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Comparing Ireland and Quebec: the Case of Feminism Author(S): Linda Connolly Source: the Canadian Journal of Irish Studies , Spring, 2005, Vol

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Comparing Ireland and Quebec: the Case of Feminism Author(S): Linda Connolly Source: the Canadian Journal of Irish Studies , Spring, 2005, Vol Comparing Ireland and Quebec: The Case of Feminism Author(s): Linda Connolly Source: The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies , Spring, 2005, Vol. 31, No. 1, Irish- Canadian Connections / Les liens irlando-canadiens (Spring, 2005), pp. 76-85 Published by: Canadian Journal of Irish Studies Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25515562 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies This content downloaded from 149.157.1.168 on Thu, 10 Jun 2021 15:07:53 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Linda CONNOLLY Comparing Ireland and Quebec The Case of Feminism1 A notable body of research in Irish-Canadian Studies has emerged in recent decades in key areas, particularly on found in a tendency on the part of both Anglophone and Francophone women's historians to set linguistic cultural boundaries the history of the Irish Diaspora in Canada (for example, to the scope of their work. see several contributions in O'Driscoll and Reynolds, 1988; Akenson, 1996; and Bielenberg, 2000). In recent years, The fact that Ireland is a predominantly English scholars have also become more aware of several interesting speaking nation (regardless of an active Irish-language connections between Ireland and Quebec, in particular. This movement) has undoubtedly prevented more comparative work has also centred mosdy on the history of the Irish research and exchange between scholars in Ireland and Diaspora and the ethnic Irish community in Quebec. Quebec. The reality that Irish studies scholars tend to both However, a few scholars (notably Tom Garvin, Linda write in English and basically rely on English language Cardinal, Micheline Dumont and Ronald Rudin) have also sources (mirroring in some sense the "two solitudes" of drawn attention to the fact that comparative parallels between Canadian studies) is explicit in this article and in my work. Irish and Quebec society have been understated in the arena Nevertheless, this article will draw on selected sources in of Canadian studies. According to Tom Garvin: the field of Quebec women's studies, as well as my own extensive research in the arena of Irish feminism (Connolly, Ireland, it is felt, like Quebec which offers so many historical analogies, must act to preserve and protect her moral character without much 2003), in order to explore some evident points of moral or cultural support from elsewhere. (1988: 6) comparison. In particular, some widely held assumptions concerning feminism both in Ireland and Quebec are Recendy, both Dumont (2000: 80-81) and Cardinal (2000) explored and challenged in the analysis, including: 1. The have drawn particular attention to the comparable experience contention that the first and second waves of feminism came of women in Ireland and Quebec historically. The principal "late" or "later" to Quebec and Ireland where feminism has aim of this article is to develop further exchange with always been historically weaker, 2. The related assumption scholars in Quebec studies by analysing some comparable that women in Ireland and Quebec have historically been themes in the political and social development of feminism less modern/more oppressed than women in other since its emergence in both contexts in the nineteenth European countries/the rest of North America because of century. Detailed accounts of feminism and the women's Catholicism and nationalism; 3. The presumption that the movement in both Quebec (Dumont et al., 1987; Backhouse "origins" of feminism in Quebec and Ireland are always to and Flaherty et al, 1992) and Ireland now exist, which can be found elsewhere. provide a starting point for more exchange and debate (see In comparative studies of nineteenth and twentieth Connolly, 1996; Connolly, 2003; Connolly and O'Toole, century feminism, the women's movement in the Irish case 2005). Real barriers in advancing a comparative Irish/ is usually presumed to have emerged "late." This assumption Quebec agenda exist, however - combined with difficulties also has resonance in Quebec where the "lateness" of the between Anglophone and Francophone feminists in Canada women's movement occurs mainly in comparison with itself. Roach Pierson (1991: 87-88) argues: Anglo-Canadian and American liberal feminism (see Backhouse and O'Flaherty et al., 1992 and de Seve, 2000). Complicating matters in Canada is the historic Anglophone The so-called later emergence and weaknesses of feminism Francophone conflict that criss-crosses the other hierarchies of power and differences. While in no way perfectly resolved, there had been, in Ireland and Quebec are generally considered to be a until the recent constitutional crisis, a lessening of the power consequence of the salience of religion and nationalist differential between Anglophones and Francophones and a greater politics in both societies. Were some feminists /groups of acceptance of the 'French fact' in Anglophone Canada, as a result of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec, the resurgence of Quebec western feminists comparatively more "modern" or nationalism, and the federal government's commitment to progressive than others by virtue of their socio-religious or bilingualism. Nonetheless, the speaking of English has still dominated "national" identity? If so, what is the basis of this view? at 'national' conferences...Moreover, the phenomenon of the 'two The so-called "weakness" of feminism in Ireland and solitudes' has persisted in Canadian feminism and in the writing and teaching of Canadian women's history.... Evidence of this is to be Quebec is particularly evident both in the dominant historiography of western feminism and in discourses of 76 CONNOLLY Comparing Ireland and Quebec modernity, progress and development which have been This content downloaded from 149.157.1.168 on Thu, 10 Jun 2021 15:07:53 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms applied to both societies. The consequences of A range of demands was consistendy campaigned for inappropriately "measuring" the development of feminism during the second half of the nineteenth century in Ireland in Ireland and Quebec against other feminisms/feminism and formed a pre-history of twentieth century activism. In in other societies to the neglect of important considerations particular, critical advances in women's rights in the 1860 in both contexts are addressed throughout this article. 1900 period are evident. Significant achievements were made in areas such as, married women's control of their own Ireland and Quebec: <Late,/<Later> to Feminism? property, education, employment and local government in In a comparative review of the first wave of feminism, this period (see Cullen, 1985; Cullen and Luddy et al., 1995; Martin Pugh suggests: and Quinlan, 2003). Prominent mobilising issues during the first wave in Ireland included the Married Women Property The strength of the women's movement in the late nineteenth and Acts (1870, 1874, 1882, 1907) and the campaign to repeal early twentieth century unquestionably lay in north-western Europe the series of Contagious Diseases Acts passed in the 1860s and its colonial offshoots, that is Scandinavia, Germany, Britain, the (see Cullen, 1985: 191). Cullen-Owens (1984) cites how the United States and Australasia. Clearly the Protestant and Anglo-Saxon societies, with their comparatively liberal political culture and improvement of educational opportunities for women in parliamentary systems, offered the best conditions for feminism; the last quarter of the nineteenth century particularly served conversely, in the Catholic-dominated societies of southern Europe to highlight the limited sphere open to Irish women. and in the autocracies of east-central Europe women's movements The first push for political equality is traced to the 1870s were slower to emerge and generally weaker. (1997:158) with the demand for "votes for ladies, as distinct from women - based on property owning qualifications" (Heron, There is ample evidence to suggest that, in the case of 1993: 131). A more broad based and concerted women's Ireland, this is an insufficient view. A new wave of historical movement expanded in Ireland from the turn of the research has been emerging in Irish studies since the late twentieth century (involving prominent women leaders, in 1970s which essentially challenges the perception that which published research has now been conducted, such as historically feminism in Ireland was less modern or always Constance Markievicz, Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, Eva emerged later than "other" feminisms (in women's history Goore Booth, Louie Bennett and Helen Chevenix) and especially, see: MacCurtain and O Corrain et al., 1978; Ward, militant suffrage and nationalist strands mobilised. Between 1983; Ward, 1995; Ward, 1997; Cullen, 1985; Cullen Owens, 1912 and 1914 there were twenty-six convictions of 1984; O'Dowd and Valiulis et al., 1997; Murphy, 1989; Luddy suffragettes (Heron, 1993: 131). Early work in women's and Murphy et al., 1990; Luddy and Cullen et al., 1995). history tended to concentrate on the interplay between Existing evidence of the political activism of individual suffrage and nationalist-feminism in the decades before the women (Cullen and Luddy et al., 1995) and autonomous Irish Republic/the six counties of Northern Ireland was established in 1921. political organi2ations and campaigns led by women in Ireland dates to at least the 1830s. Luddy (1997) for example suggests The involvement of prominent women in the that Quaker women's anti-slavery societies, in existence in nationalist struggle has received particular attention in the the 1830s, provided a breeding ground for the emergence field of Irish women's history.
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