis´niowa (PL), the University of Applied Science promotes energy production from pel- IVB Central Europe is under way. Erfurt (DE), the Heritage Association of Thuringia lets and briquettes (fields being the (DE), the Regional Planning Association East- distinctive cultural landscape feature Thuringia (DE), Environment Management Austria (AT), the Grazing Association Ramsar Site Valley of the region). The project also made of Lafnitz (AT), the University “ Babes-Bolyai ” it possible to reconstruct the former Cluj-Napoca (RO), the Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania (RO) and Lviv Polytechnic National retention basin in Wis´niowa, which will University (UA). now be used for recreation and water tourism. In co-operation with the city of Jena (central Germany) and the Saale- Holzland district, a detailed project of regional development, called ‘Middle Saale Valley’, was elaborated. This pilot project enhanced the industrial area of Göschwitz with a connection to the Saale River fl oodplain and led to the establish- ment of a general marketing concept of manor houses and castles in the area as well as drawing attention to the historic site of the town of Kahla. Moreover, the Cultural Landscapes project undertook integrated activities aimed at the devel- opment of agrotourism in the region of Schidnycia in Ukraine, based on the rich resources of medicinal waters.

Wooden Church, Malopolska, Poland Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 17 Some examples of co-operation

Transfrontier co-operation for preserving in the Drava Valley, Croatia and Hungary

The River Drava has its source in by fortresses. The river basin was suit- of water control and the discontinuation the Tirol Alps, and, after its journey of able for human settlement, because of fl oodplain farming, the proportions of 700 km through fi ve countries, it fl ows natural resources were suitable for both farmland and arable areas grew steadily into the Danube at Aljmas, Croatia. The pastoral and farming activities. Forest along the Drava and also in earlier fl ood- river course in Croatia is 305 km long coverage along the Drava were much plain areas. Agricultural land along the and is the second longest river in Croatia. higher in the past (about 60-80% at the river on Croatian territory forms one of Around 140 km of the river mark the time of the settling of the Magyars in the most interesting artifi cial landscape border with Hungary, from Örtilos to Hungary), but later on were gradually patterns, formed by many small strips Eperjespuszta. Due to the border, this reduced by deforestration. Grasslands of 10 ha, made by agrarian reforms in landscape remains dominantly natural, and wooded grasslands, where forests the past. especially on the river section above the had been removed, were used for graz- towns of Barcs and Virovitica, where ing. In addition to grazing on grass- This area is also the central part of the regulation activities were kept at a nec- lands, water and forests, also, offered Mura-Drava-Danube river network, the essary level. The Drava has buoys up to raw material for a number of ancient most important European west-east axe 198 km from the mouth of the Danube. occupations and handicrafts, such as for nature conservation. Nature conser- However, only 13 km from the Danube fi shing and hunting, fruit-growing, wood vation activities have a long tradition to the town of Osijek are used intensively carving, weaving and wickerwork, pot- in this area. The establishment of pro- by traffi c. The river has variable water ash-production. Living in this area was tected areas along the Drava in Hungary dynamics: the sloping gradient of the always closely connected to the envi- started in 1942 when fi ve smaller plots water surface at the upper reach is three ronment, with adjustment to the water were declared to be protected under times that measured in the lower sec- regime of the Drava. A typical form of the name “Középrigóc Grove”. The Barcs tion! The riverbed and the deposits vary that is “fok” (canal) management, mean- Juniper Woodland Landscape Protection from coarse pebbly gravel to fi ne-grain ing that the fl ood water was directed so Area was established in 1974, and was sand, this feature allowing colonisation that it spread over the fl oodplain, serv- followed by another set of areas being by plant and animal communities with ing fi shing, grazing and fl oodplain fruit brought under protection in 1987. different ecological requirements. production. The reduction of traditional In 1991, the Lankóci Forest Nature fl oodplain canal management occurred Reserve was created near Gyékényes, There is evidence of human presence with river regulation and water man- and, in 1996, the Duna-Drava National in the Drava lowlands, dating back to agement interventions. The regulations Park was proclaimed, covering a total the Neolithic Age. During the Roman served mostly to improve conditions for of 50,000 hectares. The protected areas era, signifi cant military routes crossed river navigation which was at its peak along the Drava cover 21,251 ha, and the area, with strategic points defended during the late 19th century. As a result are shared by two counties: Somogy and Baranya. The phyto-geographical signifi cance of the Duna-Drava National Park is ensured by the fact that Illyrian and Pannonian fl ora border each other here, contributing to the presence of 150 different plant species and more than 100 protected plants in the area. The fauna of the Drava areas and of the Duna-Drava National Park are rich: nearly 4,500 animal species have been identifi ed in the area, and with over 300 protected species. The water qual- ity of the Drava is better than that of the average of our great rivers, as is demon- strated by the uniquely diverse fauna.

On the Croatian side of the river Drava, the most valuable natural area is the Kopacˇki rit Nature Park, situated at the mouth of the Drava and the Danube, covering a total of 22,894 hectares, with a special zoologi- cal reserve inside the park. Although this area has been protected since 1967, Kopacˇki rit has been explored since the middle of the 19th century. Its relief is the result of fl ood waters forming ponds,

18 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 within Europe The Centre and the East landscape

or rather traverses running side by side cut-through bends, stone barriers and and creating the image of an internal embankments created in the past have Delta. Such a wetland habitat is ideal merged into the landscape. However, for a biodiversity important for migra- the need for new water engineering tory water birds and as the hatchery for structures will exist in the future since fi sh for the Danube and lower Drava. So it is related to water course movement far, more than 2,000 species have been and the potential dangers of fl ooding in recorded, with 291 bird species, 44 fi sh urban areas and infrastructures. These farmlands were created in the species, 400 plant species, 400 verte- past in locations where there used to brates and others. Other protected areas Also, the fact that the entire Hungarian be riparian forests, and they are used along the river Drava are the Drava section is protected as a national park, intensively even today. Since the Duna- park-forest close to Varaždin, the spe- and that Croatia has taken steps towards Drava National Park was established cial zoological reserve Veliki Pažut at the declaring protection of a larger area, and lands were brought under state mouth of the river Drava and Mura, the serves the survival of the original land- protection, the extent of such farmlands protected Cˇambina landscape, the natu- scape values. in protected areas has been decreasing, ral monument of Repaš, four protected as a consequence of the new land use landscapes above Virovitica: Križnica, At some locations along the Drava, policy that encourages their conversion Jelkuš, Širinski otok and Vir, the park’s including both Hungarian and Croatian into grasslands or forests. This, how- architectural monument Noskovacˇka areas, dredging in the riverbed is still ever, can still continue sometimes. The Dubrava close to Cˇaðavica, the orni- practised which results in damage to the degree of natural habitat in the forests in

thological reserve of Podpanj close to local landscape. Dredging is done partly the national park varies greatly. In some The Centre and the East Donji Miholjac, and many Natura 2000 for river regulation and embankment places, there are riparian forests with sites. In order to ensure the protection protection purposes, and partly for fl ood good growth and rich fl ora and fauna, of the whole Drava river course cover- prevention. The continuation of dredg- whereas in other locations, the forest ing all the sites mentioned, the process ing in areas protected at national park is full of new and/or invasive species, of proclaiming the Regional Park Mura level, with the purpose of river regula- inappropriate for the area. Such forests Drava started in 2008 with preventive tion and embankment protection, is are poor in natural values, and are not protection of this area. regarded in the long run as unnecessary. attractive from a landscape perspective. The development of river navigation is The replacement of tree species and the When looking at the current landscape not anticipated in this section. If the riv- conversion of forest structures are pos- preservation problems of the Drava ershore sections are brought under state sible solutions to their treatment in the areas, the river itself should be looked ownership, the natural side-erosion of future, with a view to increasing the at fi rst. Although the river has been sub- the river will no longer be a problem. extent of near-natural forest stands. ject to a number of interventions dur- Riverbed dredging means damage to ing the last century, it appears to be a the landscape, with the dredging ves- According to the Croatian Strategy of natural-looking river even today. The sels, transportation machinery and Spatial Planning (1997), there was a shore structures disrupting the natural plan to build a new hydro-electric power landscape. plant in Novo Virje. As the nature conser- vation NGOs and experts, as well as the In the broad natural area around the general public, opposed this proposal, Drava, some activities which are not the construction of the hydro-electric permitted unfortunately occur such as power plant has not yet started. It would the building of odd-looking structures cause irreparable damage to the fl ora and buildings for angling and recrea- and fauna in the lower reaches of the tion purposes as well as disposal of river Drava as well as landscape trans- household waste. This problem could be formation. Since Croatia has to draw up tackled by the revision of local building a new Strategy of Spatial Planning, this legislation and masterplanning, relying issue will be taken into account, bearing on co-operation between land owners in mind other possibilities for electric along the river, water management bod- power production and new initiatives in ies, those who go fi shing and angling, transborder nature protection. and the nature conservation managing body. The Drava fl oodplain can be preserved only if there is co-operation between the Along the Drava section of the Duna- neighbouring countries. The Croatian- Drava National Park, there are some Hungarian working group for nature con- expanses of farmland and arable land servation therefore prepared together which are detrimental to landscape the nomination fi le for a Mura-Drava preservation and nature conservation. Danube Biosphere Reserve. If that is Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 19 Some examples of co-operation

achieved, the best results for the region László Fenyo˝si Mirna Bojic´ would be eco-tourism and pursuing tra- Head of Division, Duna-Dráva National Park Ministry of Culture, Nature Conservation Directorate, Hungary Division, Zagreb, Croatia ditional land management forms, con- [email protected] [email protected] centrating mainly on areas under nature conservation management. This work already resulted in closer co-operation Balázs Trócsányi Gábor Kiss Head of Section, Grants coordinator, Duna- Head of Section, Ministry of Environment between institutions that provide man- Dráva National Park Directorate, Hungary and Water, Budapest, Hungary agement for protected areas and with [email protected] [email protected] proposals for new projects in nature conservation that could apply for EU funds. Through the new nature conser- vation initiatives, we have brought about closer co-operation with the neighbour- ing country, and we hope that, through the implementation of wide range of projects for implementation of man- agement, habitat reconstruction, the re-introduction of traditional forms of farming, for improvement of the facili- ties and targets of eco-tourism, and through the operation of a high-stand- ard nature monitoring system, we will achieve our goal, i.e. a well preserved river Drava, which will be a heritage for future generations.

20 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 within Europe The Centre and the East The Centre and the East Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 21 Some examples of co-operation

A transboundary landscape between Austria and Hungary around the Lake Fertö/Neusiedler

Contemplating the landscape from a bird-watcher’s tower a unique landscape scenery opens before us – a shallow alkaline lake with a large reed belt encir- cled by dry steppe, thousands of birds,

cultivated lowlands and a chain of tra- Kitti Horvath ditional rural settlements, as well as hill ranges covered by vineyards, orchards and forests; the appearance of harmony between humans and nature.

The Lake Fertö/Neusiedler landscape is a transitional area between the Alps and the Pannon Plain. It is Europe’s westernmost shallow alkaline lake on the Austro-Hungarian border on the pre-alpine lowland where the last remains of the Eurasian steppe land- scapes and habitat types can be found. Character of the lake basin with the large reed belt on the southern Hungarian part The infl uences of Alpine, Pannonian and Mediterranean natural factors and cultural characteristics give the area its unique qualities which have been rec- ognised by several designations. The wetlands are qualifi ed as Ramsar sites,

national parks and biosphere reserves Kitti Horvath were founded in the 1980s both in Austria and Hungary and recently the whole transboundary cultural landscape received its Unesco World Heritage diploma and several Nature 2000 sites have been designated.

The most ancient remnants of human settlement around the Fertö/Neusiedler Lake date from the New Stone Age. Since that time, inhabited and depopu- lated periods have alternated in the Character of the western transboundary hill range landscape history, depending mostly Éva Konkoly-Gyuró

Panoramic view of the Lake Fertö on the south western shore

22 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 within Europe The Centre and the East Eva Konkoly-Gyuró

Location of the transboundary Fertö/Neusiedlersee landscape in Central Europe

on the presence of water. Austria and in the area. Amongst others, landscape Linz 2009 Kulturhauptstadt Europas.

Hungary shared their history for cen- scientists of the University of Vienna, Verlag Bibliothek der Provinz. The Centre and the East turies. After the First World War and the team of Austrian University of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Life Sciences as well as the landscape Tirászi Á., Ziener, K., Konkoly-Gyuró monarchy, the new state border divided research group of the University of West É., Brandenburg C., Puskás L. 2009. the lake. During the 20th century, the Hungary have been working together Landscape perception and functions different political regimes and the sig- for several years on bilateral projects in the Austro-Hungarian area of the nifi cantly different demands towards focusing on the natural and cultural Lake Neusiedler/Fertö. Poster presen- the landscape resulted in a different heritage of landscape, on the landscape tation at the European IALE Congress. development. In predominantly alpine character and regional identity1. Symposium No 2. Landscape multifunc- Austria the need for agricultural produc- tionality in the eye of the stakeholders. tion, vine-growing and water-related References Salzburg, 11-15 July 2009. recreation were the main driving forces relating to land-use, while, in Hungary, Konkoly-Gyuró É., Wrbka, T. 2004. the Iron Curtain zone became a ‘sleep- The Fertö-Neusiedler See Landscape. in ing’ region, where depopulation and Learning from European Transfrontier abandonment of the agricultural land Landscapes. Ed. Wascher, D.M, Pérez- Eva Konkoly-Guyró resulted in a semi-natural landscape. Soba, M. Landscape Europe. pp. 29-30. Professor, University of West Hungary, Faculty of Forestry, Sopron, Hungary Here nature conservation started earlier Palang, H., Printsmann, A., Konkoly- [email protected] and had more signifi cance due to the Gyuró É., Urbanc, M., Skowronek E, low intensity of human use. However, Woloszyn, W. 2005. The forgotten land- the political changes 1989-90 witnessed scapes of Central and Eastern Europe. the end of the Iron Curtain and the Landscape Ecology. 20. pp 645-655. opening of the frontier. Increasingly intense development has taken place Konkoly-Gyuró É. 2009. The Fertö/ in the area, though the imprints of the Neusiedlersee section of the Green Belt. 20th century are still evident. pp. 126-135. In: The European Green Belt. Borders. Wilderness. Future. Eds. 1 University of Vienna: Dr. Thomas Wrbka; the team of Austrian University of Life Sciences: Dr. Christiane The national and international research Wrbka, T., Zmelik, K., Grünweiss, M., Brandenburg and Dr. Karen Ziener; the University of activities are more and more intensive Katalog of the Upper Austrian Museen. West Hungary: Dr. Eva Konkoly-Gyuró Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 23 Some examples of co-operation

Riverbank forests of the Moldova-Ukraine

Forests are a life-giving source to local high. The forest coverage in the middle Illicit cutting, cattle grazing, poaching, unau- communities and home to a wide diver- Nistru basin is comparatively low, i.e. thorised dumping of waste and pollution sity of plants and animals. The Nistru 7% in Moldova and 11% in Ukraine. are having negative effects on the remain- (Dniester) river, more than 1,300 km in ing forested areas. Many forests have been length and with a basin area of around A long history of management and transformed into agricultural fi elds which 72,100 km², partially borders both intensive exploitation, through selective has led to soil erosion and changes in the Ukraine and Moldova. The middle Nistru tree cutting for the shipbuilding industry land. According to the Strategy of sustain- basin (or the Podol Dniester) is a steppe- (for the Russian Black Sea Fleet in the able development of the forest fund of the forest area of hills (150-200 metres 19th century), massive wood extrac- Republic of Moldova (2001), the State pro- above sea level) with extensive agricul- tion during the Second World War, and gramme on regeneration and reforestation ture and spectacularly beautiful, can- the expansion of agriculture and bad of forest lands for 2003-2020 (2003) and yon-shaped and steep-sided landscapes. droughts after the war, have caused the Forest Code (1996), the forests should Riverbank forests, amazingly resistant colossal damage to the whole riverbank cover at least 15% of Moldovan territory through diffi cult times, are closely asso- ecosystem. by 2020-2025. ciated with the history and culture of local people. The current ownership of the forest fund Climate change scenarios for Moldova, of Moldova is around 90% of the State according to the National Communication Forest Agency “Moldsilva”, while the rest under the UN Framework Convention on History and management of the fund is managed mainly by local Climate Change (2000), may have con- authorities and municipal administra- sequences on the capacity of landscapes Moldova is a poorly-forested country; its tions. About 66% of forests in Ukraine and forest habitats. However, the reha- current forestation (scattered and highly are owned by the State Committee of bilitation and adequate management fragmented) covers 9.6% of its territory. Forestry, while the rest are managed of forests is specifi ed in the National Forests in Ukraine cover about 15.6% of mainly by ministerial bodies (agricul- Action Plan to Combat Desertifi cation its territory and the woodstock is quite ture, defence) and state agencies. in Moldova (2000).

Haidamak ravine, part of Historic-cultural Park, Busha (Ukraine)

24 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 within Europe The Centre and the East

Middle Nistru Basin

Biodiversity and conservation Reserve of Cosauti, with the participa- for conservation of valuable landscapes tion of representatives of the Ministry of and the development of a recreation/ Riverbank slopes covered by forests of Environment and Natural Resources of touristic network. mainly oak but also cherry trees pro- Moldova, the Ecological Administration vide a diversifi ed habitat architecture of Vinnytsia region (Ukraine), ecologi- with herb-rich forest vegetation, still cal agencies, forest management units preserving communities of many pro- and NGOs from both countries. The out- Aurel Lozan tected plant species such as bird’s nest come of the meeting was the drawing Biological centre v.v.i., orchids, ferns, pasque fl owers, and the up of plans for bilateral local conserva- Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic turk’s cap lily. The river basin is home tion – there is a strong potential for a [email protected] to a great diversity of animals, including Transboundary Natural-Historic Park. such rare species as the greater horse- The two districts have an amazing herit- Andrei Dumbraveanu Ecological Association “Ave-Natura” shoe bat, the eagle owl, the black wood- age that could be well incorporated into Chisinau, Republic of Moldova pecker, clouded apollo and southern a larger protected area managed mainly [email protected] festoon butterfl ies, and the European stag beetle.

In 2007, the total protected area of Moldova reached 157,227 ha (4.6% of its territory) and about 20% of the coun-

try’s protected areas are placed under The Centre and the East the national forest fund. The recently created Ramsar site of Wetlands of International Importance (Nr. 1500 “Unguri-Holosnita”, 15,553 ha) is situated in the middle Nistru (by Law nr. 354-XVI, 2006).

More than 200 sites in the area, including nature reserves (Landscape reserve Cosauti, “Bechir Canyon” etc.), historical monuments (Soroca Fortress, Cosauti Monastery, Historic- cultural park “Busha”), geological sites (Nistru rapids) and archaeological sites (Palaeolithic settlement of Cosauti, the remains of a Geto-Dacian fortress) are protected by the state. According to the National Development Strategies and Action Plans of both Moldova and Ukraine, many other protected catego- ries (parks, nature reserves, monuments etc.) will be established and included in the national protected area network by 2020-2025.

Soroca-Yampil co-operation

A bilateral site co-operation was set up in the region. It is supported by the Rufford Small Grants for Nature Conservation (UK), and in co-opera- tion with the local authority of Cosauti (Moldova) and Yampil municipal admin- istration (Ukraine). Field meetings were organised since 2006 at the Landscape Bechir Valley near Soroca town (Moldova) Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 25 Co-operation across and

Transfrontier co-operation projects in the South Caucasus: REC Caucasus

The Regional Environmental Centre for The initiative has been specifi cally tar- sheds, under the regional project on the Caucasus (REC) is a non-commercial geted to meet current demands of the “Sustainable Land Management for intergovernmental organisation regis- countries in making institutional, legal Mitigating Land Degradation and tered in the spring of 2000, following the and technical arrangements for com- Reducing Poverty in the South Caucasus decision made at the Sofi a Ministerial munity forest management, aware- Region”. Conference in 1995, established within ness raising and capacity building of the framework of the “Environment local communities and local authori- The pilot activities will be implemented for Europe Process” pursuant to the ties with regard to sustainable forest in the transboundary watersheds. decision made at the Sofi a Ministerial management and demonstration of Conference in 1995. REC Caucasus is best approaches/methods for immedi- Armenia and Georgia: Khrami-Debeda working for environment and sustain- ate reforestation and landscape resto- river watershed – towns of Toumanyan, able development in the Caucasus ration in areas affected by landslides, Alaverdi, Akhtala in Armenia and region, assisting Caucasus states in mudfl ows, avalanches and other natural towns of Bolnisi, Marneuli, Dmanisi in solving environmental problems, and disasters that prevent measures from Georgia and Azerbaijan and Georgia – supporting their efforts to build civil being taken. The project will result in Alazani-Iori river watershed – towns of society through promotion of public building local capacity and formula- Belaken, Zagatala, Sheki, Gakh, Oguz, participation in the decision-making ting public opinion for sustainable use Mingachavir in Azerbaijan and towns process, development of free exchange of natural recourses and income gen- of Telavi, Lagodekhi, Dedopliskaro, of information, and encouragement of eration activities, leading to further Sagarejo in Georgia. co-operation at national and regional decentralisation and democratisation levels among NGOs, governments, busi- process by strengthening the role of The project is to ensure ongoing func- nesses, local communities and other community-based institutions, fi nding tions and integrity of the ecosystem, to stakeholders. The founding document legal solutions and strategies to harmo- reduce poverty and enhance food secu- of REC Caucasus is the Charter signed nise and stabilise community-related rity and income for rural farmers in the in September 1999 by the governments national legislation, as well as devis- South Caucasus countries by combat- of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and the ing the regional model and nationally ing desertifi cation, strengthening the European Union. RECs’ network spreads adopted guiding documents on com- natural resource base and revitalising its links through Russia, Moldova and munity forestry. Applicable tools and the agricultural sector. Is has specifi - Central Asia, Hungary – the latter serves mechanisms will be defi ned as pilot cally been focused on strengthening for Central and Eastern Europe. Community Forest Management Plans policy, planning and regulatory envi- for sustainable community-based for- ronments for promotion of sustainable Sharing common overall aims address- estry and use of natural resources within land management (SLM) in transbound- ing environmental and sustainable the selected communities. ary watersheds of the South Caucasus development issues in their countries, region and on demonstrating the ben- REC Caucasus is successfully network- The project is also intended to increase efi ts of sustainable land management in ing and undertaking collaborative trans- forest areas, preventing loss and degra- a watershed framework and alternative boundary initiatives. dation and combating climate change. livelihood for rural people, while protect- ing fragile ecosystems and disseminat- Currently, REC Caucasus is actively REC Caucasus has been also actively ing lessons learned and best practices involved in the management and working on prevention of land degra- by developing a replication strategy. As implementation of several EU funded dation on the transboundary water- a result of this project, bilateral water- projects which are being implemented in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.

Transboundary co-operation between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia is ongo- ing within the frameworks of “Fostering Community Forest Policy and Practice in Mountain Regions of the Caucasus” project. The overall objective of this ini- tiative is to advance community forest policy and practice in Caucasus in order to address deforestation and climate change issues, secured land tenure and forest rights, rural poverty reduction, reducing regional and national tensions and the risks of insurrections raised by alienated elements, conservation and the sustainable development needs of local communities.

26 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 beyond Europe

shed Action Plans (complying with EU guidelines and recommendations) for improved land planning, management and monitoring in transboundary river basins of the South Caucasus region will be elaborated, agreed upon among the stakeholders, and effectively used in decision-making. Additionally, local government and community groups in the Khrami-Debeda and Alazani-Lori transboundary river basins will increase their awareness, practical knowledge and capacity to plan and manage lands, forests, pastures and arable areas in a sustainable way to protect fragile eco- systems and enhance food security and income. Both of the projects described above are funded by the EU.

A brand-new project initiative – “Building Capacities of Local Communities and Governmental Institutions for Implementation of European Landscape Convention in Armenia”, a project supporting implementation of ELC in Armenia, has recently been developed by the REC Caucasus Armenia Branch Offi ce and is under discussion. The over- all objective of the proposed action is to improve landscape management, pro- tection and spatial planning strategies, and advance local decision-making by introducing mechanisms and practi- cal tools for the harmonisation of the natural and man-made environment in Armenia and by replicating success- ful experience in the region through exchange of experience with Azerbaijan and Georgia. The aim of the project is to introduce sustainable management, protection of landscapes and spatial planning as well as a structured, integra- tive approach to the implementation of ELC in Armenia, enhancing the involve- ment of citizens, NGOs and regional authorities in landscape management, protection, spatial planning and envi- ronmental decision-making. The project was recently presented and discussed by representatives of relevant minis- tries, government agencies, NGOs and local experts during the fi rst workshop of the Inter-agency Commission on ELC implementation in Armenia.

Nune G. Harutyunyan Director, Regional Environmental Center for Caucasus Armenian Branch Offi ce, Yerevan, Armenia [email protected]

www.rec-caucasus.org Co-operation across and beyond Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 27 Some examples of co-operation

European Christmas landscapes: a transfrontier analysis

All European cultural landscapes have the traditional horse-drawn troika, It is reasonable to distinguish between some universal or transfrontier features driven by Ded Moroz (Fig. 3). different musical genres – liturgical and some regional or national features. – Some trans-regional features can also music, professional sacred music, pro- Undoubtedly, one of the key pan-Euro- be seen on old cards. However, on fessional secular music and folk music pean cultural factors is Christianity modern cards, there are clear refl ec- – and to consider them separately. and the individual manifestations of tions not only of trans-regional cul- Christianity in the cultural landscapes tural infl uences but also of cultural If we compare Gregorian chants, the of towns, villages, resorts and other globalisation (Fig. 4). Christmas Oratorio by Johann Sebastian locations. A striking example of this Bach, and Vingt Regards sur l’Enfant is provided by the images that form in Combinations of trans-regional and Jésus (Twenty Views of the Infant people’s minds when they are asked to regional symbols and the cross-border Jesus) by Olivier Messiaen, on the one think of a Christmas landscape. transfer of national images are also hand, and the Znamenny Chant and seen in Christmas poetry. Often, poets the All-Night Vigil (Vespers) by Sergey Mental landscapes of this sort are very describe Christmas scenes quite real- Rachmaninov, Christmas Eve by Nikolai interesting subjects for transfrontier istically but add some characteristic Rimsky-Korsakov, the Christmas Tree analysis. We are all aware of universal regional or national features. by Vladimir Rebikov and traditional Christmas images and symbols, such – In Russian poetry, a typical exam- Russian Kolyadka songs, on the other as the cave in the desert, the star of ple of this kind of transfer occurs in hand, we may come to the following Bethlehem, the three kings, the shep- the poems of Joseph Brodsky and conclusions: herds and the donkey. There are also Boris Pasternak. Both poets portray – Liturgical music does not include national images such as the Christmas the night when the magi came to regionally different landscape images. character, Santa Claus, and the Russian Christ following the Christmas Star Regional distinctions seem to be more equivalent, “Ded Moroz” (literally “Father as a cold, snowy night. This was an pronounced in folk music. However, Frost”). What we should be investigat- obvious transposition of conditions these musical genres have to be stud- ing here is whether there are other at Christmas in Russia to Palestinian ied more carefully. Christmas symbols which are refl ected Bethlehem. – It is easier to compare professional in the regional features of cultural land- – The transposition of national images secular music. Landscape images can scapes. It is reasonable to suppose that of Christmas is also found in German be clearly heard in Russian secular they will be refl ected to varying degrees poetry. For instance, in the poem by music devoted to Christmas. They in cultural phenomena such as painting, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer Weihnachten are approximately the same as those poetry and music. in Ajaccio (Christmas in Ajaccio), there in Russian poetry, including ele- are descriptions of ripe oranges, ments such as frosty nights, stars, To ascertain whether this is true, we blooming myrtle and shining sun, and Christmas trees in warm and compared a large number of old and whereas the hero’s dream is about cosy houses. contemporary Russian and German white snowfl akes. Christmas cards. The results were as – The scenery of Bethlehem seems In conclusion, therefore, follows: very realistic in the poem by Russian – Russian Christmas cards, poems and – Many of the cards show rural land- poet Ivan Bunin “The Christmas secular music bear distinct regional scapes or villages. In all of the pic- Tree” whereas Alexander Blok’s or national features characterised by tures, there is snow, houses with poems contain descriptions of spar- obvious landscape symbols such as lights in the windows, smoke rising kling snowy Christmas forest typical snow-covered plains, fi r trees, heavy gently from chimneys and the moon of Russia. Some of the scenes cre- frost, night-time, stars, troikas, vil- in the sky. However, the houses and ated by German poets are also very lages and cosy candle-lit houses full churches on the German and Russian realistic. For instance, in Annette of the scent of conifer needles. cards look different (Figs. 1 and 2). von Droste Hülshoff’s poetry, the – Some of these symbols, such as snow, These are country-specifi c regional three magi are tanned by hot winds fi r trees, lights and villages are also differences. and walk among palms and camels. present in German mental Christmas – Some of the scenes have a trans- The German Christmas portrayed by landscapes. However, views of regional character. For instance, on Gustav Hermann Kletke, however, is churches and Christmas markets are some modern Russian cards, there are windy, snowy and frosty. only seen on German cards. pictures of the countryside villas of – The mental Christmas landscapes of “New Russians” (nouveaux riches) and It is a complicated challenge to compare both countries also contain universal reindeers and Santa Claus, instead of Christmas music in different countries. or transfrontier biblical symbols, such

28 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 within Europe The Centre and the East

as the baby Jesus, Mary, Joseph, the diversity of mental Christmas images. landscapes would show the similari- kings or magi, camels, the Christ child, Indeed, among the less frequently ties and differences between European the ox and the donkey, the manger, mentioned symbols, which may refl ect regions in a new light and may be a key the cave and the Star of Bethlehem. specifi c regional characteristics, there means of attaching identities to them. are some highly contrasting images Specifi c public opinion polls may be one such as grey rainy skies and stars. It means of revealing shared and local can be supposed that if such polls were Christmas symbols in different coun- conducted more frequently on a more tries. The results of one such poll are repre sentative sample, they would be Alexander V. Drozdov Professor, Institute of Geography, given in the table below. Representatives very informative. Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscou, of nine countries – Austria, United Russian Federation Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Latvia, In further studies, it would be rea- [email protected] the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, and sonable to compare Christmas land- France – took part. They were asked scape images not only in Germany to name fi ve major Christmas symbols. and in Russia but also in other large Overall, 29 different symbols were men- regions selected with due regard for tioned. They included both frequently their cultural and geographical identi- repeated and rarely mentioned sym- ties, including Scandinavia, the plains bols. of northern Europe, the Alps, and the Mediterranean region. Subsequently, Admittedly, the results of this poll, these large regions could be subdivided which was conducted by just one group into smaller regions, particularly in the of experts, are somewhat tentative. Mediterranean region. The results of However, they do point to the regional such an analysis of mental Christmas The Centre and the East

Symbols of mental Christmas landscapes: frequency of occurrence in the answers to the poll, %

45 – 50% Christmas tree, snow 20 – 25% lighted windows in houses, lighted churches, hills and mountains, Christmas markets 4 – 5% the peals of bells, villages, grey sky and rain, stars 1 – 2% crowds in the countryside, fir trees, traffic jams, icy lakes, open landscapes, fields, horrible American songs on the radio, snow-covered paths

1. Traditional Russian village

4. Merry Christmas everyone: Globalisation

2. Traditional German village 3. “New Russian” village (stripped of any national identity) Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 29 Some examples of co-operat

A proposal for a shared landscape reading methodology Rimini Exhibition Project aims However, integrating this landscape – What kind of landscape do we have approach into spatial planning requires and how do we perceive it? The aim of the transnational project drawing up simple and effective land- – What kind of landscape will it Loto (Landscape Opportunities for scape interpretation methods. To become? Territorial Organisation), co-funded by involve inhabitants, an effort should be – What kind of landscape do we want? the EU Interreg IIIB Cadses Programme, made to produce effective summaries, was to identify an interpretative reading and clear, transparent forms for the The basic preliminary requirements methodology of landscape which could presentation of landscape interpreta- of the Loto methodology were: possi- serve as a shared operating framework tion results. ble reproduction and easy use of the to steer and verify decisions regarding method; open and fl exible procedure; spatial change, restoration or enhance- To this end, the Loto project intended transparency and repeatability; and ment1. to help providing tools for governing main use of databases and informa- the landscape’s evolution, using the tion already available. Attention is paid Given the principles expressed in landscape as a frame of reference for to the whole territory and the reading the European Spatial Development any territorial project in order to focus intends to capture landscape characteri- Perspective and in the European spatial development instruments on it sations and dynamics in order to under- Landscape Convention, Loto is founded in a complementary way. stand the opportunities for its evolution. on the awareness that the different The proposed process is open and the landscapes of European territories are The project was divided into three various activities in the methodological a legacy to be safeguarded and fun- phases: process can be easily recognised and damental to the quality of the places – preliminary: the study of other focus on building up clear information. where we live, and on the principle that experiences and analysis of skills, Comparison of knowledge and shared all territory is landscape and should be approaches and landscape planning landscape interpretative synthesis the object of a careful landscape pol- methods currently used; should become basic preconditions for icy. It should be realised that territory – intermediate: the fi rst methodological effective landscape policy. is always changing and these changes framework and pilot actions to test its should be guided in order to attain good effectiveness; landscape results. – fi nal: editing the shared document Landscape reading “Guidelines for a landscape reading The project’s approach is geared towards and interpretation aimed at steering According to the European Landscape overcoming a sectoral vision in favour of the choices of territorial transforma- Convention, methodology is based on an integrated and holistic vision of the tion”. the sites’ landscape knowledge. All terri- landscape which interprets its evolution tory is involved, not only extraordinary as a unitary system in which the eco- Within the processes of defi ning spa- parts. Loto proposes a different kind of logical and natural components interact tial transformation, the methodologi- knowledge from other methodologies; with the social, cultural and economic cal path gives effectiveness to an open, it is an analytical-descriptive method, ones as well as the habitat. frank discussion about: based on an identifi cation-classifi cation process of homogeneous areas, describ- ing the sites’ landscape characteristics, without specifi c operational purposes; it proposes a description-interpretation of places, starting from a problem-solving approach or an interpretative hypothe- sis. Interdisciplinarity (bringing together different disciplinary approaches) and transdisciplinarity (the involvement of political authorities and populations) are the other methodological requirements of Loto methodology.

The methodological framework is organised into cognitive and operational activity cores: A. characterisation/qualifi cation; B. future evolution trends and transfor- mation demands; C. interpretative synthesis; D. shared cognitive framework; E. defi nition of premises for landscape A Loto meeting policies and operational choices.

30 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 ion within Europe The South

The phase concerning the cognitive trends (for economic, social and cultural framework into the regional document activities A, B, and C has been ana- reasons; biological and physical events criteria for landscape contents of a lysed in depth since the knowledge of or processes etc.); policies, territorial local urban plan, and the interregional sites from the landscape viewpoint is transformation plans and projects at public authority for the River Po Valley considered as the basis of quality trans- the various administrative levels; stated has referenced the Loto methodology formations (protection, management, and unstated transformation demands in its guidelines for the management planning) which are suitable to, not just coming up; good projects and processes of mountain territory. Now, some new compatible with, the specifi c character- under way in the territory which may transnational project proposals are try- istics passed down to us. represent opportunities for developing ing to implement and to develop Loto effective policies. methodology with attention being paid Characterisation/qualification encom- to specifi c themes such as the manage- passes: Interpretative synthesis may lead to ment of periurban and rural areas or the prediction of one or more future alpine cultural landscape preservation. – Identifi cation of basic elements and scenarios expressed through technical, characteristics: physical features descriptive and explanatory reports and of sites (morphology, components based on all the discussions between the such as water networks, buildings, authorities and populations concerned terracing, woodland etc.), building (shared cognitive framework). The syn- Lionella Scazzosi Professor, Milan Polytechnic, Italy materials (vegetable and mineral), thesis is a sort of diagnosis defi ning the [email protected]; colours, physical-chemical features threats/problems and potentials/oppor- [email protected] (soil, water, air and climate, fl ora and tunities of sites, from the landscape point fauna), current land uses, main char- of view, to defi ne landscape policies and acteristics of the local population and operational choices (landscape quality Anna Rossi visitors interested in sites. objectives, defi nition of strategies and Project Co-ordinator, Lombardy Region, tools to realise these objectives; defi ni- General Directorate for Territory and Urbanism, Milano, Italy The South – Historic dynamics: the knowledge of tion of a management programme and [email protected] how the current landscape organisa- plan over time; monitoring of landscape tion has formed and changed over the transformation and of the effect of poli- centuries (dyachronic reading), in par- cies and reformulating new objectives). ticular creating a cultural and physi- According to the European Landscape cal space, and the signifi cant steps in Convention, planning policies are a the continuity and discontinuity of mixture of preservation, innovation, 1. The Loto Project ran from March 2003 – Octo- historical processes and of territorial enhancement and rehabilitation all over ber 2005. The project, coordinated by Regione Lombardia, involved eight other partners – the impacts. the landscape. Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Umbria Region, Marche Region, Emilia Romagna Region, Veneto Regione, Istria Region, the Slovenian – Past and present social perception of A checklist is the fi nal formal structure Ministry of Spatial Planning and the Environment, sites from the landscape viewpoint of the Guidelines mentioned above: a the Technical University of Munich – and two (acknowledgement of the meaning summary of the key questions to be observers – the Institute of Urban Project of Bucharest and Corvinus University of Budapest. that landscape has for people, from dealt with and to be analysed in depth Many experts, research institutes, universi- the symbolic, cultural, identity etc. where necessary. ties and local public authorities took part in the viewpoints, for experts, for the herit- Project work, allowing in-depth discussion of the various questions and a wide dissemination of the age of the collective local and general project’s results. memory, etc.). The project follow-up

– An interpretative description of the The fi rst effective outcome of the project current characteristics of “site archi- began while it was still running; this is tecture” to record the morphological the landscape plan for the Municipality organisation of built and non-built of Glonn, an integrative part of the regu- areas, artifi cial and natural spaces, in latory plan. After the conclusion of the their specifi c material aspects, under- project, many pilot actions were carried lining the existing landscape relations, out with local public authorities. In any whether physical, functional, visual, case, the Loto partners’ shared guide- symbolic, recent or historic differently lines can be considered a contribution to linked (the cultural characteristics, landscape assessment procedures, and but also the ecological functionality also a tool to guide the start up of local of sites). shared processes on the defi nition of future spatial “scenarios” with particular The analysis of the main transforma- attention to landscape upgrading. This tion processes (under way, predicted is what is now happening in many areas and predictable) brought about by both of the Loto partners’ territory, with par- anthropic and natural factors (future ticular success in some regions such as evolution trends and transformation Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna. demands) aims at predicting their impact on the sites’ physical character Furthermore, the Lombardy Region

and on landscape meanings: evolution decided to introduce the Loto guidelines Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 31 Some examples of co-operat

Staircase Vanvitelli, Certosa di San Lorenzo The European landscape observatory of Arco Latino

“In order to promote its overall harmonious – organising exchanges of information The Observatory is open to all new development, the Union shall develop and and experiences between the regions projects compatible with its aims, and pursue its actions leading to the strength- of Arco Latino and territorial com- to all agencies willing to co-operate. ening of its economic, social and territorial munities, including those already in This is an operative tool which will, its cohesion” (Art. 174, 1° TEU). place, based on examples and on the promoters hope, contribute not only to integration of political, social, ecologi- the implementation of the European Arco Latino 1, the second-tier local cal and cultural landscape policies. Landscape Convention, but also to the authority network of the Western development of a shared culture and Mediterranean Arco, with the aim of Today, the Observatory brings together to the protection and enhancement of sustainable territorial development in the network of its founding members landscape. Europe, launched in 2005 in Barcelona, and serves as a platform for the imple- a “Landscape Agreement” in the pres- mentation of several pilot projects, as: Domenico Nicoletti 2 Director of HISPA, Italy ence of many public and private actors , – The Master’s degree in European [email protected] who, in their capacity as promoters of Landscape (Master EuroMed) pre- the “European Landscape Observatory”, sented by the University of Salerno in chose to locate their headquarters in the co-operation with universities in Spain Christiane Garnero Morena High National School of Architecture, Province of Salerno. and France involved in the project. This Strasbourg, France Master’s degree is primarily intended [email protected] On the occasion of the 2008 European to train environmental experts either Heritage Days, Arco Latino and the already active or able to hold central Promoted by Province of Salerno established the positions in environmental service Province of Salerme, Territorial and Sustainable Development Commission European Landscape Observatory at the companies, control bodies, and local Certosa di San Lorenzo in Padula 3 under government involved in landscape 1 Arco Latino is an area of co-operation between terri- the high patronage of the President of management and implementing the torial communities, within which integrated actions are implemented in different areas. The members the Italian Republic and the Ministries of European Landscape Convention; of Arco Latino are represented by the Italian, French Cultural Heritage, Environment and of – The EuroMed Landscape Forum pre- and Spanish second-tier local authorities. 2 sented by the High National Strasbourg Barcelona Council, Malaga Provincial Council, Land and Sea Conservation, implement- General Council of Gard, General Council of Hérault, ing Recommendation CM/Rec (2008) 3 School of Architecture. This is a place Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’architecture de Lyon, of the Committee of Ministers to mem- for training to pass on skills for under- Province of Allessandria, Province of La Spezia, Province of Matera, Province of Torino, Province ber states of the Council of Europe on standing landscape in all the countries of Viterbo, Province of Salerno, Ferderparchi, the Guidelines for the implementation along the Mediterranean shores; Legambiente, SITI (Istituto Superiore sui Sistemi of the European Landscape Convention. – The Prize for policies that support land- Territoriali per l’innovazione), Coordination of Agenda 21, Interdepartmental Centre of the The Centre brings together scientists, scape and biodiversity in co-operation ‘Salerno Study Uniersity’, National Park of Cilento landscape specialists and technicians with the Coordination of Local Agenda and Vallo di Diano, IPOGEA, Hispa. 3 21, Hispa and the Italian Federation of La Certosa is one of the largest European Certosa, from the public and private sectors, who built by the Prince of Sanseverino in 1306. The have given themselves the ambitious Parks www.a21italy.it, www.hispa.it, monument was offi cially recognised by UNESCO goals of: www.parks.it. in 1998 as part of The World Heritage list. – describing the condition of the land- scapes of Arco Latino at a given time; – exchanging information on policies and experiences concerning pro- tection, management and planning of landscapes, and concerning participation in decisions at different levels; – using, editing and compiling his- torical documents on landscapes for understanding and interpreting how landscape levels have developed (databases, archives, texts, photo- graphs, etc.); – drawing up quantitative and qualita- tive indicators to assess the effective- ness of landscape policies following the Council of Europe guidelines; – providing data and information lead- ing to an understanding of trends and forecasts (forward-looking sce- Certosa di San Lorenzo narios);

32 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 ion within Europe The South

Describing and labelling Mediterranean landscapes to protect their diversity

Values of cultural and natural ecological and landscape interest and landscape change as part of the exercise landscapes of the Mediterranean the rational use of natural resources”. are another important outcome. These Also, other implementation documents recommendations serve the planners The diversity of Mediterranean land- make landscape management an objec- and public in decision-making proc- scapes contributes to local and regional tive, such as Mediterranean Action Plan esses by presenting the spatial values identity, reflecting past and present and Priority Fields of Activities (1995), and landscape structures that should be relationships between people and their where countries commit themselves preserved or enhanced, as well as the natural and human-made environment. “to promote nature, and protect and level of their acceptable transformation Rich cultural landscapes have been enhance sites and landscapes of eco- or change so as to maintain the genius developed over many millennia during logical or cultural values”. Unesco has loci of the landscape unit in question. which different human populations, issued legal instruments with some This characterisation also contributes cultures, and religions have fl ourished bearing upon landscape, either directly to raising awareness about the land- around the Mediterranean and have or indirectly. scape and its values in the country. It developed coastal landscapes in order contributes to maintaining European, to produce food, build living habitats, Two actions are therefore proposed: national, regional and local identity art, etc. Nowadays, however, increasing – characterisation of all Mediterranean through landscapes, which have been threats to cultural identity, heritage and coastal landscapes (Mediterranean under globalisation pressures in recent landscape diversity of the region due to Landscape atlas); decades due to similar techniques and external (e.g. globalisation) and internal – evaluation and defi nition of outstand- technologies applied around the world, (e.g. rapid urbanisation of coastal areas ing landscapes. especially in agriculture and the urban

with consequent impacts on traditional sector. The LCA methodology, i.e. a The South socio-economic structures) factors are functional hierarchy of abiotic, biotic apparent. As a result, natural and cul- Description and characterisation and cultural components of the land- tural landscapes have deteriorated sig- of Mediterranean coastal scape, involves a desk study, mapping nifi cantly in several coastal areas. landscapes (Mediterranean of landscape types from layers of data, landscape atlas) a fi eld survey and, fi nally, classifi cation The coastal landscapes of the and description to defi ne and commu- Mediterranean have never been stud- The Landscape Character Assessment nicate landscape types. ied as a specifi c group or type of land- (LCA methodology) is a technique to scape. Existing landscape-specific classify, describe and understand the The main steps in this study are to pre- methodologies and concepts have not physical and cultural characteristics pare a landscape typology for all coastal been introduced or taken into account. of the landscape. The objective of this areas of the Mediterranean on the basis Also, knowledge of the landscape typol- methodology is to prepare a distribution of national landscape characterisation. ogy, i.e. the variety of landscapes, and of landscape types that are homogene- The main variables used to characterise especially the most valuable and typi- ous in their structure and have similar landscapes in the study area include cli- cal Mediterranean landscapes, in other landscape patterns. It can be done at mate, landform, geology and soils, land words outstanding landscapes, is not national, regional or local level or even cover and land use. Each landscape type adequate, nor are the main processes internationally. Recommendations for should be described, i.e. its main land- and forces infl uencing their transforma- tion.

Identifi cation and assessment of land- scapes are two of the main obligations in the European Landscape Convention. In the preamble to the Convention, it is written “that the landscape is an impor-

tant part of the quality of life for people Allinea plus d.o.o. everywhere: in urban areas and in the countryside, in degraded areas as well as in areas of high quality, in areas recog- nised as being of outstanding beauty as well as everyday areas”. The Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean. states that “Contracting Parties shall commit themselves to promote the integrated management of coastal zones, taking Outstanding landscapes have great potentials for cultural tourism into account the protection of areas of Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 33 Some examples of co-operat

scape patterns, landscape elements, derive from traditional agriculture and protection and development. The pub- and land uses that are the main agents which have been maintained due to lication, accompanied by a map of out- for development. the lack of development opportunities standing landscapes, will be a valuable Coastal landscape in the past. Outstanding landscapes are resource for developers and policy-mak- of Adriatic sea in On the basis of common methodology, now becoming more and more valued ers (e.g. tourism, the agricultural sec- Slovenia national experts will co-operate to pro- and respected by both professionals and tor). In this way, they will easily fi nd the duce comparable results. The methodol- the general public because of their tour- locations with a potential for the devel- ogy is based on the digital data available ist and leisure potential. opment of a special type of tourism and from various satellite images and verifi ed destinations programmes. Also, agricul- on the ground during fi eld surveys. The proposed list of criteria for iden- tural policies will easily defi ne the areas tification of outstanding landscapes that should receive special subsidies to Once the report is completed, it should includes the following: support farmers in order to maintain the be published in different languages as a – a unique landscape pattern; original values of the landscape. Mediterranean landscape atlas, widely – adaptation of the land use to topog- distributed, and a broad awareness-rais- raphy; ing campaign organised. In this way, – continuation of traditional patterns; awareness of the values encompassed – presence of native vegetation; Nataša Bartina Jurkovicˇ by the cultural landscapes should be – structural complexity; Landscape architect, Allinea plus d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenia improved. – level of uniqueness (local-national- [email protected] international); – embodiment of characteristic culti- A label ‘Outstanding landscapes vation; of the Mediterranean’ – evidence of socio-economic circum- stances. The ‘Outstanding Landscape’ is another recently developed concept that could The project is based on a common be interesting for the Mediterranean methodology to be followed by a team countries. It would mean that the most of experts from various Mediterranean valuable cultural landscapes, which are countries. The typology (Landscape rare, typical, unique and important for Atlas) from the previous project would Mediterranean identity, would gain a be a valuable contribution. Once the special status and be maintained. The report is completed, it should be pub- outstanding landscapes represent evi- lished in different languages, widely dis- dence of the socio-economic circum- tributed, and a broad awareness-raising stances of societies which should be campaign organised to raise awareness preserved for the future as universal of the potential of these landscapes for assets of human civilisation. On the one hand, they represent a huge poten- tial for the development of a new sort of cultural tourism and, on the other, they could become a sort of a stimulus for agricultural policy as most of them are the result of past farming prac- tices. However, all coastal areas of the Mediterranean should be analysed on Allinea plus d.o.o. the basis of common criteria and a list with the description of these landscapes should also be drawn up.

Outstanding landscapes are important vehicles for national identity. The meas- ures taken to preserve the features and associated values of such landscapes are often in contradiction with the developers’ real aims, as it can often be witnessed in building projects or in the modernisation of agricultural pro- duction. In principle, these are the areas Typical landscape pattern of Mediterranean agriculture whose most important landscape values

34 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 ion within Europe The South

The “CôteàCôte” project: a sea viewed from its shores for greater co-operation between Mediterranean landscapes

The Mediterranean is a source both of to establish a form of citizenship that the implementation of the principles of fascination and of challenges. The issues meets the challenges of today. the European Landscape Convention on now facing people around its shores the subject. Through these principles, once again confi rm Fernand Braudel’s In combining photographic and regional the project seeks to promote not so vision of the Mediterranean as being development approaches, the method- much the permanence of iconic land- central to co-operation and openness ology employed by the project devel- scapes but rather the interdependence in Europe. In the current era of great opers (the research consultancy, (MTP) of Mediterranean situations so as to regional changes, the “CôteACôte” prospective, and the photo agency, VU’) capi talise on a forward-looking dimen- (coast-to-coast) project seeks to restore follows on from a long tradition of pho- sion of landscape. The project now the Mediterranean’s function of com- tography for the surveys by the French enjoys the patronage of the Secretary munication by involving writers and regional development agency, DATAR. General of the Council of Europe. photographers in a contemporary inter- Beyond the involvement of images in pretation of relationships with the sea. the interpretation of regions and terri-

tory, however, the original feature of The South In this context, the approach of the the project lies in the multidisciplinary Jean-Guy Ubiergo Responsible for MTP Prospective, project is to re-establish dialogue nature of the languages and points of Toulouse, France between the founding myths of the view employed and expressed, involving [email protected] Mediterranean as a “common herit- a multicultural and pluralist approach age” and the far-reaching changes and made up of the views of women and transformations now affecting it. The men from different backgrounds. aim is to update the basis of this new Mediterranean identity and the aspects By basing its methodology on “land- leading to shared values so as fi rmly scape”, the project also contributes to

UNE MER RACONTÉE PAR SES RIVES POUR UNE COOPÉRATION DES PAYSAGES MÉDITERRANÉENS

Cover page Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 35 Some examples of co-operat

Co-operation between Mediterranean regions to encourage good landscape

An important and useful way to promote in the European Landscape Convention Setting up and managing the effective implementation of the to each of the public policies within the a Mediterranean landscape Council of Europe’s European Landscape scope of their competencies (town plan- observatory, co-ordinated Convention lies in co-operation between ning, spatial planning, historical herit- by Andalusia European regions within the framework of age, infrastructures, tourism, agriculture programmes co-funded by the European and rural development). At the same The aim of this activity consisted in set- Union that support cross-border, transna- time, the project was created as a devel- ting up a virtual observatory as a means tional or interregional co-operation ini- opment of the landscape policy recom- to recognise and observe characteris- tiatives. This is clearly the case of “Pays. mendations laid down in the European tic Mediterranean landscapes that are Doc. Good Landscape Practices”, a trans- Spatial Development Perspective of representative of the processes and national co-operation project developed 1999. Within this context, the overall trends involved in its transformation. between 2004 and 2007 in the framework aim of Pays.Doc consisted in improving This virtual observatory is based on an of the Interreg III B Programme for the the management and landscape plan- image bank, an essential support tool to Medocc space (Western Mediterranean). ning of the Mediterranean landscape by represent such landscapes, and refers Thirteen regions from four European identifying and assessing local experi- to a series of observation points in each countries took part in this project, includ- ences that constitute “good landscape region. ing: the regional authorities of Andalusia, practices” and to serve as a model by Murcia, Valencia and Catalonia in Spain; drawing up directives and guidelines the regional authority of Provence-Alpes- that could be applied to ensure that Catalogue of good practices, Côte d’Azur in France; the regional landscape transformations are prop- co-ordinated by Tuscany authorities of Tuscany, Umbria, Lazio, erly managed. With this approach in Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, Lombardy mind, the project was structured along The Catalogue of good practices con- and Basilicata in Italy; and the prefecture four lines of work, on which the part- tributed to the drawing up of a ‘learn- of Magnesia-Anem in Greece. Andalusia ner regions focused their joint efforts ing by example’ system in which a was in charge of overall co-ordination as by interchanging and sharing their dif- series of local managers, technicians the project manager. ferent regional experiences and jointly and professionals representing a vari- drawing up measures for each line ety of standpoints towards landscape The project’s partners undertook to under the aegis of a partner that acted took part. It provides a common culture apply the aims and principles set out as the coordinator. as regards landscape interventions on

Corbesassi, Lombardia, Italy, integrated in the landscape

36 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 ion within Europe The South

practices

the Mediterranean environment. This – Secondly, it is worth highlight- possible to submit a new project enti- common culture allows approaches and ing that the second edition of the tled Pays.Med.Urban to the operational practices to be enriched, thereby ena- Mediterranean Landscape Award programme Med 2007-2013, which bling better quality interventions that was held within the framework of capitalises on the results obtained by have an impact on our landscapes. Pays.Doc. After a selection proc- Pays.Doc. This project, approved by ess conducted by an international the selection committee of Programme jury in Seville in 2007, this award Med on 4-5 February 2009, is led by Creation and management internationally recognised the best Andalusía and most of the Pays.Doc of an internet portal on practices in each of the award’s four regions are taking part, along with the Mediterranean landscape, categories: plans, programmes and three new regions (Veneto, Algarve co-ordinated by Umbria projects; activities and works carried and the Island of Mallorca) and the out; awareness- raising initiatives con- Enelc (European Network of Local The main aim of the Portal’s creation cerning the landscape; and informa- and Regional Authorities for the was to make interchanges easier and tive activities about the landscape. Implementation of the European make Mediterranean co-operation on Landscape Convention). It is expected the landscape more dynamic. Likewise, – Lastly, the project enabled Euro- that six lines of work concerning its implementation aimed to promote, Mediterranean landscape co-operation landscape matters will be carried out at an international level, the richness between regions to be consolidated (free peri-urban spaces and landscape and diversity of landscape and envi- and widened. In this regard, it should integration of spaces for productive ronmental and cultural heritage of the be remembered that Pays.Doc has and logistical activities), which are

Mediterranean regions. involved the creation of a wide and sta- important for the development of The South ble network of co-operation between Mediterranean urban areas, taking European regions (13 participating into consideration that the existence Guides containing landscape regions). This is of importance in of a high-quality landscape constitutes strategies and guidelines itself, as well as the social capital that spatial capital and a factor in favour to be applied as spatial policy has generated a good basis for future of these areas’ competitiveness by instruments, co-ordinated co-operation actions among this net- enabling them to attract economic by Catalonia work’s member regions. This can be activities, particularly in cutting-edge seen in the agreement that made it industries. This line of work aimed to defi ne strate- gies capable of ensuring added landscape Andreas Hildenbrand Scheid Head of Territorial Development Unit, value for public and private policies, plans Department of Housing and Spatial Development and actions with an impact on the land- Andalusia Regional Authority, Sevilla, Spain scape. In order to do so, some practical [email protected] guides were drawn up offering guidelines and criteria for the proper management of landscape transformation concerning the following areas: communications infrastructures and access to urban cen- tres; productive, commercial and logisti- cal spaces; places of historical, cultural and public interest; and agricultural, for- est and natural spaces.

From the results obtained, it may be said that Pays.Doc has been a success- ful experience in spatial co-operation between European Mediterranean regions.

– Firstly, the project stands out because of the high quality in both the for- mat and contents of its products. It includes publications on the different lines of work and the portal (www. paymed.net), which offer abundant and reliable information to all those with an interest in the Mediterranean landscape. Coastal landscape in Andalusia: Huelva, Spain Some examples of co-operation within Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 37 Co-operation across and

Rivers as cultural infrastructures

The Project “Rivers as cultural infra- gastronomic affi nities between the pop- an essential part of the daily work of structures” concerned the relationship ulations living on both sides of the river, all citizens. This aspect is important, between rivers and culture1. When we independently of the regions, than there because the importance of intellectual chose this topic, we had mainly thought are between the people living in differ- and scientifi c work does not only lie of the importance of rivers when defi n- ent parts of the same region. In fact, in making new discoveries but also in ing the urban features of the European if we travel along a river, what really knowing how to disseminate them. landscape. This is evident if we think strikes us is how the river is an expres- about the way in which many European sion of a common historical, cultural, Our Project thus aimed to promote this cities are identifi ed by their rivers. It and architectural identity. dissemination, through the organisation is obvious to link together Paris and of events that have facilitated dialogue the Seine, London and the Thames or The rivers can be environmental and helped establish new research net- Budapest and the Danube: but it is not resources, but also often sources of works that would allow other co-opera- clear to everyone that, all over Europe, degradation. tion and common projects in the future. this kind of “link” between towns and This kind of dialogue is not only aimed rivers is strong. We could actually read They have been privileged areas for pro- at universities and research centres, but the history of most European cities start- ductive activities, but tend to become at all those who work for the enhance- ing from the role of the rivers on the more and more places for recreation ment of European cultural heritage. For construction of the features of European and leisure time activities. In fact, in the same reason, in our own group for urban landscape, all with their own France, there are several landscape example, we involved not only univer- characteristics and aspects. projects along the rivers, and also in the sities but also local bodies and cultural area of the Ruhr in Germany, the old foundations. Another important aspect is the variety industrial basin is being reconverted. of meanings that can be given to the river – meanings that, as a matter of One of the targets of this project was fact, are often quite contradictory. to represent at least a small part of all this complexity of meanings. A brief Romeo Farinella The rivers have both divided and description follows. The aim was to Professor, Study University of Ferrara, Faculty of Architecture, Ferrara, Italy brought together. They are and they spread knowledge about European cul- fl [email protected] have been borders for countries and tures. All the activities that have been territories, even if we know that this is carried out, had to allow dissemination often a result of political processes and and cultural exchange between the vari- confl icts that do not refl ect the cultural ous European partner countries. identities connected with the river itself. 1 The rivers Aura (Finland), Loire and Rhône (France), In the case of our own Po, there are The knowledge to be disseminated Po di Volano (Italy), Vista (Poland and Guadiana many more linguistic, architectural and often already existed and was already (Portugal).

Rivers (GAFS image design) – Francesco Nicoletti

38 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 beyond Europe

The potential of the European Geopark Network for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention

What is the essence of landscape? Is in Lesvos, Geological Reserve of Haute- 18 countries). The European Network it the terrain formation, its diversifi ed Provence, Gerolstein/Vulkaneifel in represents a real motor in the dynamic forms of life, the scenery perceived as Germany and the Maestrazgo Cultural geopark movement. The national landscape aesthetics or its spiritual val- Park in Spain). Nowadays, three geo- geopark level was developed in China, ues? What do geoparks with their philos- graphical levels of geopark networks Germany, Switzerland, Japan, Italy, ophy have in common with landscape exist: global, European and national. Portugal, the United Kingdom and the and with people living there? The global network based in Beijing, Czech Republic. It provides verifi cation China, is in the process of preparing before entry to the European Geopark Geoparks means a real bottom-up initia- other continental networks. Apart from Network and, at the same time, repre- tive where the landscape as perceived European geoparks (33 geoparks in sents the system for geoparks with only by local people plays a central role 13 countries1), already about 20 Chinese national importance. whilst the landscape type, objectives, geoparks, one Iranian, one Brazilian, characteristics and values represent key one Malaysian and one Australian At the last meeting of the European issues for the geopark movement. geopark are included (58 geoparks from Geopark Network in the Bohemian

The main objective of the geopark ini- tiative is to make people more curious about the story of the planet, to take care of it and to search for optimal and responsible ways of developing it. Tomas Ridkosil

In the context of the European Landscape Convention European, geoparks can be seen as one of the special landscape planning and management tools. The key phenomena can include for exam- ple rock cities, volcanic and karst areas, archaeological and palaentological sites, or abandoned mines including the min- ing facilities. But this landscape heritage is supposed to be not only conserved for future generations but also to be interpreted in an innovative and crea- tive way and to be used sustainably for local quality of life. The main idea of the geopark’s philosophy is sustain- able development, with an active role for the local community and for geo- tourism and other environment-friendly forms of tourism, with an emphasis on the modern way of interpreting the geo- logical and related landscape heritage values of the territory. The status of the geopark requires a systematic approach to landscape management with a clear landscape development vision.

Offi cial recognition and support for the geopark initiative was given by Unesco in 2004 – just four years after the European Geopark Network was founded by four European areas (Petrifi ed Forest Klokocske skaly, Paradise Geopark, Bohemia Co-operation across and beyond Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 39 Co-operation across and

Paradise Geopark, Ladislav Miko, skills and knowledge, to the prepara- of geological and landscape heritage, Director of Environment at the European tion of management plans for Natura human resources and fi nancial man- Commission refl ected on the meaning 2000 localities, specifi cally in the area of agement, sustainable tourism strategy, of geology in the area of biodiversity geodiversity and its relation to biodiver- education and research, participation protection, landscape ecology and land- sity. This proposal presents a signifi cant in network activities (common mar- scape mental mapping. He explained challenge for the European Geopark keting, projects, magazines, periodical how geological and geomorphological Network, as subsequently pointed out meetings of coordination committees, characteristics infl uence both wildlife by its coordinator Nikolaos Zouros. annual and biannual conferences). and cultural processes and phenomena: landscape is basically a result of mutual Other potential benefi ts of the geopark In return, the network offers to its mem- interconnections between geological, initiative for the European landscape bers the organisation of the activities biological and cultural diversity. This lie in education, interpretation, land- mentioned above, training, information, implies that, in order to understand a scape research, landscape heritage know-how and best practices exchange complex system, a truly multidisciplinary conservation based on the knowledge (guidelines, manuals, communication approach is needed. According to him, of the importance and mutual relation and marketing systems etc.), exchange geoparks offer just such a cross-discipli- between its three types of diversity and of experts and youth camps, technical nary, interesting and practical approach. lastly the sustainable use of landscape support and expert consultation and He recognised that geoparks serve as a heritage above all in the form of geotour- fi nally active international co-operation. useful voluntary bottom-up instrument ism, local branding, eco/bio-agriculture, Unesco plays an important institutional based on the activity and enthusiasm of handicrafts etc. role in the geopark movement and its local communities. He contrasted this performance is crucial from the glo- approach with often directive-based con- The strength, comparative advantage bal perspective. The last but not least cepts of protected areas and underlined and success of the geopark movement benefi t of the geopark community is the need to convince local people to join lie in networking instruments. A strict the mutual support resulting from the the geopark initiative. initial evaluation and periodical revali- enthusiasm of individual members of dation is necessary to keep and enhance the European Geopark Network in their L. Miko suggested that it would be inter- the quality and competitiveness of the work and efforts to conserve, present, esting and helpful if the geopark net- network. It is based on the following interpret and use geology sustainably as work could contribute, with its expert criteria: conservation and interpretation a basis of landscape heritage.

It is clear that the philosophy of the geopark initiative is close to that of the European Landscape Convention and that parallel implementation of these concepts can produce substantial syn- ergies. It is mutually benefi cial when Tomas Ridkosil these initiatives support and promote each other.

Martina Paskova Environmental Policy Department Ministry of the Environment, Prague, Czech Republic [email protected]

1 Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Meeting of the European Geopark Network Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Ireland, Romania, Spain, United Kingdom.

40 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 beyond Europe

The role of landscape in co-operation between Andalusia and Morocco

Geographically speaking only three The opportunities and tensions created Co-operation between Andalusia and countries are both Mediterranean and by this situation are centred mainly on Morocco recognises these common Atlantic: Spain, France and Morocco, the Straits of Gibraltar and the border bases of understanding and, although although Portugal could also be included of Andalusia and Morocco. Many are many other fi elds of joint action exist, because of the Mediterranean climate the daily episodes and sporadic events it is worth highlighting three joint meas- of its southern shores. On a regional that bear witness to this constant syn- ures which have been taken with par- scale, Andalusia and northern Morocco ergy between the two continents. The ticular regard to the landscape: are the only areas that share seaboards straits are a veritable north-south east- – The creation in 2006 of the inter- with both the Mediterranean and the west crossroads for travellers and mer- continental Biosphere Reserve of Atlantic. Nevertheless, despite this spe- chandise and a strategic point in global the Mediterranean, an area of more cial location, the Mediterranean was geopolitics. Just to stand on a vantage than 9,000 sq km , which is made up always predominent historically and cul- point on one coast and look towards the of land on both sides of the straits, turally until its infl uence was extended other evokes strong emotions, not just including such important national dramatically by the new horizons of the because of the impressive landscapes nature reserves as those at Grazalema Atlantic. but also because of the multitude of past in Andalusia and Talassemtane in and present events. Morocco. The Mediterranean, as a sea and a geo- – The support of the Andalusian govern- graphical region, was the fi rst area in The intensity of life and its meaning ment in restoring the historical cen- the world of its size to be mapped com- centred around the Straits of Gibraltar tres of the towns of Larache, Tangiers pletely and given a name of its own. do not receive the political reactions and Tetuan, with buildings and areas Although called Mare nostrum during they deserve and, although things of great symbolic value. Roman times, the Mediterranean has are moving in the right direction, the – Programmes for co-operation between never been a culturally homogeneous path of diplomacy and co-operation is the International University of area. The story of the development of bogged down by distrust and misun- Andalusia and the Abdelmalek Esaadi the peoples and societies who have derstandings. European and national University of Morocco (Tangiers and inhabited this corner of the planet is programmes exist but real understand- Tetuan) have recently been respon- of confl ict and mutual interferences. ing only comes about when grass-roots sible for devoting numerous activi- As Pedrag Matvejevic remarked, in his political communities get together, and ties to natural and cultural heritage. history of the Mediterranean and its especially individuals. Thus co-opera- In July 2008, the fi rst course devoted peoples, Mediteranski brevijar, “The tion between Andalusia and Morocco to landscape was held, during which idea of the Mediterranean and the is of the utmost importance. the tenets of the European Landscape Mediterranean itself have never man- Convention were presented. aged to live in harmony”. In recent Scientists have long observed that the times, the Mediterranean is possibly same natural landscapes exist on each the region where economic and cul- side of the straits, which are in fact no tural boundaries are most in confl ict more than a narrow arm of the sea that and where, from both its shores, great opened quite recently in geological efforts for co-operation are being under- terms between two mountainous for- Florencio Zoido Naranjo Director of the Study Center on Landscape taken. mations created by the same tectonic and Territory, Autonomous Community events and composed of the same types of Andalusia, Spain of rock. Even the vegetation includes fl [email protected] the same endemic species. Latterly, a shared background has left the African and Spanish Mediterranean regions with many common features in their social and territorial organisation.

If, as in the European Landscape Convention, the landscape forms part of the framework of people’s lives, the similarities to be seen between Andalusia and northern Morocco would go a long way towards explaining simi- larities in the way people conduct their daily lives; for example, the times when people work in the fi elds are much the same, and so are their ways of using Talassemtane Gibraltar Strait

urban public areas. Co-operation across and beyond Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 41 Co-operation across and

Virgin landscape, Trguiste region, North Morocco Towards landscape-centred transfrontier co-operation: “Andalusia and Northern Morocco” – A model to emulate

Moroccan-Spanish transfrontier co- source of improvement in their prosper- At present, the Club is working in co- operation on cultural heritage and ity. This has made it possible to increase operation with several Spanish NGOs landscape has become one of the major the number of citizens who respect and and institutions to create tourist routes concerns of several officials both in preserve the cultural heritage. in rural areas. This is part of a major Morocco and in Spain. This type of co- project called “Human development operation has undergone particularly In 1997, the historic centre of Tetuan and poverty alleviation by introducing striking development between Tetuan was recognised as World Heritage by alternative tourism and fair trade”. and the Autonomous Community of Unesco, raising the profi le of the trans- Andalusia, which are two cross-border frontier co-operation and allowing the The Andalusia-Tetuan model has zones. Co-operation commenced in organisation of further meetings, semi- become a pilot scheme in several towns 1989 during a Moroccan-Spanish meet- nars and joint workshops for group dis- of Northern Morocco, dealing with trans- ing organised in Tetuan and entitled cussion of practical solutions. frontier co-operation for the enhance- “The Andalusian town and the chal- ment and preservation of landscape. lenges of change”, during which several The “Heritage, Development and Among the North Moroccan towns proposals and recommendations were Citizenship Club” (Cpdc) of Abdelmalek which have followed the same approach put forward. Essaadi University has played a leading as Tetuan, mention should be made of role in the success of the Andalusian- Larache, Chefchaouen, Asilah, Ksar-El- In 1993, the President of the Autonomous North Moroccan transfrontier co-oper- Kebir, Ouad Laou and Tangiers. Community of Andalusia, Manuel ation on landscape. It has organised Chaves González, gave this transfrontier several meetings to develop and estab- All these towns now benefi t from seve- co-operation process a strong impetus lish alternative, sustainable tourism ral projects fi nanced by the European through his visit to Tetuan to inaugurate respecting nature and culture, and capa- Union and managed by the Autonomous the fi rst joint projects on rehabilitation ble of turning the natural and cultural Community of Andalusia. Andalusian- and enhancement of the common leg- potential into fi nancial gains benefi t- North Moroccan transfrontier co- acy formed by the Andalusian cultural ing local citizens. The Club organised a operation is a model which should be heritage. Seminar on “The role of cultural herit- emulated. age in local development” in conjunc- This action generated a fresh perception tion with the “select classroom” of the of the cultural heritage among the citi- University of Cadix; there have been zens of Tetuan, especially crafts people, summer courses together with the Abdelouahab Idelhadj Abdelmalek Essaadi University shopkeepers and hotel, guest house and International University of Andalusia, Professor, Tetuan Faculty of Science, restaurant owners. Indeed, this herit- such as “Tourism and landscape” and Morocco age, after renovation, has been the main “Sustainable tourism on both shores”. [email protected]

Virgin landscape, Alhoucima region, North Morocco Calla-Eres, Alhoucima natural parc, North Morocco

A. Idelhadj with the future leaders for landscape conservation, Both natural and cultural landscape, Snada, North Morocco North Morocco

42 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 beyond Europe

Alliance of World Heritage Cultural Landscapes

In 2006, the City Council of Aranjuez Association was proposed with these called for a fi rst working meeting to dis- Spanish members as well as Sintra, in cuss places holding the World Heritage Aranjuez, in 2008. It offered the pos- Declaration by Unesco, in the Cultural sibility of incorporation to the other Landscape category. It was about start- international partners. ing up an initiative aimed at creating a network of Cultural Landscapes, which would be named the “Alliance of World National scope: optimisation Heritage Cultural Landscapes”. through networking

The Alliance of World Heritage Cultural Implementation Landscapes is an opportunity to provide a national frame of reference so that the In December 2007, the First International places declared Cultural Landscapes and Conference of the Alliance of World given similar labels have suitable tools Heritage Cultural Landscapes was held for the defence of common interests in Aranjuez, attended by representa- related to the management, mainte- tives of 16 Cultural Landscapes, the nance and uses linked with the World Spanish Ministry of Culture, the Unesco Heritage Declaration. World Heritage Centre itself, and the offi cial organisations related to the WHC The Alliance of World Heritage Cultural (Icomos, Iccrom, Iucn…) Landscapes may be an instrument for dialogue and exchange for the devel- The Conference ended with the sign- opment of coordinated actions organi- Representatives of the founder members of the Alliance ing of the “Aranjuez Declaration” sations and institutions related to the and the announcement of the Second World Heritage Declaration, particularly International Conference and the in the relationships with the respective decisions. It should also be maintained Alliance Constituent Assembly, to be Ministries of Culture and the Unesco when looking for harmony between the held in Sintra, Portugal, in 2008. The World Heritage Centre itself. principles of the European Landscape Aranjuez Declaration was intended to Convention and those included by be a programing document, and form The coordination of actions is also Unesco in the World Heritage Cultural the basis of the Alliance. important in connection with the deci- Landscapes Declaration. sions of local and regional administra- The initiative is supported by the tions, as it shows the impact of the This is one of the main contributions that Spanish Ministry of Culture and the World Heritage Declaration on other the Alliance of World Heritage Cultural Unesco World Heritage Centre and is management areas: town planning, Landscapes can provide to sustainable considered an important tool in the environment, tourism, etc. development and spatial planning. All privilege-commitments relationship of this work encourages a worldwide net- the Cultural Landscape. It is an instru- Besides, it is an important opportunity work, which could provide proposals ment of solidarity for countries that have to activate social participation with local and solutions in view of sustainable lower scientifi c, technical and fi nancial populations. development, climate change and the resources at their disposal, both to gain challenges of conserving our cultural the Unesco Declaration and to keep it. heritage. Its relationship with the con- International scope tents and guidelines of the European Working meetings have been organised, Landscape Convention is clear. with representatives of other places The Alliance provides the possibility of declared World Heritage in similar cat- adding common elements to all Cultural egories to Cultural Landscape, e.g. the Landscapes, it contributes to overcom- case of the biodiversity and culture of ing the existing gaps in the concept and Ibiza, the Alhambra and Generalife of defi nition of Cultural Landscape. Luciano Sánchez Pérez-Moneo Secretary General, Alliance of World Heritage Grenada, the Palmeral of Elche and Cultural Landscapes, Aranjuez (Madrid), the Médulas in León. The incorpora- Scientifi c research carried out throughout Spain tion of these places has created discus- history aimed at better understanding [email protected] sions about the forms which Cultural of the human-nature-activity relations, http://www.alianzadepaisajesculturales.es/ Landscapes can take, which may give together with the sustainable use of the rise to another Unesco Declaration. endogenous resources, is an important starting point to bring about an inno- Thus, the creation of the Alliance of vative advance in research that com- World Heritage Cultural Landscapes bines technical knowledge with political Co-operation across and beyond Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 43 Co-operation across and M. Pazos

Windmills in Consuegra, La Mancha, Spain Co-operation for transfrontier landscapes

At the start of the 21st century, it may The transfrontier co-operation promoted and implement joint landscape pro- seem unnecessary to talk about the by the Council of Europe in recent years grammes”. Although this is not an overly need to protect landscapes, as they has also had consequences regarding restrictive solution, it does involve an have already been protected for many the protection of landscapes: many obligation for the Parties which have years. We need only to think of the nature reserves now cross-borders and ratifi ed the Convention. People living great American national parks such as are managed jointly. However, there on either side of a border should be able Yellowstone, which were established at is a need to extend this cross-border to call for protection, management and the end of the 19th century and whose co-operation to a new type of land- planning of the landscapes which they beautiful lakes, high snow-covered scape which was clearly defi ned in the share. At the same time, the relevant mountains and vast conifer forests have European Landscape Convention. It is public authorities are required to set always been a source of wonder. They no longer a matter of protecting only “landscape quality objectives” which are sanctuaries for fauna and fl ora of landscapes of outstanding beauty – take account of the wishes of the peo- outstanding beauty, in which all human protection also extends to any “area, ple concerned, regardless of the side of activity remains banned in principle. as perceived by people, whose character the border on which they live. This is is the result of the action and interaction all found in the European Landscape When European countries began pro- of natural and/or human factors”. The Convention and stems from conventions tecting landscapes of this kind a little Convention covers natural, rural, urban such as the 1990 Espoo Convention on later, they had to employ other meth- and peri-urban areas and concerns not Environmental Impact Assessment ods of protection because – with the only outstanding landscapes but also in a Transboundary Context and the possible exception of Scandinavia everyday or degraded landscapes, 1998 Aarhus Convention on Access to and Russia – population density lev- which all determine the quality of sur- Information, Public Participation and els meant that measures as drastic as roundings for all Europeans. The aim is Access to Justice in Environmental those in the United States could not be to protect, manage and plan the land- Matters 1. adopted. Under these circumstances, scape on the basis of a new approach, in the landscapes protected in Europe were other words, as a common good which relatively small but of great beauty and is the foundation of people’s cultural with a wide variety of fauna and fl ora. and local identities, an essential compo- Accordingly, while account has to be nent of their environment and a refl ec- taken of human presence, activities con- tion of the wealth and diversity of their Alberto A Herrero de la Fuente Professor of International Environmental ducted in protected landscapes should cultural, ecological, social and economic Law, University of Valladolid, Spain be in harmony with nature. Landscapes heritage. Ultimately, the objective is to [email protected] featuring outstanding archaeological take into consideration the landscape, or historic monuments and parks and which, according to the preamble to the gardens laid out by humankind are also Convention, is “a key element of indi- protected. vidual and social well-being” and “an important part of the quality of life for The protection of such landscapes, people everywhere” which contributes which may be regarded as traditional, to “human well-being and consolidation subsequently transcended national of the European identity”. boundaries with the adoption of inter- national treaties, including the Unesco Among the principles set out in the Convention concerning the Protection of European Landscape Convention, spe- the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, cial attention should be paid to inte- which unquestionably marked a break- grating the protection of the landscape 1 “La cooperación transfronteriza hispano-portu- through. At regional level, the Council when developing regional planning, guesa. Nuevos instrumentos internacionales”, in Relaçoes Portugal-España: Cooperaçao e identi- of Europe led the way in this area with agricultural, social, cultural and envi- dade, Fundaçao Rei Afonso Henriques, Porto 2000, the adoption, among others, of the ronmental policies, etc. and also to the pp 263 ff.; “El Convenio europeo sobre el paisaje European Convention on the Protection subsidiarity principle. The latter is also de 20 de octubre de 2000”, Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional, no XVI, 2000, pp. 393 of the Archaeological Heritage (revised) directly connected with Chapter III of ff.; “La evolución del marco jurídico de la cooper- (Valletta, 1992), the Convention on the the Convention concerning European ación transfronteriza en Europa”, in E.J. Martinez Conservation of European Wildlife co-operation, which includes a specifi c Pérez (Coord.), La adaptación de los organismos de cooperación transfronteriza por las Comunidades and Natural Habitats (Bern, 1979) and reference to transfrontier landscapes: Autónomas, Ed. Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, the Convention for the Protection of “The Parties shall encourage transfron- 2006, pp. 9 ff.; “La cooperación transfronteriza entre regiones europeas. En busca de un instru- the Architectural Heritage of Europe tier co-operation on local and regional mento jurídico efi caz”, Revista de Derecho de la (Granada, 1985). level and, wherever necessary, prepare Unión Europea no 13, 2007, pp. 125 ff.

44 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 beyond Europe

“ Landscape Ambassadors ” students

The aim of the “Landscape Ambassadors” dents work in small groups which mix in three different countries (Slovenia in programme is to help introduce land- nationalities and disciplines and which 2006, Portugal in 2007 and Sweden in scape and biotechnical science spe- investigate a theme through the expec- 2008). Thanks to this European fund- cialists to the techniques of mediation tations of the local partners. A teacher ing, added to by local communities in required for the application of the guides each group to make progress and the country concerned, all the students’ European Landscape Convention. Led to ease any tensions which may arise accommodation fees and spending by a group of six teacher-researchers from the intensity of the work and con- money were covered, which allowed from different countries (France, frontations of different points of view. them to be selected based on their moti- Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia vation and competence, whatever their and Sweden) and from several speciali- The programme culminates in two pub- fi nancial situation. In total, more than ties (agronomy, ecology, forestry, geog- lic presentations: one for the authorities, 150 students have benefi ted from the raphy and landscape), the programme in English, and the other for the local programme and, by maintaining con- is organised around a 15-day seminar inhabitants, in the language of the coun- tact with many of them, we know that bringing together about 30 students to try. To do this, several students from the this experience has been enriching and work together on the territory. Each host country, who have participated in that they use the knowledge they gained year, it takes place in a different coun- seminars in previous years, are recruited in their professional lives. try where there is a local demand from as assistants. They help the groups com- specialists want to participate in the plete their tasks and act as translators in We hope that this initiative will contrib- courses, in exchange expecting results the interviews. Each year, a blog is set ute to the emergence of a new group from the work done by the students. up to track the progress (http://lamb05. of professionals who will act as media- over-blog.com) and all the work (lessons, tors between the local and the global The teaching aims at involving the stu- presentations, work produced by the stu- levels, be both technically qualifi ed and dents as much as possible. Theoretical dents, etc) is put on a DVD given to the real ‘landscape ambassadors’, and use and methodological tools are also used participants and partners from the local an approach that privileges the human on the terrain studied. As the work area and institutions. being and has trust in intelligence and progresses, they are used at moments generosity. when students meet an obstacle which After two years of experimentation can be solved by teaching; this often in France in 2004 and 2005, the pro- Yves Michelin Deputy Director UMR Metafort, (AgroParisTec, means that the timetable has to be gramme received the title of intensive Cemagref, Enita, INRA), France adapted during the project. The stu- Erasmus course, allowing it to take place [email protected]

Students at work, Portugal

Reporting for the elected representatives, Sweden Inquiry near farmers, Slovenia Co-operation across and beyond Europe

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 45 Conclusion

Council of Europe: towards development of transfrontier co-operation in favour of

The territorial integration of the European policies in the same State, on the basis established a pan-European network continent is a gradual ongoing process in of either territorial adjacency or specifi c of “CEMAT Model Regions” as innova- which transfrontier co-operation among shared features. tory regions undertaking to develop Council of Europe member states plays a good practices in implementing the key role. In this connection, the CEMAT The Guiding Principles refer in particu- Guiding Principles for Sustainable Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial lar to the European Outline Convention Spatial Development of the European Development of the European Continent on Transfrontier Co-operation between Continent, constituting pilot experi- formulated by the Committee of Ministers Territorial Communities or Authorities ences for other regions. The landscape of the Council of Europe present a vision (Madrid, 21 May 1980) and to the dimension represents an essential aspect of an integrated Europe, and as such con- European Landscape Convention of this approach. The Initiative on sus- stitute a reference policy document for (Florence, 21 May 1980), and stress tainable spatial development of the the many spatial planning actions and the importance of taking account of the Tisza/Tissa river basin, which is being initiatives throughout Europe and, in landscape dimension in all the activities developed as a transfrontier “CEMAT particular, for transnational and inter- implemented. The European Landscape Innovatory Region” is a good example national co-operation (Recommendation Convention stipulates that Parties to the of the approach. Rec (2002) 1 of the Committee of Ministers Convention “shall encourage transfron- to member states). tier co-operation on local and regional Action to implement spatial develop- level and, wherever necessary, prepare ment policies is an important precon- The Guiding Principles stipulate that and implement joint landscape pro- dition for pursuing the harmonious specifi c spatial development policies grammes”. A number of initiatives have integration of the European continent, in border regions and transfrontier already been taken to implement this pro- as it highlights the territorial dimen- co-operation involve the adoption of a vision. Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)3 sion of democracy and social cohesion joint approach to development in the of the Committee of Ministers of the policy. The Guiding Principles and their form of transfrontier structure schemes Council of Europe to member states on application in development decisions and joint plans. They add that such an the Guidelines for the implementation can facilitate co-operation throughout approach should be based on thorough of the European Landscape Convention Europe by helping to create a more bal- analysis of relevant border regions’ specifies that such co-operation may anced and sustainable Europe. functional relations network, and cen- result in joint landscape protection, tred on homogeneous development of management and planning programmes the region’s territories located on both and take the form of instruments and sides of the frontier. From that angle, measures agreed between the authori- particular attention should be paid to: ties (different administrative levels and – developing transfrontier transport and general and sectoral competences) and telecommunications infrastructures relevant stakeholders on both sides of and services; the border. Maguelonne Déjeant-Pons Head of the Cultural Heritage, Landscape – the transfrontier conservation and and Spatial Planning Division sustainable use of natural resources Resolution No. 2 adopted by the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France (particularly in the case of mountain 13th CEMAT Ministerial Conference [email protected] and coastal regions, forests and wet- lands, etc.) and of water resources; – taking the cross-border dimension of supplying public and private services into account; – the coherent planning of transfrontier conurbations, cities, and settlement areas of ethnic communities; – organising transfrontier employment catchment areas; – combating the cross-border impact of pollution.

The Guiding Principles stress that such co-operation can be conducted not only between neighbouring States but also between neighbouring regions or com- munities which implement different

46 Futuropa no 2 / 2010 the territory and the landscape

Council of Europe references

– Council of Europe, Integration of the greater European spaces, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2002, No. 65;

– Council of Europe, Landscape heritage, spatial planning and sustainable development, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2003, No. 66;

– Council of Europe, The role of local and regional authorities in trans-national co-operation in the fi eld of regional/spa- tial development, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2003, No. 67;

– Council of Europe, Spatial planning for the sustainable devleopment of particular types of European areas: mountains, coastal zones, rural zones, fl ood-plains and alluvial valleys, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2003, No. 68;

– Council of Europe, Sustainable spatial development: strengthening intersectoral relations, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2003, No. 69;

– Council of Europe, Integration of the greater European spaces, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2002, No. 65;

– Council of Europe, 13th European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional/Spatial Planning (CEMAT), Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2005, No. 71; -Documents of the Conference,Territory and Landscape Series, 2005, No. 1;

– Council of Europe, Second meeting of the Workshops for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2004, No. 72;

– Council of Europe, Spatial development governance: institutional co-operation networks, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2005, No. 73;

– Council of Europe, Urban management in networking Europe, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2006, No. 80;

– Council of Europe, Landscape and sustainable development: challenges of the European Landscape Convention, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, 2006, ISBN 92-871-5989-0;

– Council of Europe, Proceedings of the 14th Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for Spatial/Regional Planning (CEMAT), Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, European spatial planning and landscape Series, 2009, No. 86.

– Web sites: www.coe.int/CEMAT/fr - www.coe.int/CEMAT www.coe.int/Conventioneuropéennedupaysage - www.coe.int/EuropeanLandscapeConvention, www.coe.int/naturopa/fr - www.coe.int/naturopa Conclusion

Futuropa no 2 / 2010 47 Council of Europe Directorate of Culture and Cultural and Natural Heritage Cultural Heritage, Landscape and Spatial Planning Division F-67075 Strasbourg cedex Fax: 33-(0)3 33 41 37 83 Web: http://www.coe.int/futuropa The Council of Europe is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1949 with its headquarters in Strasbourg, France. The statutes of the Organisation, which has 47 member states, mention that its aim is to achieve a greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realising the ideals and principles which are their common heritage and facilitating their economic and social progress. The main objectives of the Organisation are to promote democracy, human rights and the rule of law and to seek common solutions to the main problems facing European society. It is active in promoting sustainable spatial development in line with Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the “Guiding principles for sustainable spatial development of the European Continent”. The aim is to protect the life, the quality of life and well-being of Europeans taking into account landscape, cultural and natural values of the territory. The Futuropa magazine, previously named Naturopa, has been published since 1968. It is intended to raise awareness among European citizens and decision-makers of the importance of sustainable development in Europe by focusing on its unique heritage. The magazine is published in the two offi cial languages of the Organisation: English and French. In order to receive Futuropa or to obtain further information on the Council of Europe, please contact the National Agency or the Focal Point for your country (see list on http://www.coe.int/futuropa).

ISSN 1998-1457