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The Matter of Quebec Movement: a Review on Canadian Domestic Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X __________________________________________________________________________________ The Matter of Quebec Movement: A Review on Canadian Domestic Politics Fikry Muhammad Reza Al-Hasin1, Demeiati Nur Kusumaningrum2 1, 2Center for Intermestic Studies (CIS), International Relations Department, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, East Java - Indonesia Email: [email protected] Submitted: 13 July 2020 | Accepted: 29 December 2020 Abstract Previous research on the Quebec movement discussed the risks and interests of Quebec nationalism, the existence of various attempts to link cultural issues with the movement, and the reasons for disintegration and the influence of several variables such as the history and group formation towards a Quebec movement. However, this research focuses on how self- determination means to the Quebec movement influencing Canadian domestic politics and how the federal government deals with it. This study uses a constructivist approach to explain how Quebec's identity underlies its importance in the liberation movement and how its strategy affects Canada's political structure utilizing literature method. The research results show the Quebec movement developed a strategy by (1) creating a political discourse of "self- determination". The existence of the social movement turned into the Québécois political party which had a vision of controlling the province since the 1960s; (2) the existence of a social construction related to the problem of French identity as a non-Canadian culture. Support for these ideas is embodied in the form of regulation and propaganda in the public sphere. However, the Canadian government managed to maintain its political stability by adopting a middle way approach in dealing with the independence movement. Keywords: Canada, Constructivist, Identity, Movement, Quebec. Abstrak Penelitian sebelumnya mengenai gerakan Quebec mendiskusikan tentang resiko dan kepentingan nasionalisme Quebec, adanya berbagai upaya untuk menghubungkan isu budaya dengan gerakan, dan apa yang menjadi alasan disintegrasi serta pengaruh beberapa variabel seperti sejarah dan pembentukan kelompok menuju sebuah gerakan Quebec. Namun, penelitian ini berfokus pada bagaimana makna penentuan nasib sendiri bagi gerakan Quebec memengaruhi politik domestik Kanada dan pemerintah federal yang menanganinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan konstruktivis untuk menjelaskan bagaimana identitas Quebec melandasi kepentingannya dalam gerakan pembebasan dan bagaimana strateginya mempengaruhi struktur politik Kanada menggunakan metode pustaka. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, gerakan Quebec membangun strategi dengan (1) menciptakan wacana politik “self-determination”. Eksistensi gerakan sosial berubah menjadi partai politik Québécois yang memiliki visi untuk menguasai wilayah provinsi sejak dekade 1960-an; (2) adanya konstruksi sosial yang berkaitan dengan masalah identitas Prancis sebagai budaya non-Kanada. Dukungan gagasan tersebut tertuang dalam bentuk regulasi dan propaganda di ranah publik. Namun, pemerintah Kanada berhasil menjaga stabilitas politik dengan menerapkan pendekatan jalan tengah dalam menghadapi gerakan kemerdekaan. Kata Kunci: Kanada, Konstruktivis, Identitas, Gerakan, Quebec. INTRODUCTION Canada has experienced the movement as the matter to study issue of disintegration by Quebec international relations in America 156 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X __________________________________________________________________________________ Region. Quebec movement represent population were threatened by political group that aimed to separate assimilation both by all Canadians and from Canadian government (Behiels, Anglophone culture in general (Guay, 2019; Changfoot et al., 2012, p. 773; 2017, p. 21; Parti Québécois, 2020). Rocher, 2014, p. 26). The demand to Quebec is one of thirteen separate itself from Canada has been provinces in Canada. Quebec is the going on since the 1960s through second most populous province in Quiet Revolution (Rocher, 2014, p. Canada, after Ontario and the only 26). province that has a majority The Quiet Revolution started in population speaking French, with the 1960s suggested by Jean Lesage as French as the only official language of Premier of Quebec. He has reformed the province (Statistics Canada, 2017). several sectors such as in education, People speak their national language social welfare, hydroelectric power, from inclination, doubtless; but also regional development and industrial from self-interest which the cases of sector (Behiels, 2019). institutionalized bilingualism are rare The Lesage government created and not exactly ever-lasting, except in a modern and secular Quebec countries where the linguistic province that took control of all minorities are associated with a clearly social, health and education identified territory such as Quebec in institutions, and succeeded in opening Canada (Judt & Lacorne, 2004, p. 4). thousands of jobs for educated A lot of French Canadian French-speaking communities and wanted to have their own state, which reducing the role of Canadian- used to belong to them in 1791 to speaking Canadians in Quebec. The 1841, and many French Canadians modernization that focused on had long felt tired of being a minority institutional, social, politic and (Durocher, 2017). Clearly, Quebec economic different from the has not yet reached its goal, but in the conservative way in the past (Rocher, second referendum in 1995, the 2014, p. 26). number of votes declaring agreement The justification for Quebec's to split was almost 50% (Smith, 2013, movement was historically etno- p. 22) indicating that almost half of nationalistic factors. It begins from Quebec people wanted to separate the claim of its unique culture and the Canada and form their own majority of French-speaking that is independent state. representing 78% of the provincial 157 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X __________________________________________________________________________________ In previous researches regarding identity, Afro-diasporic as a form of the Quebec movement, there is an different nationality (Jagmohan, 2020, attempt to done by previous p. 11). He further argues that this researcher to map the cost and the Afro-diasporic nationalism gives the benefit of Quebec’s nationalism political reasons for considering Afro- (Guay, 2017), several attempt of diasporic right to self-determination connecting the issues of different in order to secure lives, maintaining culture ( Language, Religion, etc.) and rights and promote the black the reason to separate (Freake et al., community (Jagmohan, 2020, pp. 23– 2011; Paquin, 2018; Zhang, 2016) and 24). the effect of few variables in such as A lot of different separatist age, periods and cohort towards the movement in the world held a movement (Vallée-Dubois et al., different type of movements in the 2017). There has not been any effort to gain their political agenda. previous research that focusing on the For instance, the Tuareg movement impact of this movement towards in Mali took a form of movement Canadian domestic politics. In this which gather a few tribal organization research, writers are trying to look at with similarly structured and vision this issue from a different point of (Lecocq & Klute, 2013, p. 425) which view where the writers are focusing is kind of similar with the Kuki-Chin on how this self-determination movements in India and Burma movement affected Canadian which can be classified as ethno- domestic politics. nationalist movement hence the lack of pursuing political powers (Haokip, Constructivism Approach on 2015). In term of structure, Quebec Politics of Self-determination movement is almost similar to the Garvey’s interpretation on Faroe Island’s movement in Denmark constructivism approach on politics since both of these movements took a of self-determination stresses on the form primordial politics (Parti feeling of nationality and the rejection Quebecois of Quebec and Løgtingið of any kind of supremacy to be the of Faroe Island) in which both main push for the act of self- political parties trying to gain their determination. In his study case, he politically-cultural agenda by gaining stated on how white supremacy and political power in their own countries the level of degradation towards through elections and getting seat in African-American rights is a huge the parliament (Adler-Nissen, 2014, p. problem and he argues that diaspora 58; Archibald, 2020). 158 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X __________________________________________________________________________________ There are quite few researches legislative. Over the past 50 years, already regarding numerous Quebec has repeatedly given movements done by Al Qurtuby ultimatums to all countries: "Give us (2015), Lecocq and Klute (2013), and more, or we're leaving!" After two Adler-Nissen (2014). The finding of Quebec referendums (in 1980 and Al Qurtuby (2015) is that there is a 1995) and national referendums link between political and economic (1992), after many conferences, dissatisfaction with the rise of self- reports, and the constitutional debate determination movement in Turkey’s that has dominated by Canadian
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