sign in sign up
<<
Home , Government of Quebec, Jacques Parizeau, Pauline Marois, Premier of Quebec, Quebec, Quebec nationalism

Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______The Matter of Movement: A Review on Canadian Domestic Fikry Muhammad Reza Al-Hasin1, Demeiati Nur Kusumaningrum2 1, 2Center for Intermestic Studies (CIS), International Relations Department, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, East Java - Indonesia Email: [email protected] Submitted: 13 July 2020 | Accepted: 29 December 2020 Abstract Previous research on the Quebec movement discussed the risks and interests of Quebec , the existence of various attempts to link cultural issues with the movement, and the reasons for disintegration and the influence of several variables such as the history and group formation towards a Quebec movement. However, this research focuses on how self- determination means to the Quebec movement influencing Canadian domestic politics and how the federal government deals with it. This study uses a constructivist approach to explain how Quebec's identity underlies its importance in the liberation movement and how its strategy affects 's political structure utilizing literature method. The research results show the Quebec movement developed a strategy by (1) creating a political discourse of "self- determination". The existence of the social movement turned into the Québécois political party which had a vision of controlling the since the ; (2) the existence of a social construction related to the problem of French identity as a non-Canadian culture. Support for these ideas is embodied in the form of regulation and in the public sphere. However, the Canadian government managed to maintain its political stability by adopting a middle way approach in dealing with the independence movement. Keywords: Canada, Constructivist, Identity, Movement, Quebec. Abstrak Penelitian sebelumnya mengenai gerakan Quebec mendiskusikan tentang resiko dan kepentingan nasionalisme Quebec, adanya berbagai upaya untuk menghubungkan isu budaya dengan gerakan, dan apa yang menjadi alasan disintegrasi serta pengaruh beberapa variabel seperti sejarah dan pembentukan kelompok menuju sebuah gerakan Quebec. Namun, penelitian ini berfokus pada bagaimana makna penentuan nasib sendiri bagi gerakan Quebec memengaruhi politik domestik Kanada dan pemerintah federal yang menanganinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan konstruktivis untuk menjelaskan bagaimana identitas Quebec melandasi kepentingannya dalam gerakan pembebasan dan bagaimana strateginya mempengaruhi struktur politik Kanada menggunakan metode pustaka. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, gerakan Quebec membangun strategi dengan (1) menciptakan wacana politik “self-determination”. Eksistensi gerakan sosial berubah menjadi partai politik Québécois yang memiliki visi untuk menguasai wilayah provinsi sejak dekade 1960-an; (2) adanya konstruksi sosial yang berkaitan dengan masalah identitas Prancis sebagai budaya non-Kanada. Dukungan gagasan tersebut tertuang dalam bentuk regulasi dan propaganda di ranah publik. Namun, pemerintah Kanada berhasil menjaga stabilitas politik dengan menerapkan pendekatan jalan tengah dalam menghadapi gerakan kemerdekaan. Kata Kunci: Kanada, Konstruktivis, Identitas, Gerakan, Quebec.

INTRODUCTION Canada has experienced the movement as the matter to study issue of disintegration by Quebec international relations in America

156 State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______Region. Quebec movement represent population were threatened by political group that aimed to separate assimilation both by all and from Canadian government (Behiels, Anglophone culture in general (Guay, 2019; Changfoot et al., 2012, p. 773; 2017, p. 21; Parti Québécois, 2020). Rocher, 2014, p. 26). The demand to Quebec is one of thirteen separate itself from Canada has been in Canada. Quebec is the going on since the 1960s through second most populous province in (Rocher, 2014, p. Canada, after and the only 26). province that has a majority The Quiet Revolution started in population speaking French, with the 1960s suggested by as French as the only of of Quebec. He has reformed the province (, 2017). several sectors such as in , People speak their social welfare, hydroelectric power, from inclination, doubtless; but also regional development and industrial from self-interest which the cases of sector (Behiels, 2019). institutionalized bilingualism are rare The Lesage government created and not exactly ever-lasting, except in a modern and secular Quebec countries where the linguistic province that took control of all minorities are associated with a clearly social, and education identified territory such as Quebec in institutions, and succeeded in opening Canada (Judt & Lacorne, 2004, p. 4). thousands of jobs for educated A lot of French -speaking communities and wanted to have their own state, which reducing the role of Canadian- used to belong to them in 1791 to speaking Canadians in Quebec. The 1841, and many modernization that focused on had long felt tired of being a minority institutional, social, politic and (Durocher, 2017). Clearly, Quebec economic different from the has not yet reached its goal, but in the conservative way in the past (Rocher, second in 1995, the 2014, p. 26). number of votes declaring agreement The justification for Quebec's to split was almost 50% (Smith, 2013, movement was historically etno- p. 22) indicating that almost half of nationalistic factors. It begins from Quebec people wanted to separate the claim of its unique culture and the Canada and form their own majority of French-speaking that is independent state. representing 78% of the provincial

157 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______In previous researches regarding identity, Afro-diasporic as a form of the Quebec movement, there is an different nationality (Jagmohan, 2020, attempt to done by previous p. 11). He further argues that this researcher to map the cost and the Afro-diasporic nationalism gives the benefit of Quebec’s nationalism political reasons for considering Afro- (Guay, 2017), several attempt of diasporic right to self-determination connecting the issues of different in order to secure lives, maintaining culture ( Language, Religion, etc.) and rights and promote the black the reason to separate (Freake et al., community (Jagmohan, 2020, pp. 23– 2011; Paquin, 2018; Zhang, 2016) and 24). the effect of few variables in such as A lot of different separatist age, periods and cohort towards the movement in the world held a movement (Vallée-Dubois et al., different type of movements in the 2017). There has not been any effort to gain their political agenda. previous research that focusing on the For instance, the Tuareg movement impact of this movement towards in took a form of movement Canadian domestic politics. In this which gather a few tribal organization research, writers are trying to look at with similarly structured and vision this issue from a different point of (Lecocq & Klute, 2013, p. 425) which view where the writers are focusing is kind of similar with the Kuki-Chin on how this self-determination movements in and Burma movement affected Canadian which can be classified as ethno- domestic politics. nationalist movement hence the lack of pursuing political powers (Haokip, Constructivism Approach on 2015). In term of structure, Quebec Politics of Self-determination movement is almost similar to the Garvey’s interpretation on Faroe Island’s movement in Denmark constructivism approach on politics since both of these movements took a of self-determination stresses on the form primordial politics (Parti feeling of nationality and the rejection Quebecois of Quebec and Løgtingið of any kind of supremacy to be the of Faroe Island) in which both main push for the act of self- political parties trying to gain their determination. In his study case, he politically-cultural agenda by gaining stated on how white supremacy and political power in their own countries the level of degradation towards through elections and getting seat in African-American rights is a huge the parliament (Adler-Nissen, 2014, p. problem and he argues that diaspora 58; Archibald, 2020).

158 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______There are quite few researches legislative. Over the past 50 years, already regarding numerous Quebec has repeatedly given movements done by Al Qurtuby ultimatums to all countries: "Give us (2015), Lecocq and Klute (2013), and more, or we're leaving!" After two Adler-Nissen (2014). The finding of Quebec (in 1980 and Al Qurtuby (2015) is that there is a 1995) and national referendums link between political and economic (1992), after many conferences, dissatisfaction with the rise of self- reports, and the constitutional debate determination movement in Turkey’s that has dominated by Canadian PKK and Indonesia’s GAM (Al political landscape for more than a Qurtuby, 2015). Lecocq and Klute generation, Quebec has remained (2014) found that the movement in dissatisfied, but has not yet separated Mali by the Tuareg separatist group (Guay, 2017, p. 1). Therefore, occurred because the government purpose of this article is to examine didn’t facilitate the minority muslim how much identity issues in the group in the region (Lecocq & Klute, people of Quebec fueled the spirit of 2013). Adler-Nissen (2015) in her self-determination and affect Canada study of Faroe Island’s movement in domestic politic. Denmark found that such movement exists because there’s a historical Methods aspect where Faroe Island today is a To analyze the problem shown result of colonization by Denmark in this paper, the qualitative method is and there’s a different cultural aspect being used where writers gather data from Faroe Island and Denmark that through previous studies such us fueled the movement to separate observation, books, International (Adler-Nissen, 2014). Journals, Conference proceedings, Parti Quebecois has held 2 and various websites. Qualitative in 1980 methods are used to obtain in-depth and 1995. This independence data, a data that contains meaning. referendum was what the Parti Meaning is actual data, definite data Quebecois promised to the people of which is a value behind the visible quebec during its campaign to get data (Nurdin & Si, 2019, p. 41). seats in the provincial election in 1976 The use of qualitative method in (Yale & Durand, 2011, p. 243). Before this paper conducted by literature this agenda, the Quebec nationalist studies through library and online cannot hold referendum since they research, then picking some rarely have any seats at the provincial international journals and books

159 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______related about the issue of self- Canadian’s owned business, and a lot determination and in of local French Canadian Quebec and eliminating the previous manifacturing in Quebec composed studies and data that are irrelevant to by small business place (Zhang, 2016, this particular paper, and comparing p. 220). the relevant data to be used in this Before the 1960s, most of the study. Quebec economy was filled by the This study will also use English Canadian domination (83 % interpretive paradigm which a of executives & managers were research paradigm that is based on the English ) and French assumption that social reality is Canadian got salaries at 35 % lower neither singular nor objective, but it’s compared to the Anglophones rather shaped by human experiences average and bilingual French and social contexts, and is therefore Canadians had much lower salaries best studied within its socio-historic than unilingual Anglophones (Rocher, context by reconciling the subjective 2014, p. 29). Francophone have this interpretations of its various shared believe regarding a participants (Schwartz-shea & Yanow, from within that was based from 2012). In interpretive paradigm, we cultural and background division of start with data and tries to derive a labour (Rocher, 2014, p. 29). theory about the phenomenon of Ergo, the quebec’s pro- interest from the observed data independence movement has a goal instead of the other way around. to bring a strand of social change and to have more control from the biggest RESULT ANALYSIS AND speaker in the entire North DISCUSSION America. It’s very clear that language French Canadian as A New Identity has such important role in a process of making and determining national French speaking Québécois was identity. The ability of being able to vulnerable in the economy and society share a same language in common field. There are very few of French makes people feel like a part of Canadian Business owner, and the national community or the feeling of economic decision was made by the belonging to the people that has Anglophone elite. There was only one shared culture through history and/or out the 11 biggest industrial company politics (Paquin, 2018, p. 3). that was owned by a French Canadians, the rest were English

160 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______Even though French is a But Anglophones in Quebec and minority language in Canada and the the rest of Anglophones in Canada is the majority in the felt that these signs and laws are just rest of the country, Canada is an assault on individual rights. In categorized as a bilingual state. There 1988, the Canadian are approximately 5,231,500 people ruled the law of signs in French only that were bilingual, which is a lot saying this law and signs are a more comparing with 4,841,300 violation of Quebec’s Charter of bilingual speaker in 1996 which there . , which is the is an increase of 8.1% (Statistics capital of Anglophones and Canada, 2017). Back in 2001, these Francophone interaction in North people represented at least 17.7% of America could be seen as a Canada population, which is an battleground between the improvement compared from 17.0% Francophone and the French culture in 1996. On a national scale, 43.4% of of Quebec and the Anglophone France speaker said that they were Canadians with the who’s bilingual, compared with 9.0% of around the French Canada. Anglophones (Office of the Throughout French Canadian of Official Languages, history, language has become an 2011). In Quebec, the growth in the important symbol of national identity. bilingualism rate from 1996 to 2001 However, concerns over the vitality was even bigger than in the previous of the certainly led five-year period (Statistics Canada, to the introduction of the Quebec 2017). French Charter (1977), which made A while ago, the the language of government, government had an attempt in order public administration, the support the “equal status” of the and the Quebec court (Freake et al., French language by declaring a law. 2011, p. 26). Importantly, this A regulation was made which particular charter let French speakers required all public signs in Quebec to into having the same perks of strictly use Frence that shows the speaking their native language as ability of to English speakers in their native maintain French culture of Quebec in language. It resulted the improvement the country of majority Anglophone of French capital in both provinces Canada (Mahéo & Bélanger, 2018, p. and countries, and the Québécois 7). identity label gained prestige as a positive symbol of economic value

161 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______and social status (Freake et al., 2011, as an independent p. 27). country. During the late 1960s, the The government of Quebec had movement was motivated generally by been compelling on only French the shared belief of a lot of Quebec language for all the commercial ballot, intellectuals and labor leaders, that the billboards and sings, but the Federal economic difficulties that they’re Supreme Court and Quebec Court of facing was a result caused Appeals wouldn’t let this into being Anglophone Canadian domination fruition. Both institutions found that and the only way it could be solved is its an act of violation of the right to by terminating the relationship with freedom. A not too controversial other provinces in Canada and the similar law managed to get through in federal government. Before the end 1993 where its a must for French of the 20th century, economic language to be shown along with situation was improving. It motivates English in all forms of public or linguistic and cultural differences commercial signs (Smith, 2013, p. 4). diverse became the main political discourse for the reawakening of However, this particular Quebec movement in the resolution did not manage to end (Durocher, 2017). language crisis. The government kept on making more and more strict local The Request of Independent law regarding the issue about Prior of having two self- Francaphone. The elected PQ determination referendums to representation in the National separate from Canada and form its Assembly, brought an own independence state, Quebec until amendment to the French Provincial today is still a part of Canada after Charter that later caused an increasing failed attempts that’s been going on amount of French’s language since the 1960s. regulations, including a spread to little business and French based education The time of Quebec’s shifting in school (Smith, 2013, p. 4). began in the late 1960s which shown by the Québec (QLP) Quebec nationalists wanted to succeeded to win the provincial reach some form of better position election and change Quebec's social, and status for Quebec: which is a education and politics institutions brand new form of corporation and which was very traditional, association that is equal to the same conservative nationalist ideology level of , or complete (Behiels, 2019; Rocher, 2014, p. 26;

162 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______Yale & Durand, 2011, p. 243). Since independence state (Changfoot et al., the 60s after the quiet revolution, 2012, p. 773; Guay, 2017, p. 10). Quebec has been demanding wether On July 24th,1967, General to give the province the status of Charles de Gaulle, which was the bigger autonomy and president of France, proclaimed from acknowledgement of the balcony of Montréal's City Hall or declare the full independence of “Vive le Québec libre” Which the province. resulted a resounding cheer by around The first idea of the Québec 13.000 people who witnessed the movement started with the speech (Axworthy, 2013). By saying Rassemblement pour l’Indépendance the motto of Québec independence Nationale (RIN) party in back the movement, Charles has provoked a 1960s (Yale & Durand, 2011, p. 243). diplomatic stir up that ended up in The word used by this party was the cancellation of his visit, had “independence.” The Parti Québécois initiated French interference in the (PQ) which is an extension of the domestic politic of Canada Mouvement Souveraineté-Association (Axworthy, 2013). Canadian Prime (MSA) which was the political Minister, Lester B. Pearson gave a manifestation of ex minister René warning towards Charles with an Lévesque added an associate factor so official statement. Lester told "The that Quebec might have a relationship people of Canada are . Every economically with Canada that led to province in Canada is free. Canadians the “sovereignty-association” do not need to be liberated. Indeed, (Rocher, 2014, pp. 28–29; Yale & many thousands of Canadians gave Durand, 2011, p. 243) . their lives in two world wars in the It wasn’t just Quebec’s spirit of liberation of France and other nationalism that’s developing over the European countries” (Axworthy, 60s but it also added an increasingly 2013). significant number of Quebeckers The Parti républicain du Québec that’s demanding for a new level of (PRQ) became an official party in powers that resulted in the rise of 1966, the (RN) social and political movement became official in 1966, and The wanting Quebec’s separation from the Rassemblement pour l'indépendence du federal government. Quebec Québec (RIN) was started around the movement would like to increase their 1960 which was citizens' movement at positions as the minority group and first then transformed into an official became the majority by being an party in 1963 (Rocher, 2014, p. 27;

163 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______Yale & Durand, 2011, p. 243). In the monetary union (Rocher, 2014, p. 29). 1966 Quebec provincial elections, the But the sovereignty-association RN and the RIN got an accumulated intention didn’t get an approval from 8.8 % (Rocher, 2014, p. 27). the other Canadian. Provincial An influential, René Lévesque premiers. They refused the intention decided to quit the PLQ then later, he because it means that Quebec in an created the Mouvement souveraineté- even association with the other association (MSU) and in 1968, MSU provinces in Canada. The failure of decided to fuse with the RN and this intention resulted to the transform into Parti québécois (PQ). inevitable referendum to separate. Also in 1968, the RIN asked the The first referendum of Quebec members of the parti to join the PQ took place on 20th, 1980. It was and the party dismissed. The pro- the electoral campaign that PQ independence ideology in Quebec promised after the victory of the from the 1960s was one of the part to election in 1976. At the first liberate and emancipate the referendum, nearly 60 % of electors movement in order to get the power voted no (Rocher, 2014, p. 32; Smith, in several factors such as economic, 2013, p. 8). social and cultural development (Yale The electorate was categorized & Durand, 2011, p. 243). based on age, sector, the In 1979, the officials of Quebec language of speaking and education posted its desire called “Québec level. Only 48% of French speaker Canada: A New Deal. The Québec and 5 % of non-Francophones said Government Proposal for a New to the referendum, however, In Partnership Between Equals: the 1981 elections, the PQ managed Sovereignty-Association”. In a to gain another victory with 49.3 % of nutshell, sovereignty-association was the votes and successfully gained 80 suppose to improve Quebec’s out of 122 seats in the Assembly. autonomy but to let go part of More than 50% of the people of sovereignty in order to continue to Quebec had decided not to leave maintain economic with Canada Canada, but somehow reelected PQ, a (Rocher, 2014, p. 29). nationalist political party to continue This new form of association their work (Rocher, 2014, p. 33). was going to include non barries for In a response to this win, Brian import and export, communal Mulroney, the next prime minister transportation unit, labour and after determned a

164 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______meeting with the other 10 Canadian gaining seats at the front row lead by provinces in order to discuss who gave a promise Québec’s demands, which one of to give voters another referendum in them was the acknowledgement that the first year of his term. The 1995 Québec is a “distinct society”. This referendum came from an agreement deal “,” needed to surrounding these pro independence be voted yes by all 10 provinces Quebec parties. The agreement was before three years to make this deal titled “Text of the Agreement” that tur into fruition according to the was made by 3 political parties which Constitution Act, 1982 “unanimity are Parti Québécois, Bloc Québécois procedure.”(Yale & Durand, 2011, p. and Action Démocratique du Québec 243). However, during the time that (Archibald, 2020). was given, a few out of these 10 At first, the polls gathered till provincial governments changed their almost the closing time for voting this minds. By 1990 which the second referendum, it showed yes deadline for the deal, three out of ten victory (53 %) (Smith, 2013, pp. 21– provinces had either decided to 22), but the second referendum of abstain or voted no on the agreement. Quebec got rejected once again by a This was generally caused because rather slim margin (1.16 %), with Québec is lacking flexibility and 50.58 % voting no 93.52 % of the doesn’t really has tolerance to the rest legal population in quebec voted of Canada. The failure of the Meech (Smith, 2013, p. 22). Like the Lake Accord was followed by another referendum back in 1980, a lot of attempt of negotiations which ended France speaker voted for up with an agreement called the independence. Almost 60 % of “ Accord” which was Francophones voted yes but still signed in August 1992 and yet again, couldn’t save the 50% margins that it failed to satisfy Quebec’s demand needed to declare an independent (Smith, 2013, pp. 8–9; Yale & (Rocher, 2014, p. 39; Smith, 2013, p. Durand, 2011, pp. 243–244). 22). After the two failed accords, the After the second referendrum, Parti Québécois held another there’s been a decrease in the referendum related to independence. movement of Quebec. This proved In the 1994 Quebec provincial by , which is PQ election, the people of Quebec put main opponent and a federal pro the PQ to the main political position political party won in 2008 which was with a majority of PQ members the party’s third won since 2003

165 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______(Changfoot et al., 2012, p. 769). But it determination refrendrum (Adler- doesn’t necessarily mean the Nissen, 2014, p. 63). GAM agenda is movement’s dead. Quebec funded and trained militarily by Libya movements saw its 2 losts to changed and Iran (Al Qurtuby, 2015, p. 135). the direction into becoming a new Whereas, Quebec Nationalistic is project to gain social justice for the heavily depending on provincial French Canadian minority, nationalistic rather than Canada’s addressing poverty, redistribution of nationalistic and Quebec’s wealth and radical democratic politics nationalism has changed in the 60s to include more French Canadian in such us from ethnic point of view, the political sphere (Changfoot et al., “French Canadian” nationalism 2012, p. 770). Also, Québec has 29 changed to “Québécois” nationalism offices in foreign countries, including and from religious to secular and the a office whose status approaches Quebec movement supported by that of an embassy and In 2016–2017, France during that period of time the Québec government organized proven by the speech given by the 1,575 meetings with “influential president of France Charles de Gaulle personalities,” more than 1,350 exclaiming the Quebec movement’s activities to promote and slogan. This group believes that the communicate the international policy best way to preserve their Québécois of Québec, more than 120 solidarity /French Canadian existence and to projects in 19 countries, and 273 end economic discrimination by the bilateral cooperation projects in 18 majority of English descendant and countries and regions (Paquin, 2018, speaker (Anglophone) is by declaring p. 4). the independence (Guay, 2017, p. 10). Other distinguishing factors, such as The Middle Way religious differences where Quebec is In order for a self-determination predominantly Catholic and the agenda to be reckon with majority of Canadian people are internationally, it needs the Protestant or Christian, are also used international support to help putting to justify the movement in Quebec. their agendas on track. In the case of Parti Quebecois has been the Faroe Island’s agenda, The UN biggest form of Quebec Human Rights Committee has been independence movement. This the main supporter shown by several political parti has held twice criticism towards Denmark for not referendum and managed to get a lot allowing Faroe Island to held self- of attention from the people of

166 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______Quebec and the rest of Canada. composed of more autonomy of the Former prime minister Pierre Elliott central government by lowering Trudeau stated that Quebec Canada’s spending also using an nationalism (Parti Quebecous) is a uneven way from one province to separatist movement that really is a another in order to maintain and blackmailer that’s always asking more preserve Quebec's distinct character and more and it’s never enough (Rocher, 2014, p. 28). (Guay, 2017, p. 2). This movement has caused quite Conclusions a turmoil to Canadian domestic politic The Quebec movement that over the last few decades, where the demands for larger provincial Canadian federal government are autonomy has putted Canada forced to either listen to Quebec domestic politic under chaos over the nationalist or lose a province. The last few decades. There are two main fear of losing has led former Prime challange for Canadian goverment Minister Pierre Elliott Tredeau to take regarding the Quebec Issues: first, a serious attempt to prevent Parti new identity and nationalism of Quebecious to hold referendum to France Speaker and second, is the left Canada. Pierre Elliott Trudeau request of independent. The new ended up inventing a specific working identity in Quebec resulted in group filled with some senior officials descrimination towards non french that have a mission to promote speaker both in Quebec and Canada national unity in Canada . The as a whole and the request Canadian Unity Information Office independent that has resulted in 2 (CUIO) made in 1977 to promote referendums has put Canada’s pro- propaganda. This national unity on peril. working group has several duties such This paper found that the as collecting Canadians' advice French Canadian feels this solidarity regarding what’s the best solution to and shared belonging that they’ve deal with threats linked with national been wronged by the Anglophone unity (Rocher, 2014, p. 28). The Canadian for ages which resulted in a working group made a result in 1979 shared belive among these French which they found that the Canada Canadian based on the fact there was federalism had to shift to even up a social and economical structure that both the proportion of regional placed them on the bottom and the differences and Canadian duality Anglophone on top of the structure. status. Solutions given by Canadian

167 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______This feeling of shared believe /article/parti-quebecois created a form of an identity. Axworthy, T. S. (2013) General De Gaulle and Quebec’s French Canadian have the “Vive le Québec libre” (Online). Available at: shared feeling that they differ than the https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia. rest of Canada based on their cultural ca/en/article/de-gaulle-and-vive-le- background as a distinctive ethnic. quebec-libre-feature They feel minoritized in their own Behiels, M. D. (2019) Quebec - The “Quiet Revolution” to the present (Online). country and don’t feel like they Available at: belong as a Canadian https://www.britannica.com/place/Q uebec-province/The-Quiet- Quebec identity then evolved Revolution-to-the-present into a form of nationalism where the Changfoot, N., Cullen, B., Studies, I., & French Canadian belive the only way Uni-, T. (2012) Changfoot & Cullen - to preserve their “distinc” culture by Quebec separatism - reducing national unity crisis - neoliberal - 2011. 4, 769–787. seperating their teritorial from the Durocher, R. D. M. (2017) Quiet Revolution | majority English Speaking Canada Canadian history (Online). Available at: and declare their indepence to in https://www.britannica.com/topic/Q order to not being a minority again. It uiet-Revolution is quite interesting to note that even a Freake, R., Gentil, G., & Sheyholislami, J. highly like Canada, (2011) "A bilingual corpus-assisted discourse study of the construction of faced with nationalist agenda, which nationhood and belonging in Quebec", means nationalist is still relevant in Discourse and Society, 22(1), 21–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265103 Canada. 82842 Guay, J.-H. (2017) 'Sovereignty at an References Impasse: The Highs and Lows of Adler-Nissen, R. (2014) "The Faroe Islands: ', IRPP Insight, 18, Independence dreams, globalist 1–30. separatism and the Europeanization of Haokip, T. L. (2015) "Ethnic Separatism: postcolonial home rule", Cooperation and The Kuki-Chin Insurgency of Indo- Conflict, 49(1), 55–79. Myanmar/Burma", South Asia Research, https://doi.org/10.1177/00108367135 35(1), 21–41. 14150 https://doi.org/10.1177/02627280145 Al Qurtuby, S. (2015) "Interethnic violence, 60473 separatism and political reconciliation Jagmohan, D. (2020) "Between Race and in Turkey and Indonesia", India Nation: Marcus Garvey and the Quarterly, 71(2), 126–145. Politics of Self-Determination", Political https://doi.org/10.1177/09749284145 Theory, 48(3), 271–302. 68619 https://doi.org/10.1177/00905917198 Archibald, C. and M.-E. L. (2020) Parti 97569 Québécois (Online). Available at: Judt, T., & Lacorne, D. (2004) Language, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en Nation, and State: Identity Politics in a

168 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 3 No. 2 | December 2020 E ISSN 2621-735X ______Multilingual Age (T. J. D. Lacorne (ed.)). Processes. Routledge: & New Palgrave Macmillan. York. http://library1.nida.ac.th/termpaper6/ Smith, B. (2013) The Quebec Referendums sd/2554/19755.pdf (Online). Available at: Lecocq, B., & Klute, G. (2013) "Tuareg http://kms2.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine Separatism in Mali", International Journal, /Files/ESDP/167605/ipublicationdoc 68(3), 424–434. ument_singledocument/11627842- https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020135 1436-48a8-a2a1- 05431 53350eb60ba5/en/RP13-47.pdf Mahéo, V. A., & Bélanger, É. (2018) "Is the Statistics Canada. (2017) Census Profile, 2016 Parti Québécois Bound to Disappear? Census - Quebec [Province] and Canada A Study of the Current Generational [Country] (Online). Available at: Dynamics of Electoral Behaviour in https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- Quebec", Canadian Journal of Political recensement/2016/dp- Science, 51(2), 1–22. pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&G https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423917 eo1=PR&Code1=24&Geo2=PR&Cod 001147 e2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=qu Nurdin, D. I., & Si, M. (2019) Metodologi ebec&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR Penelitian Sosial (S. H. Lutfiah (ed.)). =01&B1=Language&TABID=1 Media Sahabat Cendekia. Vallée-Dubois, F., Dassonneville, R., & Office of the Commissioner of Official Godbout, J.-F. (2017) "About Time: Languages. (2011) OCOL - Statistics on Age, Period, and Cohort Effects on Support for Quebec Sovereignty", Official Languages in Quebec (Online). Available at: https://www.clo- and Nationalism. ocol.gc.ca/html/quebec_e.php https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12378 Paquin, S. (2018) "Identity in Yale, F., & Durand, C. (2011) "What Did Québec", Quebec Studies, 66(14), 3–26. Quebeckers Want? Impact of Question https://doi.org/10.3828/qs.2018.21 Qording, Constitutional Proposal and Context on Support for Sovereignty, Parti Québécois. (2020) Pourquoi le 1976-2008", American Review of Canadian gouvernement s’acharne-t-il sur les familles? - Studies, 41(3), 242–258. Parti Québécois (Online). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.20 https://pq.org/nouvelles/pourquoi-le- 11.594517 gouvernement-sacharne-t-il-sur-les- fam/ Zhang, K. (2016) "French Speaking on the Situation of Multiculture and Rocher, F. (2014) "Self-determination and Nationalism in Quebec During 1980– the Use of Referendums: The Case of 2010", Procedia - Social and Behavioral Quebec", International Journal of Politics, Sciences, 236, 219–224. Culture and Society, 27(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-013- .12.010 9167-2

Schwartz-shea, P., & Yanow, D. (2012) Interpretative Research Design: Concepts and

169