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Examining Governance 1 ILIOS An Undergraduate Journal of Political Science and Philosophy EXAMINING GOVERNANCE Volume 1, No. 1 Spring 2017 2 ILIOS An Undergraduate Journal of Political Science and Philosophy Contents Letter from the Editors 3 Can a State Govern Effectively if it Forgoes Ideology 4 ​ John Hochschild Compatibilizing Sub-State Nationalism and Immigration Through Civic Nationalism 19 Alexandra Sakellariou The Fateful Fifty-Two: How the American Media Sensationalized the Iran Hostage Crisis 30 Monica L. Coscia The Salience of Masculinity in 1960 Presidential Campaign Rhetoric Joshua Ferno 48 Obligations of Law: A theory of Justification of Civil Disobedience Jibraan Mansoor 76 3 Letter from the Editors What is type of political obligation that is necessary of a government, and/or its people to to properly govern a state? There is no one answer to this question as evidence by the plethora of types of governments that have existed through history. In any event, continuing to relentlessly wrestle with this conundrum is imperative as times change, social norms evolve, and power continues to be at the center of how modern life is lived. The following questions can be viewed as a guide in attempt to answer the larger aforementioned posted above. Can a state expect to govern effectively in the midst of changing its own political ideology? How much political efficacy should be expected out of those individuals who are apart of the state and those who which to join it? How do images perpetuated by the media inform the way political obligation is practiced by the public? When is it right to overthrow an unjust system? This year’s issue of the Ilios tries to provide insight into all of the questions ​ ​ above. Together, they suggest that political obligation can manifest itself in various ways , but in the end, its validity and strength is based upon who is wielding and using their power most effectively in a given state. The editors of Ilios would like to thank all of the authors who helped provide their ​ ​ unique insight into crafting this issue. In addition, the guidance of our academic advisor, Anthony Kammas, was an integral part into helping to bring this year’s vision to light. Enjoy the Spring 2017 issue of The Ilios. ​ ​ Sincerely, Daniel, Ben, Giulia, and Sama Executive Editors 4 Can a State Govern Effectively if it Forgoes Ideology? John Hochschild Abstract: Living in a democracy makes us prone to think that we live independently of ideology, a word with negative connotations that is usually associated with Communism or Nazism, for example. We are quick to identify and analyze ideological tools employed by these historical forms of government, but this is simply because we are removed from them. In my paper, I intend to dissect the ideology that surrounds us even in the United States, and explain why any government requires ideology to be able to govern effectively, as effective government requires the public to relinquish individual power and the only way to convince people to do this is by using ideology. 5 In the big lie there is always a certain force of credibility; because the broad masses of a nation are always more easily corrupted in the deeper strata of their emotional nature than 1 consciously or voluntarily.’ Herein lies ideology, ‘the big lie,’ which carries with it credibility by virtue of peoples’ tendency to be more emotional than rational. Adolf Hitler uttered these words, and his appreciation of ‘the big lie’ led to 12 years during which a concocted ideology was adhered to with cultish fervency like never before. To the reader in modern America, the National Socialist ideology of extreme nationalism to the point of racial classification and its consequences are clear; but, because of the very nature of ideology, we often fail to see the 2 ideologies by which we ourselves operate. The September 11th Attacks were intended to be and 3 were received as a direct attack on American ideology - specifically, that of globalized, secular, and neoliberal capitalism. The United States’ immediate response to the attacks was to rid the 4 world of ‘Islamic extremism’ by force. In the aftermath, military enlistment statistics saw an interesting trend: ‘Army recruits scored higher on qualification tests, had high school diplomas 5 more often and came from higher-income areas than in previous years.’ In this trend lies proof 1 Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Trans. James Murphy. Project Gutenberg. Sept. 2002. Web. 23 Apr. 2016. ​ ​ «http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt». 2 ‘There is a simple reason why [Osama bin Laden] attacked the US: American imperialism.’ Source: Laden, Osama Bin, Bruce B. Lawrence, and James Howarth. Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama Bin Laden. London: ​ ​ Verso, 2005. Print. 3 ‘On September the 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country.’ Source: Bush, George W. "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People." Washington, D.C. 20 Sept. 2001. The White ​ House. Web. 22 Apr. 2016. ​ «http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html». 4 See above note 3. ​ 5 Dao, James. "They Signed Up to Fight." The New York Times. The New York Times, 05 Sept. 2011. Web. 22 Apr. ​ ​ 2016. 6 of Hitler’s theory. Because their ideology had been directly attacked, significantly more educated Americans were driven by emotion, upon which ideology acts, and were stirred into action, overpowering their rational sides, which ordinarily would have been less attracted to a career in warfare. I contend that historically, a state has never governed without employing ideology, and theoretically, to do so is impossible, since the state requires the mass concession of individual power that can only be obtained through the implementation of an ideology. In fact, the more a state employs ideology, the more effectively it governs. By recognizing the extent to which ideology saturates our existence, it is my hope that we can become more wary of ideology, which, if accepted without critique, can give way to unconscionable actions, as was witnessed on an unprecedented scale in the 20th century. In order to answer the question at hand, it is necessary to clarify three terms. Specifically, what is a state, what does it mean to govern effectively, and what is ideology? For this paper, I will employ Max Weber’s definition of the state: ‘the human community that (successfully) 6 claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force’. Here, legitimacy is dictated by the human community over which it governs, which must, for the most part, accept the monopoly in order for the state to succeed. To govern effectively is subjective; a man who believes the effectiveness of government is measured by how content the constituents are and a man who believes the effectiveness of government is measured by how much territory that state conquers would greatly disagree on the effectiveness of many historic governments. However, in this paper, I will take ‘govern’ to be synonymous with ‘rule’ or ‘control’, and so the government that governs most effectively is that 6 Weber, Max. Politics as a Vocation. ARC. National Science Foundation. Web. 22 Apr. 2016. ​ ​ «http://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf». 7 which has most control over its constituents. Ideology is by far the most difficult term to define, and as such, the bulk of my argument will be spent defining this term and explaining what its purpose is. Ideologies like communism, socialism, capitalism and fascism differ on so much that it is often difficult to see what they have in common, but to define ideology, we can only analyze their commonalities. I contend that inherent to any ideology is the belief on the part of each individual that giving up personal power will give way to a symbiosis between state and individual. The exceptions to this are of course anarchic ideologies, but these are, by definition, irrelevant to any dynamic between ideology and state since they call for the abolition of the state. Ideology is necessary for the state because to effectively govern, or control, the state requires the monopoly of physical force, and it can only possess this if individual freedom is surrendered to the state. Ideology is necessary for us because it provides us with security by aligning us with power, provides us with a sense of belonging and purpose by operating as part of a group, and alleviates our own individual responsibility. The obvious counter-claim to this characterization of ideology is that whilst the state may possess the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force, it does not necessarily obtain this through the removal of personal freedoms. Such an argument reflects the general consensus that modern democratic nations bring more freedom to their constituents than has ever existed in the 7 world. This is generally accepted because people living in the developed world tend to live long lives, are able to travel (most) of the world freely, have little fear of displacement due to war, and so on. However, on scrutinizing the legislative and social confinements under which we, even in 7 Goldberg, Jonah. "Americans Enjoy More Freedom Today than Ever." Townhall. Townhall Media, 20 Nov. 2002. ​ ​ Web. 23 Apr. 2016. «http://townhall.com/columnists/jonahgoldberg/2002/11/20/americans_enjoy_more_freedom_today_than_ever». 8 the ‘democratic’ West, operate, one finds that we actually have little freedom. In the United States, in which freedom is held as perhaps the most sacred of all virtues, ironically almost everything we do is regulated and controlled by the government: from a young age, most of us attend schools that are operated by or under license from the state; the food and drugs we consume are regulated by the state; in Los Angeles, we cannot even cross the road unless the state tells us we may.
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