Republic of South Sudan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Public Disclosure Authorized Development

SFG1885 Public Disclosure Authorized

SAFETY NET AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Management Framework

Public Disclosure Authorized January, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...... IV LIST OF FIGURES ...... IV LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... VII 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...... 1 1.1 PURPOSE AND NEED OF THE PROJECT ...... 1 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) ...... 2 1.3 RELEVANCE OF THE ESMF ...... 3 2 INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ...... 5 2.1 IMPLEMENTING MINISTRIES ...... 5 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FOCAL POINT AT MOAFCRD ...... 5 2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE STATE AND COUNTY SECRETARIATS ...... 5 3. ESMF: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 7 3.1 SOUTH SUDAN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ...... 7 3.1.1 THE TRANSITIONAL CONSTITUTION OF 2011 ...... 7 3.1.2 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT BILL, 2013 ...... 8 3.1.3 LAND ACT, 2009 ...... 9 3.1.4 FOREST POLICY, 2012...... 9 3.1.5 THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE POLICY FRAMEWORK, 2007 ...... 10 3.1.6 SOUTH SUDAN WILD LIFE CONSERVATION AND NATIONAL PARKS ACT, 2003 ...... 11 3.1.7 PUBLIC HEALTH (WATER AND SANITATION) ACTS, 2008 FOR SOUTH SUDAN ...... 12 3.2 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 12 3.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (OP 4.01) ...... 13 3.2.2 NATURAL HABITATS (OP 4.04)...... 13 3.2.3 PEST MANAGEMENT (OP 4.09) ...... 13 3.2.4 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (OP 4.10) ...... 14 3.2.5 PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES (OP 4.11) ...... 14 3.3 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES ...... 14 3.3.1 CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (1992) ...... 15 3.3.2 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (1996) ...... 15 3.3.3 RAMSAR CONVENTION ON WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE (1971) ...... 15 3.3.4 IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS ...... 15 3.3.5 THE NILE TREATIES ...... 16 4. BASELINE INFORMATION...... 17 4.1 SOUTH SUDAN: GENERAL OVERVIEW ...... 17 4.2 CLIMATE ...... 18 4.2.1 RAINFALL, HUMIDITY, AND TEMPERATURE ...... 18

4.2.2 SOILS ...... 18 4.2.3 HYDROLOGY ...... 18 4.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 18 4.4 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF SOUTH SUDAN ...... 19 4.4.1 DEMOGRAPHY ...... 19 4.4.2 SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ...... 20 4.4.3 FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS ...... 20 5. GUIDANCE ON POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 22 5.1 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND INDICATORS IN PUBLIC WORKS ...... 22 5.2 POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 22 5.3 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ...... 23 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS ...... 30 5.5 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ...... 30 6.1 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND PROPOSED ACTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMF ...... 33 6.2 FLOWCHART FOR REPORTING AND ADVICE ...... 35 36 6.4 SCREENING FOR PROJECTS ...... 36 6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION PLAN ...... 40 6.6 ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL AUDIT REPORT FORMAT...... 0 6.7 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 0 6.7.1 INITIAL PROPOSALS...... 1 6.7.2 MONITORING INDICATORS ...... 1 6.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING AND SENSITIZATION ...... 1 7. REFERENCES ...... 3 ESMF ANNEXES ...... 4 ANNEX I: SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES AND LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS ...... 4 ANNEX II: SUMMARY OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED ...... 11 ANNEX III: LISTS OF PEOPLE CONSULTED ...... 12 ANNEX IV: ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE...... 34 ANNEX V: PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATIONS ...... 1 ANNEX VI: ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHANCE FIND PROCEDURE ...... 4

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LIST OF TABLES Table 0- 1: Indicative list of Public Works Activities ...... xi Table 0- 2: Environmental issues, impacts and indicators related to public works ...... xii Table 0-3: Social issues, their impacts and indicators related to public works ...... xiii Table 0- 5: Necessary Requirements, Actions and Institutional Responsibility for Addressing SNSDP Environmental and Social Issues ...... xix Table 1- 1: Indicative list of Public Works Activities ...... 3 Table 5- 1: Environmental issues, impacts and indicators related to public works ...... 25 Table 5- 2: Social issues, their impacts and indicators related to public works ...... 27 Table 6- 1: : Necessary Requirements, Actions and Institutional Responsibility for Addressing SNSDP Environmental and Social Issues ...... 34 Table 6- 2: Environment & Social Management Framework Screening Checklist for SNSDP ...... 37 Table 6- 3: Environmental and Social Management Plan Matrix ...... 0

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4- 1: Agro-ecological zones of South Sudan ...... 17 Figure 4- 2: Distribution of Population by South Sudan States ...... 20 Figure 6- 1: SNSDP Flowchart for Institutional Arrangements ...... 36

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BDC Boma Development Committee BP Bank Procedure CBO Community Based Organization CES Central Equatoria State CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement EA Environmental Assessment EFCRP Emergency Food Crisis and Response Project EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan ESSAF Environmental and Social Screening Assessment Framework GoSS Government of Southern Sudan HH House Hold HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IBA Important Bird Area IDA International Development Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examinations IPM Integrated Pest Management IPMP Integrated Peoples Management Plan IPP Indigenous Peoples Plan IPs Implementing Partners JRA Develop Job Risk Assessments M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MIS Management Information System MoA Ministry of Agriculture (State) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural MoAFCRD Development-National MoCYS Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports MoE Ministry of Environment MoFEP Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MoGCSW Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare MoLPSHRD Ministry of Labor, Public Service & Human Resources Development NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

OP Operation Policy PDO Project Development Objective PFE Permanent Forest Estates PIU Project Implementation Unit PSC Project Steering Committee PWD People With Disabilities PWs Public Works RAP Resettlement Action Plan RSS Republic of South Sudan SIA Social Impact Assessment SLM Soil and Land Management SNSDP Safety Net and Skills Development Project SP Social Protection SS South Sudan SSEFCRP South Sudan Emergency Food Crises Response Program SWC Soil and Water Conservation TST Technical Support Team UN United Nations UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Program USD Unites States Dollar WB World Bank

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been prepared to guide the implementation of the Safety Nets and Skills Development Project (SNSDP) for South Sudan, financed by the World Bank. The project will be implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development (MoAFCRD) as the lead Ministry for implementation of the project, in collaboration with The Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare (MoGCSW), which will coordinate social protection policy development (Component 1), Ministry of Labour, Public Service and Human Resource Development (MoLPSHRD) for supporting skills development (Component 3). A Project Steering Committee (PSC) chaired by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MoFEP) will provide overall guidance. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development will also be responsible for coordination of public works (Component 2).

The ESMF provides the necessary guidance for the implementation of SNSDP by MoAFCRD as the lead Ministry for the Government of South Sudan. It seeks to identify the potential impacts that may have significant environmental and social impacts, and therefore need to be addressed during project/program development and implementation.

Consistent with the existing Republic of South Sudan (RSS) national legislation and World Bank guidelines, the objectives of the ESMF are to help ensure that activities under the SNSDP (1) protect human health, and enhance positive environmental and social outcomes; (2) prevent or mitigate negative environmental impacts as a result of either individual projects/programs or their cumulative effects; and (3) prevent or compensate any loss of livelihood. It provides guidelines on how to carry out and prepare environmental and social screening / assessment, including an Environmental and Social Mitigation Plan (ESMP) in an effort to mitigate negative environmental/social impacts of project/program activities, while also enhancing positive environmental/social aspects. Specific objectives include:

• To establish clear procedures and methodologies for environmental and social planning, review, approval and implementation of MoAFCRD SNSDP project; • To prescribe project arrangements for the preparation and implementation of projects in order to adequately address World Bank safeguard issues; • To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the programs/projects; • To propose mitigation measures which will effectively address identified negative impacts; • To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to sub- projects; and • To determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF.

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Project description: The Project Development Objective (PDO) of SNSDP is to “provide access to income opportunities and temporary employment to the poor and vulnerable and put in place building blocks for a social protection system”. The building blocks are understood to be a social protection policy and operational tools to improve beneficiary identification and registration, monitor program, and ensure that cash benefits are transferred to eligible beneficiaries in a secure, transparent and timely manner.

The project is a 21 million USD International Development Assistance (IDA) credit over a four- year period, and has three components. The first component, social protection system and project management, will provide support to Government to develop of a social protection policy and necessary implementation and coordination capacity. The second component, public works, will provide income for youth and women from poor households through a seasonal transfer, linked to participation in public works, in order to increase and sustain household assets and smooth consumption during lean seasons. The third component, skills development, will provide rural and urban poor youth, aged 18-30 years belonging to vulnerable households, with access to livelihood opportunities through comprehensive skills development training comprised of technical, entrepreneurship and life skills. It is expected that the project will benefit 25,000 households at the end (21,500 through public works and 3,500 through skills development).

Project Location Details The project will be implemented in four States. Bor and Ayod Counties in Jonglei state, Gogrial West, and Tonj South Counties in Warrap state, Torit and Kapoeta East Counties in Eastern Equatoria state, and Juba City in Central Equatoria state.

Institutional Arrangements Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives, and Rural Development is the lead Ministry for implementation. Other Ministries involved include: Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare, Ministry of Labour, Public Service and Human Resource Development and the Ministry of Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. A Project Steering Committee chaired by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning would provide overall guidance. At the state and county levels, State Ministry of Agriculture will be the contact ministry.

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An Environmental and Social focal point will be appointed at national level in the MoAFCRD whose overall roles and responsibilities will cover a broad range of issues related to ensuring that any potential negative impacts are identified through a widely consultative process and that mitigation measures are undertaken accordingly during the project design and implementation phases. In addition, The Director General in the State Ministry of Agriculture and County Assistant Commissioners will constitute a Secretariat, supported by a Coordinator, at both levels. The overall roles and responsibilities for this person(s) will cover a broad range of issues related to ensuring full involvement of all environmental and social stakeholders and liaising with national Ministry of Environment (MoE) and MoAFCRD on issues of lessons learning, information sharing, monitoring and evaluations, among others.

Policy and Legal Framework The national policies and laws relevant for the ESMF of the Safety Nets and Skills Development Project are: • South Sudan Transitional Constitution of 2011 • Draft Environmental Protection and Management Bill, 2013 • Land Act, 2009 • Forest Policy, 2012 • The Food and Agriculture Policy Framework, 2007 • South Sudan Wild Life Conservation and National Parks Act, 2003 • Public Health (Water and Sanitation) Acts, 2008

In addition, South Sudan is party to, or is in the process of ratifying, a number of treaties and other such agreements, which are also relevant for this ESMF.

In terms of World Bank’s rules and regulations, safeguard policies and recommended processes related to the environment are described in Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment. This is considered to be the umbrella policy for the Bank's environmental safeguard policies, which among others, include: Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Forests (OP 4.36), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11)), and Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). Relevant social policies include OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement, and OP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples. Relevant legal policies comprise of OP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways, and OP 7.60 Disputed Areas.

It is important to note that Operational Policies (OP) is the statement of policy objectives and operational principles that delineate the roles and obligations of the Client and the Bank, while Bank Procedures (BP) is the mandatory procedures to be followed by the Client and the Bank. OP/BP 4.01 is the central document that defines the Bank’s environmental assessment requirements.

Potential Project Impacts Project implementation is associated with the following positive impacts - creating employment opportunities and generating income to support the livelihoods for the youth and women; and

ix providing opportunities and resources to engage in agricultural production, wage and self- employment, and/or other economic activities.

It is expected that only the Public Works component may have negative environmental and social impacts. As such, the project has triggered five World Bank safeguards policies - Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP4.11), Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) and Project on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50). Social issues may include: (a) Lack of participation by some of the most vulnerable people as beneficiaries due to inclusion error, selection bias, and/or elite capture resulting in failure to receive wage transfers from participation in public works activities; (b) inadequate design of public works activities failing to take into account specific gender considerations, i.e. activities requiring hard physical labor which may impede women’s participation; and; (c) communal conflicts over resource distribution in some areas of South Sudan.

However, due to the small-scale nature of public works investments, the potential negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed Project (under category B) are expected to be localized, temporary, and easily mitigated through sensible construction management techniques and diligent management practices. Therefore, proposed projects activities under public works will be designed at the local level to ensure that they are screened for potential impacts and that they comply with the requirements set out under World Bank safeguard policies. The project beneficiaries will include the farmers and communities within the operational areas who participate voluntarily in project activities. The key stakeholders will include the vulnerable groups, farmers, communities, Implementing Partners, local government, and the relevant sector ministries (agriculture, water, forestry, environment, education, finance and lands).

Communities in consultation with the Boma Development Committees (BDC) would select the public works activities with preference given to works that promote local economic opportunity, such as movement of produce from farms to the market; improving productivity of land through flood control and increased surface irrigation; storage facilities to reduce post-harvest losses; collection and proper disposal of solid waste and cleaning of drainage channels;, and environmental sanitation activities in urban areas. The possible list of Public works is shown in Table 0-1.

Table 0- 1: Indicative list of Public Works Activities

Areas of Work Activities Rural Social infrastructure Rehabilitation/maintenance of: • Feeder roads • School fence, classrooms • Simple storage facilities • Ponds and other types of water harvesting structures • Spring development/protection • Flood control dykes • Small scale irrigation schemes • Hand dug well Soil and water conservation • Physical and biological SWC measures and land productivity • Nursery site establishment and management • Afforestation • Area closure/ woodlots • Gully control • Compost making Urban Works Rehabilitation / maintenance of: • Urban roads • Urban rainwater drainage structures • Cleaning Sewerage networks • Waste disposal pits • Garbage collection and disposal • School fence

The public works activities will involve direct interventions in the biophysical and human environments. These impacts can occur at various stages of the project/program development and implementation, and can be positive or negative, temporary or permanent, and cumulative. On balance, it is assessed that the potential positive impacts of the project/program outweigh the negative impacts. Therefore, SNSDP under the MoAFCRD should have the potential to make a significant contribution to South Sudan’s efforts to protect and preserve the environment while reducing poverty in rural areas.

It is important to note that the proposed Project would not take place in or near natural habitats. As such, identified potential negative impacts are: increased soil erosion, increased surface water run off / flush floods, loss of vegetation cover and tree stands, open burrow pits, open shallow wells / hand dug wells which may act as death traps, increased pest disturbance required pest management, encroachment on private and public land, accidents at work (cut, fall, blisters, etc.) and the spread of communicable diseases. Potential negative environmental and social impacts, as well as possible mitigation measures, are provided below (Table 0-2 and 0-3). It is envisaged that these can be easily mitigated by implementing the guidance provided under the Environmental and Social Screening Assessment Framework (ESSAF).

Table 0- 2: Environmental issues, impacts and indicators related to public works

Environmental Cost of Mitigation Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator issues (SSP) per site Loss of habitat Loss of Establishment of nursery • % tree cover 36,448 through: (i) vegetation cover beds for tree seedlings • Erosion rates, Clearing of and tree stands water quality, (i) vegetation cover quantity for public works • Encroachment • Fuel wood consumption per household Increased soil Soil and water conservation Soil erosion rates, 0 erosion techniques (gabions), Water quality, surface run off water quantity, retention pits / Check dams, Number of planting deep rooted trees, constructed Agro forestry practices, Law erosion control enforcement measures Extracting of Open Burrow Rehabilitate all burrow pits Number of 8000 Murram pits to the on near its initial state restored burrow before extracting murram pits

Digging of Open Shallow Cover all community Number of 8000 shallow wells / community shallow wells community / hand dug wells wells / hand dug hand dug shallow wells which may wells with covers be death traps Opening up of Increased Direct drainage channels to Evidence of 0 urban drainage surface water natural drainage systems constructed channels run off / Flush channels Redirect drainage water floods every after short distance to avoid its accumulation Opening up of Increased cases Restoration of murran sites Number restored 0 urban drainage of waterborne murram sites, Covering all shallow and channels / diseases covered wells hand dug well as well as burrow pits / and drained sites draining off the stagnant hand dug wells water within construction sites Extracting of Damaging of Onsite ongoing activities Number of 0 Murram / physical cultural shall be temporarily halted, reported cases opening up of heritage / Chance Find procedures drainage resources will be triggered and the site channels / shall be delineated, secured burrow pits / from any damage or loss of hand dug wells movable artifacts and responsible authority (Directorate of Archives and Antiquities) shall be notified

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Environmental Cost of Mitigation Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator issues (SSP) per site to expedite safeguarding and removal of the artifacts

Handling and Exposure to Hazardous chemicals will Volume of 5000 disposal of hazardous need to be segregated and hazardous waste hazardous chemicals/ soil stored in sealed, labelled collected wastes and water containers in a warehouse – contamination protected from elements. Proper disposal should be arranged with authorities as soon as possible. Occupational Accidents at Presence of First Aider & Number of 3500 Hazards work (cut, fall, first aid kit at work site, reported cases blisters, etc.) Presence of First Develop Job Risk Aid kits and JRA Assessments (JRA) for all matrix works. Review Safety Protocols regularly at job site and Inspect job sites regularly Total Cost 60,948

Table 0-3: Social issues, their impacts and indicators related to public works

Social issue Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator (i) Lack of (i) Few people enlisted for (i) Use community The number of accessibility to public work communication channels community project benefits due (ii) Food insecurity at involving National, State and members to poor dissemination house hold (HH) level County organs participating in of project information (ii) Increased Poverty (ii) Use radios, TV, and internet public works and levels services and mobile SMS in skill development passing on messages

(ii) Lack of sufficient (i) Few people enlisted for (i) Use community The number of service providers public work communication channels enlisted service involving National, State and providers / IPs County organs (ii) Use of contracted service providers with prior local information (iii) Use radios, TV, and internet services and mobile SMS in passing on messages (iii) Low coverage of (i) Few people enlisted for (i) Use of State, County, Payam The number of project benefits for public work and Boma authorities to gain enlisted service public works in (ii) Food insecurity at access and identify and register providers / IPs remote areas, or due house hold (HH) level beneficiaries

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Social issue Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator to (ii) Increased Poverty (ii) Use of community structures complexities/difficult levels and contracted service providers ies of rural with prior local information to livelihoods and target as many beneficiaries as environments possible (iii) Travel by IPs to target locations and identify and undertake public works within the communities to allow for maximum participation of beneficiaries from remote areas (iv) Selection of SNSDP activities based on a full participatory demand-driven approach, including community mobilization and sensitization to raise awareness in terms of the project development objectives, as well as to determine beneficiary selection, and identification of priority public works. (iv) Cultural gender (i) Lack of participation (i) Stakeholder engagement to (i) % of women, bias and adoption of of women, youths and identify local appropriate skills youths and PWD inappropriate skills people with disabilities (ii) Gender mainstreaming participating in development (PWD) and other through training decision making and programs vulnerable groups consultative fora (ii) % of women youths and PWD accessing skill development programs (v) Community Deaths and displacement (i) Stakeholder engagement Number of hostilities of people (ii) Use of local leaders to reach stakeholder the beneficiaries meetings held (iii) Avoid hostile areas Number of grievances related to community tensions reported through the Grievant Redress Mechanism, as recorded and tracked in the Management Information System (vi) Communicable Death Washing of hand before eating Reported cases at Diseases food, personal hygiene on and health facilities off site and drinking clean and safe water (vii) HIV/AIDS Long-term illness, possible Awareness Campaign, Condom Reported cases of spread of HIV/AIDS to use (including female condoms), death and long term safer sex education and treating

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Social issue Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator community members and sexually transmitted infections, illness at health resulting in death HIV testing and counseling, facilities fidelity for married and abstinence from sex for youths. (viii) Inadequate social Exacerbation of (i) Allocated funding for Number of activities screening of small-scale existing social issues environment and social deemed to have activities due to lack of affecting communities mainstreaming, training and effective safeguards capacity within the target areas. capacity building for community measures in place groups and stakeholders to prioritize their needs and manage the environmental and social aspects of the projects. (ii) IPs to have their own Safeguards Specialists to ensure that safeguards measures are properly implemented. (iii) Local government officials and other service providers can assist communities in supervision of the implementation of SNSDP. (ix) Rising population (i) Increase in the (i) PIU and IPs to work carefully (i) Number of pressures, inter-tribal number of land-related with communities to devise grievances related to conflicts, returnees from conflicts measures to support sustainable inter-communal Sudan, deteriorating (ii) Migration of others investments and ensure the tensions, beneficiary resource base and outside target inclusion of only the most selection, and increasing communities into vulnerable people as impact of public intensification of the project areas to access beneficiaries. works, as tracked traditional production benefits increasing (ii) The determination of a wage through the GRM systems pressure on existing rate below the market rate will and recorded in the resources. help in this effort by promoting MIS self-selection. (iii) Constant community consultation and transparent methods for selecting beneficiaries and public works activities should also minimize risks of inadvertently exacerbating land related conflicts.

Reporting and Responsibilities for the ESMF

The responsibility for the implementation of the ESMF will lie mainly with the Implementing Partners for the Public Works component, in close coordination with the Project County Coordinators and Public Works and Safeguards Specialists, as well as target communities and local authorities. Below sets out the specific actions to be taken;

1. The Implementing Partner will work with communities to identify and fill out sub-project applications/proposals by conducting environmental and social analysis. This will be done by using the screening and review checklist in the ESMF (Table 0-4), the table on potential environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures (Table 0-2), as well as the resources sheets. The checklist is a simple yes/no form culminating in whether specific advice to the community on environmental mitigation is required. Such a process will ensure that projects that may have potentially significant impacts will be studied in greater detail.

Table 0- 4: Environment & Social Management Framework Screening Checklist for SNSDP

Environment & Social Management Framework Screening Checklist for SNSDP 1.0 Background Information

1a Name of County

1b Name of Monitoring officer

1c Subproject location (Payam & Boma)

1d Activities/enterprises undertaken/Public work

2.0 Environmental Issues

Will the subproject/activity: Yes No

2a Create a risk of increased soil degradation or erosion?

2b Affect soil salinity and alkalinity?

2c Divert the water resource from its natural course/location?

2d Cause pollution of aquatic ecosystems of aquatic ecosystems by sedimentation?

2f Involve drainage of wetlands and other permanently flooded areas?

2g Cause poor water drainage and increase the risk of water-related diseases such as malaria? 2h Reduce the quantity of water for the downstream users?

2i Result in the lowering of groundwater level or depletion of groundwater?

2j Create waste that could adversely affect local soils, vegetation, rivers and streams or ground water?

If the answer to any of the above is ‘yes’, there will be need to include an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) with subproject/activity application

3.0 Socio-economic issues

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Environment & Social Management Framework Screening Checklist for SNSDP Will the subproject/activity: Yes No

3a Displace people from their current settlement?

3b Negatively impact the health and safety of the worker/employee?

3c Reduce the employment opportunities for the surrounding communities?

3d Adversely impact settlement of -settlement internally displaced persons or returnees?

3e Reduce income for the local communities?

3f Increase exposure of the community to HIV/AIDS?

3g Increase the poverty gap

3h Impact cultural heritage sites such as sacred groves

4.0 Will the subproject/activity: Yes No

4a Be located within or near environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. intact natural forests, wetlands) or threatened species? 4b Adversely affect environmentally sensitive areas or critical habitats, such as protected areas like national parks, traditional areas recognized by local communities (sacred groves) and/or Important Bird Areas? 4c Affect indigenous biodiversity (flora and fauna)?

4d Cause any loss or degradation of any natural habitats, either directly (through project activities) or indirectly? 4e Does the project affect the aesthetic quality of the landscape?

4f Does the subproject reduce people’s access to the pasture, water, public services or other resources that they depend on? 4g Increase human –wildlife conflicts?

If the answer to any of the above is ‘yes’, there will be need to include an EMP /ESMP with subproject/activity application. Note that subprojects in critical habitats are not permitted. Therefore, if the answer to question 4b is yes, the activity cannot proceed.

5.0 Indigenous Peoples

Are there: Yes No

5a Indigenous groups living within the boundaries of, or near the project?

5b Members of these indigenous groups in the area who could benefit from the project?

If the answer to any of the above is ‘yes’, there will be need to prepare an Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) for the subproject/activity application

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Environment & Social Management Framework Screening Checklist for SNSDP

6.0 Land acquisition and access to Resources

Will the sub-project: Yes No

6a Require that land (public or private) be required (temporarily or permanently) for its development? 6b Use land that is currently occupied or regularly used for productive purposes (e.g. gardening, farming, pasture, fishing locations, forests) 6c Displace individuals, families or businesses?

6d Result in temporary or permanent loss of crops and fruit trees?

6e Adversely affect small communal cultural property such as funeral and burial sites, or sacred groves? 6f Result in involuntary restriction of access by people to legally designated parks and protected areas?

If the answer to any of the above is ‘yes’, there will be need to prepare an Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the subproject/activity application

7.0 Integrated Pest Management Yes No

7a Are there adequate resources including money, personnel and time to be allotted to IPM implementation. 7b Is the organism to be used to control pest native or alien to the area?

7c Is the selected plant variety resistant to pest injury and diseases?

7d What is the known period of time or season that is prone to high pest infestation?

7e Will the adjustment of planting time, fertilization, tillage, and harvesting operations yield most beneficial effect for the pest management situation and when can the season commence? 7f Is there evidence of damage and debris caused by insects to plant propagating materials?

7g Are there cracks and/ or holes in the building structure for storing produce?

7h Is there food waste in undesignated areas harboring rodents?

7i Are all pesticides purchased from registered pesticides dealers?

7j Is the selected pesticide considered to have the lowest toxicity to humans and non-target organisms (including biological controls)? 7k Are farmers’ aware of best pesticide management practices including procuring, handling, storing, applying and disposing in such a manner that protects life and the environment? 7l Are all pesticides under lock and key in a centralized / isolated store from agricultural produce and in custody of a dedicated person?

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2. The application for the sub-projects will clearly state the environmental and social mitigation measures, guided by the County Assistant Commissioner and the national MoAFCRD Project Implementation Unit, as required. If a sub-project requires a separate Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for specific mitigation measures, then this shall also be included.

3. All of these documents will then be sent to the review and vetting committee under the State Ministry of Agriculture (MAF) offices at the local level, which will have environmental and social expertise (e.g. Assistant Commissioners for Agriculture, Forestry etc.).

4. Once the review is complete, the reviewers will sign off and forward the application to the approval committee – the Ministry of Environment (MoE) / Ministry of Agriculture (MAF) Secretariat at the State level.

5. At the national level, the MoE / MoAFCRD Secretariat will provide lead coordination and ensure that the results meet the targets set by the project.

6. Day-to-day coordination of project activities will be handled by the County Commissioners for Agriculture and Forestry and the State MoE/MAF-Secretariat. They will provide oversight, monitoring and implementation support to the Implementing Partners.

The Table 0-5 below sets out detailed issues that may be addressed as part of the implementation of the ESMF.

Table 0- 5: Necessary Requirements, Actions and Institutional Responsibility for Addressing SNSDP Environmental and Social Issues

Issue Issue Mainstreaming of Responsibility for Action Mitigation Measures a. Appoint County personnel 1. Requirements for a. SNSDP PIU Project Manager b. Annual environmental and mainstreaming of the ESMF b. Implementing Partner social progress report. 2. Weak capacity for a. Hire Full time Environment a. SNSDP PIU Project Manager environmental and social and Social Safeguard specialist b. County officials management at state and county to oversee the implementation of c. Implementing Partner levels SNSDP project activities. b. Stimulate the operation of Payam and County Farmers fora. 3. Mainstreaming WB safeguard a. Provide sufficient training and a. PIU staff –SNSDP policies in the operational areas support to county officials to Environment and Social understand and apply WB Safeguard specialist safeguard policies 4. Cumulative impacts on some a. Carry out assessments of a. PIU staff : SNSDP M&E and environmental resources cumulative impacts on surface Environment and Social water resources. Safeguard specialist b. Implementing Partners

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Issue Issue Mainstreaming of Responsibility for Action Mitigation Measures b. Sensitize farmer groups on issue of cumulative impacts 5. Optimum integration of a. PIU staff : SNSDP technical advice with a demand- a. Sensitize communities to the Environment and Social driven, participatory approach range of technical advice Safeguard specialist available and their responsibility b. County agriculture department to choose which technical advice staff they require c. Implementing Partner 6. Need to provide advice on a. Provide information on a. PIU staff : SNSDP relevant environmental laws to relevant environmental laws to Environment and Social communities farmer groups and local Safeguard specialist communities b. MoAFCRD & County agriculture department staff c. IPs Extension officers 7. Ensuring health and safety of a. Carry out job hazard a. PIU Staff : SNSDP Public community and workers assessments; train workers; Works Specialist, Environment conduct site inspections; and Social Safeguard specialist document incidents and b. Implementing Partner corrective actions

In order to ensure proper implementation of environmental and social screening, mitigation measures, as well as effective natural resource management in relation to SNSDP implementation, MoAFCRD will undertake a program of environmental mainstreaming through training and institutional capacity building, especially for the beneficiaries and Implementing Partners. This shall include awareness training on linkages between environmental, social and natural resource management, implementation of the activities, and sustainable livelihoods. Training will be conducted at village levels mainly through community meetings and on site demonstration. Some of the topics identified for training are potential localized impacts of sub-projects, micro-projects and activities and suitable mitigation measures under the SNSDP and use of ESMF and its procedures.

At the end phase, an environmental and social progress report will be prepared annually by an independent team, which will also advise both the county officials and the National SNSDP Technical Support Team (TST) at MoAFCRD-PIU regarding ways forward. This report will be shared with national MoAFCRD Secretariat, World Bank and other relevant government agencies and stakeholders. The SNSDP Technical Support Team established within MoAFCRD at the national level (staffed with consultants as well as government assigned personnel), will regularly brief the national Steering Committee to ensure that all stakeholders are up to date with regard to project implementation status.

The objectives of annual reviews of ESMF implementation are: (a) to assess the project performance in complying with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future performance; (b) assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to project funded activities. These reports

xx will be the main source of information for the World Bank supervision missions and national environmental management authority, as needed.

Reviews of the ESMF implementation will be based upon a simple system for monitoring of environmental and social impacts. First, the MoAFCRD Secretariat, County Assistant Commissioners for public works, and other stakeholders will consider the environmental and social criteria that require measurement (e.g. sediment levels). Second, using this list of criteria, a set of indicators will be integrated into recording forms to be used in a participatory approach to environmental monitoring and evaluation.

The goals of monitoring will be to measure the success rate of the SNSDP activities, determine whether interventions have resulted in dealing effectively with negative impacts, and whether further interventions are needed or monitoring is to be extended in some areas. Monitoring indicators will very much depend on specific SNSDP activity contexts. Monitoring and surveillance of SNSDP will take place on a “sample” basis, as it would be impossible to monitor all the sub- projects. It is not recommended to collect large amounts of data, but rather to base monitoring on observations by MoAFCRD/M&E officers and stakeholders to determine trends of the indicators.

It is also important to note that the Project Appraisal Document and the Project Operations Manual provides for a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) at the community, Boma, and County levels, including Appeals Committees at the latter two levels. A Management Information System will be developed, which in addition to collected necessary information on beneficiaries and projects to track progress, will also include a module to record complaints and the ways in which they were addressed. Community Score Cards and other accountability tools will also be utilized to track and evaluate effectiveness of interventions.

Possible indicators may include, among others:

• Number and percentage of affected households consulted during the planning stage; • Number of beneficiaries/households participating in implementation of micro-projects • Levels of decision-making of affected people; • Levels of understanding of SNSDP activities impacts and mitigation; • Effectiveness of local authorities to make decisions; • Frequency and quality of meetings; • Degree of involvement of women, youth, and disadvantaged/marginalized groups in discussions; • Number of complaints received; • Number of accidents/incidents related to the projects; and • Number of social conflicts and/or communal tensions.

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1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 Purpose and Need of the Project The Safety Net and Skills Development Project (SNSDP) is an initiative of the Government of the Republic of South Sudan, funded by the World Bank, to address existing challenges of high vulnerability and unemployment, particularly among youth, which is seen as threat to peace and stability in the country. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to “provide access to income opportunities and temporary employment to the poor and vulnerable and put in place building blocks for a social protection system”. It is a 21 million USD IDA credit project for a four year period covering the following areas: Bor and Ayod counties in Jonglei state, Gogrial West and Tonj South counties in Warrap state, Torit and Kapoeta East counties in Eastern Equatoria state, and Juba City in Central Equatoria state. The targeted population of poor households is 25,000, of which 21,500 benefit through public works and 3,500 through skills development.

The project is composed of three components: (1) Social Protection System and Project Management; (2) Public Works; and (3) Skills Development. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives, and Rural Development (MoAFCRD) is the lead Ministry for implementation and has the overall fiduciary and project management responsibilities, in addition to implementation of the public works component (Component 2). The Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare (MoGCSW), would coordinate the social protection policy development (Component 1), while the Ministry of Labour, Public Service and Human Resource Development (MoLPSHRD) would support skills development (Component 3). At the national level, a Project Steering Committee (PSC) chaired by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MoFEP) would provide overall guidance. Below provides greater information regarding each of the components.

Component One: Social Protection System and Project Management

This component would put in place the building blocks of a national social protection system through assistance with the drafting of a social protection policy and putting in place a set of basic operational tools to ensure that: (i) safety net programs reach the poorest and most vulnerable; (ii) the Government has the adequate mechanism to gather information and monitor progress; and (iii) there is a formal system to transfer benefits in a secure, timely, and predictable manner. The operational tools for targeting, identification, and registry of beneficiaries, and payment transfer mechanisms would form the platform for the delivery of social assistance to the poor and vulnerable.

This component would also focus on the overall management and coordination of the project, including: (i) training of the staff at different levels that support the implementation of the project; (ii) co-ordination of the project implementation; (iii) monitoring and evaluation; (iv) establishment of the systems for financial management; (v) establishment of the procurement management system and management information system (MIS); and (vi) environment and social safeguards.

Component Two: Public Works (PWs)

This component would focus on provision of income to the most vulnerable households through participation in public works. The cash income from labour –based temporary employment would assist the eligible beneficiaries to increase and sustain household assets and ensure smooth normal

1 consumption during lean seasons. The community-led identified labor intensive public works would help to build, repair, or maintain local infrastructure. The PWs Component would have a participatory and gender sensitive approach that would take into consideration the special needs of women and ensure that at least 50 percent are able to participate in the activities.

The Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) contracted as Implementing Partners (IPs) would be responsible for the overall technical implementation and supervision of the public works activities in close coordination with other structures at different levels (national, state and county).

Component Three: Skills Development

The main objective of this component is to provide rural and urban poor youth belonging to vulnerable households with access to livelihoods opportunities through comprehensive skills training that comprises technical, entrepreneurship and life skills. The training will be contextualized based on the realities on the ground given that most of the counties are different in terms of livelihoods means and trades.

The community-based skills training would be provided by competent non-profit and private sector agencies. The curriculum would cover sector or trade specific skills, basic soft skills, life skills, financial literacy and entrepreneurial skills. At the end of the training period, Implementing Partners would use funds from the project proceeds to provide support to beneficiaries to start or engage in income generating activities.

At the national government level, this component will build the capacity of the directorate of vocational training of MoLPSHRD, as well as line departments at the states and county level.

1.2 Purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) The ESMF provides the necessary guidance for the implementation of SNSDP by MoAFCRD as the lead Ministry for the Government of South Sudan. This ESMF seek to identify the potential impacts associated with Public Works Component, which may have significant environmental and social impacts and need to be addressed during project/program development and implementation.

Consistent with the existing Republic of South Sudan (RSS) national legislation and World Bank guidelines, the objectives of the ESMF are to help ensure that activities under the SNSDP (1) protect human health, and enhance positive environmental and social outcomes; (2) prevent or mitigate negative environmental impacts as a result of either individual projects/programs or their cumulative effects; and (3) prevent or compensate any loss of livelihood. It provides guidelines on how to carry out and prepare environmental and social screening / assessment, including an Environmental and Social Mitigation Plan (ESMP) to mitigate negative environmental/social impacts of project/program activities, while also enhancing positive environmental/social aspects. The specific objectives include:

• To establish clear procedures and methodologies for environmental and social planning, review, approval and implementation of MoAFCRD SNSDP project. • To prescribe project arrangements for the preparation and implementation of projects in order to adequately address World Bank safeguard issues;

• To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the programs/projects; • To propose mitigation measures which will effectively address identified negative impacts; • To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to sub- projects; and • To determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF.

It is worth noting that, the potential environment and social impact associated with Public Works component are expected to be small and localized, and can be easily mitigated by implementing the guidance under the Environmental and Social Screening Assessment Framework (ESSAF).

1.3 Relevance of the ESMF For the Safety Nets and Skills Development Project, Component two (Public works) is the only component that may be associated with direct environment and social impacts. Communities in consultation with the Boma Development Committees (BDC) would select the public works activities with preference given to works that promote local economic opportunity, such as movement of produce from farms to the market; improving productivity of land through flood control and increased surface irrigation; storage facilities to reduce post-harvest losses; collection and proper disposal of solid waste and cleaning of drainage channels; and environmental sanitation activities in urban areas.

Based on the experience from the South Sudan Emergency Food Crises Response Program (SSEFCRP) and other similar projects implemented by development partners in South Sudan, the possible list of Public works are shown in Table 1-1.

Table 1- 1: Indicative list of Public Works Activities

Areas of Work Activities Rural Social infrastructure Rehabilitation/maintenance of: • Feeder roads • School fence, classrooms • Simple storage facilities • Ponds and other types of water harvesting structures • Spring development/protection • Flood control dykes • Small scale irrigation schemes • Hand dug well Soil and water conservation • Physical and biological Soil and Water Conservation measures and land productivity including terracing, contour bands, stone lines, retention pits conservation tillage, battering and chisel seeding. • Nursery site establishment and management • Afforestation • Area closure/ woodlots • Gully control • Compost making Urban Works Rehabilitation / maintenance of:

Areas of Work Activities • Urban roads • Urban rainwater drainage structures • Cleaning Sewerage networks • Waste disposal pits • Garbage collection and disposal • School fence

2 INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

2.1 Implementing Ministries Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives, and Rural Development (MoAFCRD) is the lead Ministry for implementation. The Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare, would coordinate the social protection policy development (Component 1), MoAFCRD would lead the coordination of the Public Works (Component 2), while Ministry of Labour, Public Service and Human Resource Development (MoLPSHRD) would support the skills development (Component 3). At the national level, a Project Steering Committee (PSC) chaired by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MoFEP) would provide overall guidance.

2.2 Environmental and Social Focal Point at MoAFCRD An Environmental and Social focal point will be appointed at national level in the MoAFCRD. The overall roles and responsibilities for this person will cover a broad range of issues; they should include the following points in relation to environmental and social issues related to the project;

(i) Contributing to and facilitating the active involvement of environmental and social stakeholder representatives in the national level; (ii) Ensuring that the outcomes of consultative meetings reflect the opinions and aspirations of all interest groups especially marginalized and/or disadvantaged groups (e.g. indigenous peoples, HIV orphans, etc.); (iii) Identifying environmental and social needs and priorities (e.g. within the design and implementation of SNSDP project activities; for training/awareness raising; or for technical support activities), and providing this information to the national MoAFCRD and the TST Secretariat; and (iv) documenting the environmental and social dimensions of forum discussions, and reporting these to the national secretariat; 2.3 Environmental and social roles and responsibilities of the State and County Secretariats The Director General in the State Ministry of Agriculture and County assistant commissioners will constitute a Secretariat at both levels, which will have a Coordinator. The overall roles and responsibilities for this person(s) will cover a broad range of issues; they should include the following points in relation to environmental and social issues related to the implementation of SNSDP;

(i) To ensure full involvement of environmental and social stakeholders in the implementation of SNSDP activities at State, County, Payam and Boma, and (ii) Full integration of environmental and social considerations into the implementation SNSDP activities in order to maximize the positive contribution to resource conservation, environmental sustainability, livelihoods security and social inclusion. (iii) supporting and informing discussions of the Secretariat at State level and below; (iv) liaising with the national MoE/MoAFCRD Secretariat to facilitate lesson-learning and experience sharing between States; (v) identifying and informing the national MoE/MoAFCRD Secretariat of additional environmental and social requirements at State level (e.g. specific capacity building); and

(vi) contributing to national MoE/MoAFCRD monitoring and evaluation and reporting on environmental and social issues, as required;

3. ESMF: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK Given the nature and limited scale of the proposed project, the environmental assessment category is assigned to be category B-partial assessment. Of the three components, only activities under Component 2 – Public Works – are likely to have potential negative environmental and social impacts. As such, the project has triggered five World Bank safeguards policies - Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP4.11), Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) and Project on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50).

Social issues sometimes include: (a) resource poor farmers inability to access extension services and inputs (b) inappropriate technology and thus poor adoption; (c) inadequate access and control of production functions for women and; (d) communal conflicts over resource distribution in some areas of South Sudan.

This ESMF has been prepared to fully comply with environmental legislations and procedures in South Sudan, as well as with the World Bank’s environmental and social safeguard policies. As such, relevant environment and social safeguard practices from theoretical and empirical sources from the Republic of South Sudan (RSS) and World Bank were reviewed. Additionally, field visits, wide ranging consultations, capacity assessment of MoAFCRD, qualitative and quantitative assessment aimed at understanding the implementation processes required to ensure environmental and social safeguard compliance were also conducted. Consequently, the ESMF has been developed based on both literature review and inputs generated during consultations with all stakeholders, and has formulated appropriate processes for screening for environmental and social safeguards in projects/programs. Further details on the relevant legislation and policies can be found below.

3.1 South Sudan environmental legislation Since attainment of Independence in July 2011, the Government of the Republic of South Sudan has adopted a new Constitution, as well as a number of new policies and legislation related to environmental safeguards. At the same time, other laws and regulations are still being drafted, with the ultimate aim of enhancing sustainable socio-economic development in the country. The policies and laws provide procedures to be followed in the planning and implementation of government activities in order to utilize resources and execute government programs to maximum benefit.

The following sections highlight the policies and laws relevant for this ESMF of the Safety Nets and Skills Development Project:

3.1.1 The Transitional Constitution of 2011 The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan of 2011 includes numerous provisions that have a bearing on the environment. Article 41 (1) provides that the people of South Sudan shall have a right to a clean and health environment; (2) that every person shall have the obligation to protect the environment for the benefit of present; and (3) that future generations shall have the right to inherit an environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations. Specific measures to ensure the objectives above include:

(a) Prevention of pollution and ecological degradation;

(b) Promotion of conservation; and (c) Securing of ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting rational economic and social development so as to protect the bio-diversity of South Sudan.

Furthermore, Article 166 (6) expects local governments to involve communities in decision-making in the promotion of a safe and healthy environment.

3.1.2 Draft Environmental Protection and Management Bill, 2013 The purpose of this Bill is to protect the environment in South Sudan and to promote ecologically sustainable development that improves the quality of life for both the present and future generations.

Section 18 of the Draft Environmental Protection and Management Bill 2013, Cap 7, intends to introduce the requirement for Environmental Impact Assessment. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is defined as a systematic examination conducted to determine whether or not a project will have any adverse impact on the environment and prescribe mitigation measures. The objective of the EIA is to ensure that environmental considerations are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the development decision making process and to anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and other relevant effects of development proposal, among others.

Section 32 of the Draft Environment Protection and Management Bill 2013, Cap 5, intends to introduce the requirement for Environmental Audits. An Environmental Audit is defined as the systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of how well environmental organization, management, and equipment are performing in conserving the environment and its resources. The main objectives of Environmental Audit are to:

(a) Assess how far project activities and programs conform with the approved environmental management plans as well as with the required environmental quality standards; (b) Provide mechanisms for coherent implementation procedures of a project so as to mitigate adverse environmental impacts; and (c) Provide regulatory bodies with a framework for ensuring compliance with, and the performance of an environmental management plan.

Section 20 of the Draft Environmental Protection and Management Bill 2013, Cap 5, intends to introduce the requirement for Environmental Monitoring. Environmental Monitoring is defined as the continuous determination of actual and potential effects of any activity or phenomenon on the Environment, whether short term or long term. The bill mandates the line ministries to:

(a) Monitor environmental phenomena with a view to making an assessment of possible changes in the environment and their possible impacts; (b) Monitor the operations of any industry, project or activity with a view to determining its immediate and long term effect on the environment; (c) Compel the proponent to carry out a baseline survey to identify basic environmental parameters in the project area before implementation, except where a baseline survey has been carried out; (d) Determine the parameters and measurable indicators to be used in monitoring of projects; and

(e) Conduct measurement of environmental changes that have occurred during implementation.

The SNSDP falls under Category B projects, which may require an EIA before project implementation. Subsequent environmental audits and environmental monitoring shall be undertaken periodically to determine project compliance to available regulations. The selected Implementing Partners who are to implement the project shall ensure all feasible mitigation measures are implemented and in compliance with environmental legislations.

3.1.3 Land Act, 2009 One of the key objectives of the Land Act is to promote a land management system which can protect and preserve the environment and ecology for the sustainable development of South Sudan. It also provides for fair and prompt compensation to any person whose right of occupancy, ownership, or recognized long standing occupancy of customary use of land is revoked or otherwise interfered with by the Government.

The Land Act reinforces the Government’s recognition of customary land tenure: ‘Customary land rights including those held in common shall have equal force and effect in law with freehold or leasehold rights.’ Community land can be allocated to investors as long as investment activity ‘reflects an important interest for the community’ and ‘contributes economically and socially to the development of the local community’. It also requires that state authorities approve land acquisitions above 250 feddans (105 hectares), and create a regulated ceiling on land allocations.

The Land Act requires the Government to consult local communities and consider their views in decisions about community land. The Act also gives pastoralists special protection: ‘No person shall without permission to carry out any activity on the communal grazing land which may prevent or restrict the residents of the traditional communities concerned from exercising their grazing rights’.

3.1.4 Forest policy, 2012 The Forest Policy, 2012 was formulated to broadly protect the roles forests play in the ecological stability of rivers, lakes, swamps and agricultural production systems. It also meant to ensure that there are optimal benefits from forestry and agro-forestry activities for food security and to poverty alleviation among our rural communities.

Soil and Water Conservation and Land productivity is one of the sub-project components under SNSDP. This will involve the establishment of tree nursery site, carrying out of afforestation programs and area closure/woodlots, ensuring that community livelihood is enhanced while supporting establishment of tree covers.

The policy integrates forest sector actions with rural development efforts to ensure that the rural population of South Sudan shall have access to basic needs such as sustainable household food security, shelter, wood fuel, safe clean water, sanitation and health facilities, primary education, good local governance, empowerment and self-reliance. It is founded on the following guiding principles for a forward-looking and vibrant forest sector in South Sudan:

• All forests and tree resources of South Sudan will be managed sustainably to ensure streams of benefits to present and future generations; • Permanent Forest Estates (PFE) will be established and managed to ensure conservation of biodiversity and steady flow of benefits; • Forests and tree resources will be managed in accordance with set criteria and indicators for sustainable management; • Appropriate specific policies, legislation, institutional reforms will be implemented to support rapid growth of the forest sector; • Industrial and other plantations will be sustainably management to meet the growing wood demands; • There will be increased participation and benefits for communities in forest management through collaborative management schemes; • Tree based industrial development (forest products processing) will be promoted and supported to increase economic benefits from forest resources; • Forestry institutions and services will be strengthened to increase productivity, achieve household food security, alleviate poverty and contribute to the macro-economy of South Sudan; • There will sustained commitment to forest related regional and international agreements and Conventions; and • Management of forests and tree resources will be guided by best knowledge and information.

3.1.5 The Food and Agriculture Policy Framework, 2007 The Food and Agriculture Policy Framework of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development emphasizes the need to transform agriculture from traditional/subsistence system to achieve food security through science-based, market oriented, competitive and profitable agricultural system without compromising the sustainability of the natural resources for generations to come.

In order to achieve the above, it developed key strategic objectives that include:

• Priority policies that quickly boosts agricultural production • Make available agricultural inputs, including credit facility, at affordable cost • Rehabilitate and expand rural infrastructure including feeder roads, markets • Develop and provide research and extension services, and market linkages • Develop and strengthen institutional and human resource capacity • Protect, regenerate and conserve natural resources; formulate policy incentives for rational and sustainable management and utilization.

The Project Development Objective for SNSDP is to “provide access to income opportunities and temporary employment to the poor and vulnerable and put in place building blocks for a social protection system”. The rehabilitation and opening up of new feeder roads, the establishment of

10 national social protection system and project management, and skills development are in line with the Food and Agriculture Policy Framework, 2007.

3.1.6 South Sudan Wild Life Conservation and National Parks Act, 2003 Wild Life Conservation and National Parks Act (section 5) recognizes that wildlife constitutes an important national natural wealth and heritage of the South Sudan, and thus needs to be conserved, protected and utilized for the benefit and enjoyment of all its people.

Section 6 vests the administration and execution of the policy to the Secretariat headed by the Director General of the Secretariat of Wildlife Conservation, Environment Protection and Tourism. The secretariat objective and functions are listed as follows;

• Conservation, management and administration of parks, controlled areas and other protected game reserves; • Development, in cooperation with other competent authorities, of Tourism based on wildlife in the South Sudan and the development of other forms of rational utilization of the wildlife and environment resources; • Control of hunting, the management preservation, conservation and protection of wildlife and environmental resources and the control of trade in protected animals and trophies; • Promotion of Education and the dissemination of information about wildlife resources in the South Sudan, in cooperation with the competent authorities; • Training of wildlife Officers, Non-commissioned officers and game Scouts and other personnel of the Secretariat; • Development and carrying out of research on wildlife and environmental resources with a view of their optimum preservation, conservation, management and protection; • Management and administration of zoological gardens; and • The administration and enforcement of the provision of this Act and the attainment of its objectives.

Under Section 9 of the Wild Life Conservation and National Parks Act, 2003, the Director General of the Secretariat of Wildlife Conservation, Environment Protection and Tourism, may undertake surveys of other areas of great natural beauty or of major importance from the point of view of their wildlife and environmental resources, and may, if he considers it to be in the national interest, propose the establishment of further national parks or the extension of the existing national parks, game reserves, forest reserves and protected areas.

In addition, the Director General of the Secretariat of Wildlife Conservation, Environment Protection and Tourism may, under section 57, make regulations prohibiting or controlling entry for settlement, cultivation, grazing, hunting, cutting or burning of trees or other vegetation, or such other activities as he may deem necessary for the protection of wildlife, its habitat and environment in any game reserve, forest reserve or controlled area. Community hunting is undertaken in most of the project proposed areas. However, during SNSDP project implementation, community utilization of wildlife will not be affected given the proposed project activities.

3.1.7 Public Health (Water and Sanitation) Acts, 2008 for South Sudan This act emphasizes the prevention of pollution of air and water, and also encourages improvement in sanitation. Key provisions include the protection of the sanitation of environment; it encompasses the measure to address the pollution of water and air. The following are measures geared towards control of pollution of water:

(i) Measures to prevent pollution of water for consumption. (ii) Measures destined to prevent pollution of potable water (iii) Anyone who offers the public with water to drink or for human food, and which includes frozen food should ensure that the water conforms to the portability regulations; (iv) Management and disposal of hazardous wastes; and (v) Storage of wastes on the premises of waste generators.

Public Health Act (2008) also provides need protect pollution of water through the enforcement of regulations and measures necessary to combat all elements of pollution and protect the natural level of the environment and public health.

3.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies The World Bank's safeguard policies and recommended processes related to the environment are described in Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment. This is considered to be the umbrella policy for the Bank's environmental "safeguard policies," which among others, include: Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Forests (OP 4.36), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11)), and Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). Operational Policies (OP) is the statement of policy objectives and operational principles that delineates the roles and obligations of the Client and the Bank, while Bank Procedures (BP) is the mandatory procedures to be followed by the Client and the Bank. OP/BP 4.01 is the central document that defines the Bank’s environmental assessment requirements. Following are the World Bank’s environmental and social/resettlement guidelines:

Environmental Policies

• OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment • OP 4.04 Conservation of Natural Habitats • OP 4.09 Pest Management • OP 4.36 Forestry • OP 4.37 Safety of Dams • OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources

Social Policies

• OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement • OP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples

Legal policies

• OP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways

• OP 7.60 Disputed Areas

The most relevant policy of World Bank for MoAFCRD activities is the OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment. As part of the ESMF process, proposed project activities under public works will be designed at the local level to ensure that they are screened for potential impacts and that they comply with the requirements set out under World Bank safeguard policies. The project beneficiaries will include the farmers and communities within the operational areas who participate voluntarily in project activities. The key stakeholders will include the vulnerable groups, farmers, communities, Implementing Partners, local government, and the relevant sector ministries (agriculture, water, forestry, environment, education, finance and lands).

3.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) Environmental Assessment (EA) is used in the World Bank to identify, avoid, and mitigate the potential negative environmental impacts associated with Bank lending operations. The purpose of the EA is to improve decision making by ensuring that project options under consideration are sound and sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted. The EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depends on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. It takes into account the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples and physical cultural resources); and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. This OP 4.01 was triggered by the subcomponent of the SNSDP (public works) that may lead to some negative environmental impacts.

3.2.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) There are bound to be critical habitats in some of the locations selected as SNSDP implementation areas. However, SNSDP activities by design will not be implemented in protected areas, and is not envisaged to target natural habitats ecosystems such as wetlands (swamps, and marshes), and forests. The ESMF provides communities and extension teams with the appropriate checklist tools, resource sheets and planning methods to identify any potential impacts of project activities on natural habitats, reserves, or protected areas, and to develop appropriate mitigation measures to minimize or avoid damage, or compensate for it. Those activities that are not addressed by the ESMF, which may have impacts on natural habitats, would be identified using the screening and review procedures as outlined in Chapter 6.

3.2.3 Pest Management (OP 4.09) Certain public works activities related to soil and water conservation and land productivity measures undertaken by SNSDP beneficiaries may require pest management strategies. To the end, where appropriate, the MoAFCRD will make resources available to beneficiaries to: (i) adopt Soil and Land Management (SLM) practices and technologies to mitigate land degradation and achieve greater productivity of crops, trees and livestock; and (ii) adopt sustainable alternative livelihood options to diversify and increase income, and reduce the pressure on the natural resources. A number of activities, such as irrigation, may result in the introduction or expansion of pest management activities in certain areas. The ESMF includes a brief discussion on Integrated Pest Management

(IPM) as a decision-making process for the selection, implementation, and evaluation of pest management practices.

IPM strategies will comprise of soil pests, weeds, field and post- harvest pests, and pest diseases management. Use of certified seeds or seed dressing will protect crop from soil borne pests. Weed control could either be manual or use of appropriate herbicides, for example, pre- and post- germination herbicides. However, extreme care is needed in the use of herbicides, as wrong or uninformed use is likely to cause total loss of crops or pollution of water and soil. As a rule, beneficiaries should observe strict surveillance of their crop and observe high levels of crop hygiene as a first step to manage the pests and diseases in the field, as appropriate. These include removal and destruction of affected plants and then preventive control of the identified problem. Post-harvest pests are managed even before harvesting by cleaning the stores and destroying the residues from previous harvest. Use of recommended pesticides on the harvested crop before storage contributes immensely to the preservation of the harvested crop against attacks by pests.

3.2.4 Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10) This policy (OP/BP 4.10) is triggered as some of the activity sites of the project area include indigenous people. A vast majority of the South Sudanese population meets the OP 4.10 criteria and therefore the policy is triggered for all the project beneficiaries who belong to different ethnic groups. Due to high volume of seasonal migration and internal displacement caused by economic activities and the recent conflict, respectively, it is difficult to determine at this stage the ethnic groups that are present and dominant in each of the counties, including those targeted by the project. Consequently, the element of Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) was included in the overall project design. Therefore, a separate IPP is not required.

3.2.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) This policy (OP/BP 4.11) addresses physical cultural resources, which are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community.

This OP 4.01 was triggered by the subcomponent of the SNSDP (public works) that may lead to some negative environmental impacts to the archaeological sites (if any) and artifacts. In case of this happening, Chance Find Procedure shall be followed to safeguard physical cultural resources and ongoing activities shall be temporarily stopped, the site shall be delineated, secured from any damage or loss of movable artifacts and responsible authority (Directorate of Archives and Antiquities) shall be notified to expedite safeguarding and removal of the artifacts) (See Annex VI: Chance Find Procedure).

3.3 International Conventions and Treaties The objectives of related international conventions and treaties are to conserve biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the

14 utilization of the genetic resources, including the access to the genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of the relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies and by appropriate funding. South Sudan is party to, or in the process of ratifying, a number of treaties and other such agreements. Some of the environmental treaties to which South Sudan is a party include:

3.3.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) The Convention on Biological Diversity adopts a broad approach to conservation. It requires Parties to the Convention to adopt national strategies, plans, and programs for the conservation of biological diversity, and to integrate the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral and cross-sectoral plans, programs and policies. Programs and projects such as the SNSDP in MoAFCRD are expected to conserve biodiversity, especially of the rare and endangered species in the project areas and its environs.

3.3.2 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1996) The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was adopted in 1994 and came into force in December 1996. The objective UNCCD is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in seriously affected countries, especially those in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia, and Northern Mediterranean. It seeks to achieve this objective through integrated approaches to development, supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements, in the affected areas. It emphasizes long-term strategies that focus on improved productivity of land and the rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources, leading to improved living conditions, in particular at the community level.

Under the sub component of SNSDP (Soil and water conservation and land productivity), the project will establish and manage nursery site and encourage afforestation practices. As such, this subcomponent is in line with the objective of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.

3.3.3 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971) The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is primarily concerned with the conservation and management of wetlands and their flora and fauna, and especially waterfowl, by combining national policies with co-ordinate international action. It was signed at Ramsar, Iran in 1971 and amended by the protocol of 1982 and the amendments of 1987. Parties to the Convention are required to promote the wise use of wetlands in their territories and to take measures for their conservation by establishing nature reserves in wetlands, whether or not they are included in the Ramsar list. SNSDP, as a project in MoAFCRD, is expected to adhere to the Ramsar Convention’s principles of wise use of wetlands (if any) within the project area.

3.3.4 Important Bird Areas The Sudd of the River Nile in Jonglei, Unity and Upper Nile States has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) of South Sudan. The Important Bird Areas Programme is a worldwide initiative working for the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainability of human use of natural resources. Bor and Ayod Counties in Jonglei State have been identified as part of the project implementation areas.

Under the public works component SNSDP, which, among others, will focus on rehabilitating rural social infrastructure, the project will establish and manage a number of activities namely: ponds and other types of water harvesting structures, spring development/protection, flood control dykes, small scale irrigation schemes and hand dug well, these activities may be implemented within the IBA. The project is expected to respect the IBA demarcations, and will aim to conserve the biological diversity within these areas should public works activities are selected to occur within the IBA classified environs.

3.3.5 The Nile Treaties There are about eleven treaties dealing with the consumptive use of the waters of River Nile and Lake Victoria. The riparian countries are under limited obligations under general international law to permit the lower riparian States an equitable share of the water, with the exact modalities subject to fresh negotiations. The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) is currently addressing the issue of equitable utilization of the common Nile Basin water resources.

The Nile Basin Initiative seeks to harness the tremendous potential of the Nile for the benefit of the people of the Basin, both for now and for generations to come. The Shared Vision is: “To achieve sustainable socio-economic development through the equitable utilization of, and benefits from, the common Nile Basin water resources” or in short “Sustainable development of the River Nile for the benefit of all”. This can however become a major environmental challenge given that as economic development accelerates and population increases, demand for water may also in an unsustainable manner.

The project proposes to establish and manage Small Scale Irrigation Schemes, and shall be implemented in line with the lower riparian rights in agreement with the obligations under general international law such as the The Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework (CFA), which enshrines the doctrine of equitable and reasonable utilization, granting every member the right to use water from the Nile.

4. BASELINE INFORMATION This section describes the biophysical, socio–economic and cultural conditions in South Sudan with more specific information, where available. Data and Information presented here is primary data (i.e. from field observations and interviews). Other pieces of information have also been sourced from various documents.

4.1 South Sudan: General overview The Republic of South Sudan is the world's newest country having gained its independence from Sudan on July 2011 following an overwhelmingly positive referendum. It is a landlocked country, and has an estimated population of 8.2 m people and an area of 619,745 sq. km. Administratively, Southern Sudan is sub-divided in to 10 States; namely, Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria (CES), Jonglei, Unity, Upper Nile, Western Equatoria, Lakes, N. Bahr El Ghazal, Warrap, and Western Bahr El Ghazal States. Since South Sudan is located near the Equator in the tropics, much of its landscape consists of tropical rainforest and its protected national parks are home to a plethora of migrating wildlife. South Sudan also has extensive swamp and grassland regions. The White Nile, a main tributary of the Nile River, also passes through the country (Figure 4.1). The highest point in South Sudan is Kinyeti at 10,456 feet (3,187 m) and it is located on its far southern border with Uganda. The climate of South Sudan varies but it is mainly tropical. Juba, the capital and largest city in South Sudan, has average yearly high temperature of 94.1˚F (34.5˚C) and an average yearly low temperature of 70.9˚F (21.6˚C). The most rainfall in South Sudan is between the months of April and October and the average yearly total for rainfall is 37.54 inches (953.7 mm).

Figure 4- 1: Agro-ecological zones of South Sudan

4.2 Climate

4.2.1 Rainfall, Humidity, and Temperature Although South Sudan lies within the tropics, the climate ranges from arid in the north to tropical wet-and-dry in the far southwest. Temperatures do not vary greatly with the season at any location; the most significant climatic variables are rainfall and the length of the dry season. From January to March, the country is considered to be in the dry season. By early April, it enters the rainy season, bringing heavy rains and thunderstorms. Yambio, close to the border with Zaire, has a nine-month rainy season (April-December) and receives an average of 1,142 millimeters of rain each year. Temperatures are highest at the end of the dry season when cloudless skies and dry air allow them to soar. The far south, however, with only a short dry season, has uniformly high temperatures throughout the year.

4.2.2 Soils The country's soils can be divided geographically into two categories. These are the clay soils of the central region, and the laterite soils of the south. Less extensive and widely separated, but of major economic importance, is a third group consisting of alluvial soils found along the lower reaches of the White Nile and Blue Nile rivers.

4.2.3 Hydrology South Sudan is drained by the Nile and its main tributary, the White Nile (Al Bahr al Abyad). The White Nile flows north from central Africa, draining Lake Victoria and the highland regions of Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi. At Bor, the great swamp of the Nile, As Sudd begins. The river has no well-defined channel here; the water flows slowly through a labyrinth of small spillways and lakes choked with papyrus and reeds. The White Nile has several substantial tributaries that drain southern Sudan.

4.3 Biological Resources According to Harrison and Jackson (1958) classification, South Sudan is classified as savannah woodland (high and low rainfall), flood region, mountainous zone, and semi-desert.

From a national perspective, the protected areas conserve a substantial portion of the terrestrial areas of South Sudan (10.4%), which is well above the African average (estimated at 9%), and protect an exceptionally high diversity of animals, habitats, and birds. The protected areas provide protection to a variety of habitats and species and their management will guard against any future soil degradation, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and species loss. As such, they are an important source of carbon sequestration, watershed protection and biodiversity conservation with two endemic mammal species (Nile lechwe, estimated at 4,300 and white-eared kob, estimated at 800,000). An estimated 4,000 Shoebills (out of a global population estimated at between 5,000 and 8,000 individuals) are within South Sudan Sudd, with the main threats being habitat destruction, disturbance, and hunting.

Out of the 22 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in the Sudan, South Sudan comprises several including Boma, the Sudd, Southern and Bandingilo. The Leer and Panyikang counties comprise parts of the

Sudd where hundreds of species of birds, out of which 12 are endangered such as the Shoebill and Black crowned crane, dwell here or use the area as an important stepping stone on their migration.

Key large mammals of the forests and some woodland savannah areas include Waterbuck (Kobus defasa), Bushbuck, oribi, duiker, Uganda kob (Kobus kob), warthog (Phacocoerus ethiopicus), hartebeest (Alcelaphus sp.), giant eland (Tragelaphus derbianus), buffalo (Syncerus caffer), and various species of primates including the Black and White colobus monkey. A rich diversity of avifauna, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates also occurs here. However, the high levels of illegal hunting have decimated most of the wild life populations in these areas.

South Sudan also ranks among the best timber wood exporting countries to the international market. Some of the states with best Teak and natural trees for timbers are Western Equatoria and Central Equatorial states. In Central Equatoria some of the existing Teak plantations are at Kegulu, the other oldest planted forest reserves are Kawale, Lijo, Loka West and Nuni. While Western Equatoria has its resources, Mvuba trees at Zamoi. However, several factors have contributed to the degradation of forest resources in Sudan leading to over-exploitation of the natural forests resulting in high rates of deforestation and forest conversion to waste land ( Gafaar, A 2011).

4.4 Social-economic environment of South Sudan

4.4.1 Demography According to the disputed results of the 2007 Population and Housing Census of Sudan, South Sudan has a total population of 8, 260,490 with an average household size of 6.3. The sex composition of the population reveals that the proportion of male is slightly higher (about 52 %) than females (about 48 %). In terms of ethnic composition there are many tribes in South Sudan of which the Dinka, Nuer, Murle, Mundari, Toposa and Boya are the main agro-pastoralist groups.

Figure 4.2 demonstrates that the following states are relatively densely population in terms of distribution of population across the ten states: Jonglei (16.1%), Central Equatoria (13.5%), Warrap (12 %), Upper Nile (11.6%) and Eastern Equatoria (11 %). In contrast, Northern Bahr-El-Ghazal (8.7%), Unity (7.1%), Lakes (8.1%) and Western Equatoria (7.3%) are moderately populated. On the other hand, Western Bahr-El-Ghazal (4.7%) is the sparsely populated State.

Figure 4- 2: Distribution of Population by South Sudan States

(source: Population and Housing Census of Sudan, 2007)

4.4.2 Socioeconomic Status South Sudan remains one of the least developed countries in the world. High levels of vulnerability arising from two decades of civil wars has forced a sizeable proportion of the population to rely on humanitarian relief assistance to meet their livelihood needs. The Gross National Income per capita is estimated to be less than $90 per year. Key education and health indicators are among the lowest in the world. Infrastructure is virtually non-existent, and a public administration system has to be developed almost from scratch. Low levels of income and purchasing power, together with disruption associated with conflict and very limited infrastructure, have constrained economic activity and market development. The incidence of poverty has also worsened, from 44.7% in 2011 to more than 57.2% in 2015, with a corresponding increase in the depth of poverty (WB, 2015).

Inadequate transport infrastructure poses a major problem for movement of people and commodities within and between states. Although efforts have been made to rehabilitate some of the main trunk roads, the conditions of most of the main roads, especially in the wet season, hinder transportation of goods particularly perishable products. High transportation cost is a disincentive to farmers in potential surplus production areas from expanding production. However, the situation of various socio-economic infrastructure and the livelihoods conditions of the people of South Sudan have substantially changed since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005.

Under the sub components of SNSDP (Rural Social Infrastructure and Urban Works) the project will lead to the rehabilitation/maintenance of community feeder roads / urban and open up small scale irrigation schemes. This will ease access to market and improve community livelihoods.

4.4.3 Food Security and Livelihoods The livelihood system in South Sudan is predominately subsistence small-holder agriculture, among which about 12-15% of the population depends on fishing for their livelihoods (UNDP, 2012). Employment opportunities both in the public and private sector are few, but are increasing due to

20 urbanization. Petty trading also provides a source of income for many households in the rural towns and around market centres. Livestock production also provides an important livelihood base for large groups of people but is hampered by disease and environmental degradation. The road network is poor and many areas of the country are not accessible by road, particularly in the wet season, which provides a major obstacle for marketing and commercialization of agricultural production.

Poverty escalates during the dry season and in most parts of the country periods of 3-6 months per year of food deficit is common. During these periods most families move around for income generation, i.e. selling of charcoal, doing casual labour etc. As such, the implementation of SNSDP project with effective safety nets to smooth consumption gaps during lean seasons and improved employability of vulnerable youth through skills training. The Safety Nets and Skills Development Project is imperative for the longer term development of welfare of South Sudanese people.

5. GUIDANCE ON POTENTIAL IMPACTS

5.1 Overall Environmental and Social Impacts and Indicators in Public Works The public works activities would finance a list of labor intensive public works, and through these activities, provide temporary employment to target beneficiaries. Communities, in consultation with the BDC, would select the public works activities, with preference given to works that promote local economic opportunity such as movement of produce from farms to the market, improving productivity of land through flood control and increased surface irrigation, storage facilities to reduce post-harvest losses, collection and proper disposal of solid waste and cleaning of drainage channels, and environmental sanitation activities in urban areas. The ultimate beneficiaries will include vulnerable individuals and communities who are mobilized and participate voluntarily in public works activities. The key stakeholders will include vulnerable individuals, communities, Implementing Partners, local government, and the relevant sector ministries and departments (agriculture & forestry, water, environment, and wildlife, lands and communities).

5.2 Potential Positive Impacts The public works intervention is an important first step in building skills and institutions that can encourage low-skill wage jobs in the future, and create the basis for the future job creation in the private sector. In addition, the SNSDP would contribute to strengthening both central and local government capacity to deliver social protection services and improve the conditions of the poorest, moving away from NGO led implementation and delivery of social protection services to strong involvement of the government as the leading actor in designing and providing such services. Lastly, SNSDP serves as a useful bridge between the humanitarian and development efforts, and contributes to the graduation of the most vulnerable individuals and communities from aid dependency to self-sufficiency.

The trickledown effect of SNSDP is therefore expected to generate many positive social economic impacts to the vulnerable groups / beneficiaries. SNSDP activities shall also result in a multiplier effect on the local economy through development of entrepreneurial activities such as access to market outlets. Productive employment opportunities especially for women and female-headed households, will increase as the public works component aims to have 50 percent of the beneficiaries be female. The level of female participation in the project activities will be tracked through appropriate indicators, as presented in Table 5-2 above.

5.3 Potential negative impacts On the whole, SNSDP interventions will focus on implementation of specific activities that improve the long-term sustainability of the ecosystems. As mentioned above, the environmental category of the proposed project is Category B and the potential impacts are site specific and localized and shall be easily mitigated by implementing the guidance under the ESMF. The identified potential negative impacts are:

• Increased soil erosion • Increased surface water run off / Flush floods • Loss of vegetation cover and tree stands • Open Burrow pits • Open Shallow wells / hand dug wells which may act as death traps • Pest Disturbances requiring Pest Management • Health and Safety Issues (accidents at work (cut, fall, blisters, etc.) and communicable and waterborne diseases). • Hazardous runoff or health and safety hazards created by improperly siting or design of waste disposal pits • Soil/water contamination or health and safety hazards from improper waste management

Increased Soils Erosion: During opening up or rehabilitating of roads, excavated areas will need to be assessed for potential soil erosion damage and mitigation measures, as necessary, to avoid the displacement of eroded soil into watercourses and onto adjoining areas, including the worksite. Arrangement to limit the area that is being excavated (murram barrow sites), including the use temporary storm water control devices and associated cut off drains/bunds to minimize sediment transport into watercourses shall in such cases be considered.

Increased Surface Water Run Off/Flush Floods: The opening up or rehabilitation of roads are associated with potential impact of increased surface run off/flush floods due to drainage channeled water alongside the road drainages. The use of temporary storm water control devices and associated cut off drains to minimize collection of water in the drainage channel shall be employed. The cut off drains will be re-directed away from peoples’ residences.

Loss of Vegetation Cover and Mature Tree Stands: During the opening up or rehabilitating of roads, vegetation cover and mature tree stands may be affected. However, any potential impacts are considered to be minimal, as the construction work will be performed at the existing roads and already affected environments. The works will focus on rehabilitation within existing road corridors and within or adjacent to the existing disturbed footprints. In addition, fencing of school compounds shall involve getting of poles to enhance fencing, with poles derived from the existing stock of mature standing trees. Acquisition of these poles will involve selective cutting of trees, and in return, planting of two trees for each mature tree cut down.

Open Burrow Pits: Materials such as murram soils should ideally be sourced from existing burrow sites on land. However, it is likely that given the remote location of many of the project sites that

23 materials may need to be sourced locally. Should materials for the project be sourced from a community, the Implementing Partner will assess the site using the screening form to enlist the potential impacts. The Implementing Partner will liaise with State Ministry of Agriculture to ensure that a murram extraction permit is obtained, as required by law. Any such murram extraction/burrow sites that are opened by the Implementing Partners shall be restored and/or rehabilitated at the end of the project.

Open Shallow Wells: Shallow wells shall be established as part of cash for work in the hard to get water areas. These wells are very useful for providing water for domestic use and watering of animals. Experience teaches us that community members and Implementing Partners often leave these wells open. As such, they also pose a risk to small children, animals, and others who may fall in and be grievously harmed, or even killed. Therefore, all shallow wells that will be located within the community homesteads and or community grazing areas shall be covered and secured properly.

Waste Disposal: It is common practice in South Sudan to burn collected waste materials. This practice increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which negatively affects the climate. In particular, large quantities of solid material waste such as plastics, which may accumulate as by- products of public works activities, should not be dumped in the open pit for burning. Sorting of wastes shall be encouraged as this enables the recyclable wastes to be identified and re-used and the non-recyclable wastes be disposed of safely. The incinerator, provided by the Implementing Partner as per the input requirements when needed, should be used to burn any substance with hazardous chemicals. Should there be liquid waste, such as unusable oil, there shall be a need to liaise with the Ministry of Environment to dispose of all hazardous chemical wastes in accordance with regulations and safe practices. Prior to collection and disposal by licensed waste handling contractor; waste oil shall be stored within a restricted bounded area or in a sealed / labelled containers away from wind, sunlight and rain. Soil and other oil contaminated material shall be classified as hazardous waste and will be placed in the bounded area in clearly labelled containers.

Pest Management: It is important to note that certain public works activities related to soil and water conservation and land productivity measures undertaken by SNSDP beneficiaries may require pest management strategies. To the end, where appropriate, the MoAFCRD will make resources available to beneficiaries to: (i) adopt Soil and Land Management (SLM) practices and technologies to mitigate land degradation and achieve greater productivity of crops, trees and livestock; and (ii) adopt sustainable alternative livelihood options to diversify and increase income, and reduce the pressure on the natural resources. A number of activities, such as irrigation, may result in the introduction or expansion of pest management activities in certain areas. The ESMF includes a brief discussion on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as a decision-making process for the selection, implementation, and evaluation of pest management practices. Greater details can be found in Chapter 3 (3.2.3) and Chapter 6 (6.3).

Health and Safety Issues: Health and safety risks include small harms such as cuts, falls, blisters etc. at work sites. In addition, spread of communicable diseases may also manifest during the implementation of the project. The Implementing Partners shall observe general health and safety requirements as a minimum, including abiding by the World Bank’s Environmental Health and

Safety Guidelines. The Implementing Partners shall provide medical support and First Aid Kit at all working areas and Personal Protective Equipment where appropriate.

In the long run, the improved surface will increase traffic speed and coupled with greater traffic volumes increases the potential for accident numbers and severity. IPs will determine the potential safety threats associated with public works activities and work with the government to take appropriate measures, including; the installation of traffic calming devices and developing alternative footpaths for pedestrians, installations signage and increase community awareness of traffic hazards through education programs.

Table 5-1 summarizes below the likely environmental issues and their negative impacts that may occur while undertaking public works activities. It also provides possible mitigation strategies and indicators for measuring the success of said strategies, as well as approximate cost of implementing specific mitigation measures.

Table 5- 1: Environmental issues, impacts and indicators related to public works

Environmental Cost of Mitigation Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator issues (SSP) per site Loss of habitat Loss of Establishment of nursery • % tree cover 36,448 through: (i) vegetation cover beds for tree seedlings • Erosion rates, Clearing of and tree stands water quality, (ii) vegetation cover quantity for public works • Encroachment • Fuel wood consumption per household Increased soil Soil and water conservation Soil erosion rates, 0 erosion techniques (gabions), Water quality, surface run off water quantity, retention pits / Check dams, Number of planting deep rooted trees, constructed Agro forestry practices, Law erosion control enforcement measures Extracting of Open Burrow Rehabilitate all burrow pits Number of 8000 Murram pits to the on near its initial state restored burrow before extracting murram pits

Environmental Cost of Mitigation Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator issues (SSP) per site Opening up of Increased cases Restoration of murran sites Number restored 0 urban drainage of waterborne murram sites, Covering all shallow and channels / diseases covered wells hand dug well as well as burrow pits / and drained sites draining off the stagnant hand dug wells water within construction sites Extracting of Damaging of Onsite ongoing activities Number of 0 Murram / physical cultural shall be temporarily halted, reported cases opening up of heritage / Chance Find procedures drainage resources will be triggered and the site channels / shall be delineated, secured burrow pits / from any damage or loss of hand dug wells movable artifacts and responsible authority (Directorate of Archives and Antiquities) shall be notified to expedite safeguarding and removal of the artifacts Handling and Exposure to Hazardous chemicals will Volume of 5000 disposal of hazardous need to be segregated and hazardous waste hazardous chemicals/ soil stored in sealed, labelled collected wastes and water containers in a warehouse – contamination protected from elements. Proper disposal should be arranged with authorities as soon as possible. Occupational Accidents at Presence of First Aider & Number of 3500 Hazards work (cut, fall, first aid kit at work site, reported cases blisters, etc.) Presence of First Develop Job Risk Aid kits and JRA Assessments (JRA) for all matrix works. Review Safety Protocols regularly at job site Inspect job sites regularly Total Cost 60,948

Social and Economic Issues

Encroachment on private and public land: The opening up/rehabilitation of rural feeder and urban roads, rehabilitation or setting up of school fences and the establishment of compost sites may lead to encroachment or trespassing of the private land. It is worth noting that all public works are to be undertaken on already existing public amenities. However, if any private land will be encroached/trespassed, the owner of the land will be compensated in accordance with relevant South Sudanese laws and regulations. Compensation will consider the existing market rates and in liaison

with the specific local authorities. The identification of such issues will be determined during community/stakeholder engagement or individual complaints reported to the Office of Payam Administration.

Public works activities may also lead to chance archaeological or cultural finds, which beneficiaries or community members may want to appropriate for themselves. In such a case, a Chance Find Procedure shall be followed. Greater detail on this issue is provided in Chapter 3 (3.2.5) as well as in Annex VI.

Spread of Communicable and Waterborne Diseases: All public work activities will entail bringing together many people from different Bomas, which may enhance the spread of communicable diseases. In order to counter the various types of communicable and waterborne diseases, community members will be educated over the importance of washing their hands before eating food, drinking of clean and safe water, and practicing of personal hygiene on and off site. Community members will also be sensitized over HIV/AIDS preventive measures (i.e. use of condoms, including female condoms), safer sex education, and the need to treat any sexually transmitted infections in early stages as well as the need of undertaking HIV testing and counseling. Other ways of minimizing the spread of HIV / AIDS include fidelity for married couples, and abstinence from sex for youths. It is important to note that the project does not encourage migration of people from one area to another, which helps minimizing the influx of people who may be infected with communicable diseases, and thereby reduces the chance of cases of new diseases within the project area.

In addition to communicable diseases, opening up of urban drainage channels and burrow pits, as well as digging hand dug wells may also lead to increased cases of waterborne diseases. In an effort to mitigate possibilities of waterborne diseases, murram sites will be restored, all shallow and hand dug wells be covered and stagnant water within construction sites will be meticulously drained.

Table 5-2 below sets out social factors, which may lead to increased risk during the implementation of SNSDP project. It also describes the mitigation measures, which can be taken to alleviate the impact of these risks.

Table 5- 2: Social issues, their impacts and indicators related to public works

Social issue Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator (i) Lack of accessibility (i) Few people enlisted for (i) Use community The number of to project benefits due to public work communication channels community poor dissemination of (ii) Food insecurity at involving National, State and members project information house hold (HH) level County organs participating in (ii) Increased Poverty (ii) Use radios, TV, and public works and levels internet services and mobile skill development SMS in passing on messages

Social issue Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator (ii) Lack of sufficient (i) Few people enlisted for (i) Use community The number of service providers public work communication channels enlisted service involving National, State and providers / IPs County organs (ii) Use of contracted service providers with prior local information (iii) Use radios, TV, and internet services and mobile SMS in passing on messages (iii) Low coverage of (i) Few people enlisted for (i) Use of State, County, The number of project benefits for public work Payam and Boma authorities enlisted service public works in remote (ii) Food insecurity at to gain access and identify providers / IPs areas, or due to house hold (HH) level and register beneficiaries complexities/difficulties (ii) Increased Poverty (ii) Use of community of rural livelihoods and levels structures and contracted environments service providers with prior local information to target as many beneficiaries as possible (iii) Travel by IPs to target locations and identify and undertake public works within the communities to allow for maximum participation of beneficiaries from remote areas (iv) Selection of SNSDP activities based on a full participatory demand-driven approach, including community mobilization and sensitization to raise awareness in terms of the project development objectives, as well as to determine beneficiary selection, and identification of priority public works.

(iv) Cultural gender bias (i) Lack of participation (i) Stakeholder engagement to (i) % of women, and adoption of of women, youths and identify local appropriate youths and PWD inappropriate skills people with disabilities skills participating in development programs and other vulnerable (ii) Gender mainstreaming decision making and groups through training consultative fora (ii) % of women youths and PWD accessing skill development programs

Social issue Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator (ii) % of women or other vulnerable groups employed by the project

(v) Community Deaths and displacement (i) Stakeholder engagement Number of hostilities of people (ii) Use of local leaders to stakeholder reach the beneficiaries meetings held (iii) Avoid hostile areas Number of grievances related to community tensions reported through the GRM, as recorded and tracked in the MIS

(vi) Communicable Death Washing of hand before Reported cases at Diseases eating food, personal hygiene health facilities on and off site and drinking clean and safe water (vii) HIV/AIDS Long-term illness, possible Awareness Campaign, Reported cases of spread of HIV/AIDS to Condom use (including death and illness at community members and female condoms), safer sex health facilities resulting in death education and treating sexually transmitted infections, HIV testing and counseling, fidelity for married and abstinence from sex for youths. (viii) Inadequate social Exacerbation of existing (i) Allocated funding for Number of activities screening of small-scale social issues affecting environment and social deemed to have activities due to lack of communities within the mainstreaming, training and effective safeguards capacity target areas. capacity building for measures in place community groups and stakeholders to prioritize their needs and manage the environmental and social aspects of the projects. (ii) IPs to have their own Safeguards Specialists to ensure that safeguards measures are properly implemented. (iii) Local government officials and other service providers can assist communities in supervision of the implementation of SNSDP. (ix) Rising population (i) Increase in the number (i) PIU and IPs to work (i) Number of pressures, inter-tribal of land-related conflicts carefully with communities to grievances related to

Social issue Impact Mitigation strategies Indicator conflicts, returnees from (ii) Migration of others devise measures to support inter-communal Sudan, deteriorating outside target communities sustainable investments and tensions, beneficiary resource base and into project areas to access ensure the inclusion of only selection, and increasing benefits increasing the most vulnerable people as impact of public intensification of the pressure on existing beneficiaries. works, as tracked traditional production resources. (ii) The determination of a through the GRM systems wage rate below the market and recorded in the rate will help in this effort by MIS promoting self-selection. (iii) Constant community consultation and transparent methods for selecting beneficiaries and public works activities should also minimize risks of inadvertently exacerbating land related conflicts. 5.4 Environmental Awareness In many institutions, there is poor and inadequate awareness and information dissemination on issues related to the environment. As a result, there is poor environmental management, requiring the development of an environmental awareness program to ensure that all staff members are well enlightened on what environmental conservation entails. It should also be noted that this is also true for the MoAFCRD in their efforts to implement SNSDP. As such, efforts aimed at raising awareness regarding the environmental impacts of SNSDP implementation will be an important way to build the Ministry’s capacity in ensuring adherence to the environmental legislation requirements, to be verified by the EA undertaken in the future. Such capacity building efforts will go a long way in ensuring the successful implementation of the project, as failure to undertake or adhere to the EIA & EA may lead to prosecution and stoppage of ongoing projects by the Ministry of Environment.

5.5 Integrated Pest Management

Given that certain certain public works activities related to soil and water conservation and land productivity measures undertaken by SNSDP beneficiaries may require pest management strategies, this ESMF includes a brief discussion on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as a decision-making process for the selection, implementation, and evaluation of pest management practices.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) refers to a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. It involves (a) managing pests (keeping them below economically damaging levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them; (b) relying, to the extent possible, on non-chemical measures to keep pest populations low; and (c) selecting and applying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimises adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment.

IPM techniques can be separated into two major groups:

(i) Relatively straightforward replacements for chemicals, and

(ii) Supporting measures.

Chemical replacement includes:

i. Biological control: the introduction of insects, mites, micro-organisms that prey on or parasitize harmful species.

ii. Bio-pesticides: these have a pathogenic micro-organism as the active ingredient, for example a bacterium, fungus or a virus.

iii. Botanicals: botanical pesticides contain plant extracts that have biocidal properties (i.e. Neem).

iv. Semi-chemicals: chemicals (especially pheromones) are used to stimulate particular behaviours or interactions between individual insects so as to control pests.

Choosing appropriate measures is not straightforward and requires significant understanding of the interactions between environment, crop, pest, and predator. The scientific basis for farmer decision making in biological control depends on detailed knowledge of the life histories of pests and their natural enemies, crop ecology, and interactions within the agro-ecosystem. Supporting measures include traditional methods of pest control as used in subsistence farming systems: cultural control (e.g., intercropping), habitat manipulation (e.g., creating diversity), mechanical and physical control, natural biological systems and host plant resistance. Farmer participation and learning are therefore essential in ensuring proper pest management practices.

5.5.1 Basic Requirements in IPM

The basic requirements for implementing IPM in the SNSDP project sites include understanding the biology and economics of the pest and the system in which the pest exists, monitoring the pests and natural controls, and establishing their economic or aesthetic injury thresholds. IPM can be achieved by selecting an appropriate strategy of cultural, mechanical, biological, and/or chemical prevention or control techniques, as briefly described below:

Cultural Practices: These include habitat modification and adapting operating procedures so that pest damage is reduced and natural control is enhanced. It involves sanitation or cleaning of sources of pest infestation, choosing plant varieties that are resistant to pest injury, adjusting planting time, fertilization, tillage, and harvesting operations to have the most beneficial effect for the pest management situation.

Biological Controls: These are predators, parasites, and diseases that attack pests. Measures should be taken to conserve naturally occurring populations of these biological controls. In some situations where naturally occurring biological controls are not effective, they can be introduced from outside sources.

Chemical Control: This involves selecting a pesticide with the lowest toxicity to humans and non- target organisms (including biological controls) and using it in such a way to prevent or minimize undesirable environmental effects. The lowest effective amount of pesticide is applied, using appropriate and carefully calibrated equipment. In many cases, use of pesticides cannot be entirely eliminated. However, use of pesticides must be controlled so as to reduce or eliminate social and environmental impacts. A comprehensive IPM should support a pesticide management plan that is designed to ensure that pesticides are procured, handled, stored, applied and disposed in such a manner that protects life and the environment. The plan shall consider the entire life cycle of the pesticides. Hence the SNSDP activities and operations must observe the following:

a) All pesticides must be purchased from registered pesticides dealers.

b) Pesticides must be purchased strictly according to the requirements to avoid over-stocking. A follow up system for the procurement, transportation, receipt and custody of pesticides must be established.

c) Movement or transportation of pesticides from suppliers must conform to FAO guidelines: Pesticides must not be mixed up with other items, particularly food items. They should be in well confined containers.

d) Pesticides shall be stored in a dedicated and centralized warehouse or storage facility, separately from agricultural produce and other items. All pesticides must always be under lock and key and under the custody of a very responsible person. Storage of pesticides in farmers' houses must be prohibited. Warehouses must be protected from sources of fire. Access to the warehouses must be restricted to responsible and authorized persons.

All pesticide mixing containers and spraying equipment must be washed and cleaned in a safeguarded central point. All containers must be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner.

6. REPORTING AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE ESMF

This chapter sets out the reporting systems and responsibilities of the officers in implementing the ESMF. The chapter commences by detailing the proposed actions and specific steps that would need to be taken to ensure adherence to the ESMF. It then describes the various elements of the ESMF including:

i. Flowchart for reporting and advice; ii. Screening checklist for sub-projects; iii. Annual environmental and social progress report format; iv. Description of roles; and v. Monitoring and evaluation

6.1 Key Environmental Issues and Proposed Actions for Implementation of ESMF Box 6-1 and Table 6-1 outline the proposed actions and measures to implement the ESMF. These are:

Box 6-1: Actions for Implementation of the ESMF

The Implementing Partner will work with communities to identify and fill out sub-project applications/proposals by conducting environmental and social analysis. This will be done by using the screening checklist in the ESMF, the table on potential environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures, as well as the resources sheets. The application for the sub-projects will clearly state the environmental and social mitigation

measures. If a sub-project requires a separate EMP for specific mitigation measures, then this shall also be included.

All these are sent to the review and vetting committee under the County MAF offices at the local level, which will have environmental and social expertise (e.g. Assistant Commissioners for Agriculture, forestry etc.).

Once the review is complete, the reviewers will sign off and forward the application to the approval committee – the MoE/MAF Secretariat at the State level.

At the national level, the MoE/MAF Secretariat will provide lead coordination and ensure that the results meet the targets set by the project.

Day-to-day coordination of project activities will be handled by the County Commissioners for Agriculture and Forestry and the State MoE/MAF-Secretariat.

Table 6- 1: Necessary Requirements, Actions and Institutional Responsibility for Addressing SNSDP Environmental and Social Issues

Requirements/Issues Issue Mainstreaming of Responsibility for Action Mitigation Measures a. SNSDP PIU Project Manager a. Appoint County personnel 1. Requirements for b. Implementing Partner b. Annual environmental and mainstreaming of the ESMF Prepares; PIU Collates and social progress report. Publishes Report 2. Weak capacity for a. Hire Full time Environment a. SNSDP PIU Project Manager environmental and social and Social Safeguard specialist b. County officials management at state and county to oversee the implementation of and Implementing Partners; PIU levels SNSDP project activities. oversees and coordinates b. Stimulate the operation of Payam and County Farmers fora. 3. Mainstreaming WB safeguard a. Provide sufficient training and a. PIU staff –SNSDP policies in the operational areas support to county officials to Environment and Social understand and apply WB Safeguard specialist safeguard policies 4. Cumulative impacts on some a. Carry out assessments of a. PIU staff : SNSDP M&E and environmental resources cumulative impacts on surface Environment and Social water resources. Safeguard specialist b. Sensitize farmer groups on b. Implementing Partners; PIU issue of cumulative impacts oversees 5. Optimum integration of a. Sensitize communities to the a. PIU staff : SNSDP technical advice with a demand- range of technical advice Environment and Social driven, participatory approach available and their responsibility Safeguard specialist to choose which technical advice coordinate; County agriculture they require department staff and Implementing Partners provide support 6. Need to provide advice on a. Provide information on a. PIU staff : SNSDP relevant environmental laws to relevant environmental laws to Environment and Social communities farmer groups and local Safeguard specialist coordinate; communities MoAFCRD & County agriculture department staff and IPs Extension officers provide support 7. Ensuring health and safety of a. Carry out job hazard a. PIU Staff : SNSDP Public community and workers assessments; train workers; Works Specialist, Environment conduct site inspections; and Social Safeguard specialist document incidents and conduct assessments and corrective actions training; Implementing Partners provide support

At the end phase, an environmental and social progress report will be prepared; this report will be shared with national MoAFCRD Secretariat, World Bank and other relevant government agencies and stakeholders. The SNSDP Technical Support Team (TST) established within MoAFCRD at the

34 national level (staffed with consultants as well as government assigned personnel), will regularly brief the National Steering Committee to ensure that all stakeholders are up to date with regard to project implementation status.

6.2 Flowchart for Reporting and Advice The proposed reporting lines and advisory and support mechanisms that will be used in the ESMF are depicted in Figure 6-1, while Box 6-2 provides the summary.

Figure 6- 1: SNSDP Flowchart for Institutional Arrangements

Box 6-2: Proposed Reporting lines and support mechanisms

• The SNSDP TST would be established in the MoAFCRD and staffed with contracted consultants as well as government personnel assigned by each of the implementing ministries. Together, they would comprise of the Project Implementation Unit (PIU). • The County Assistant Commissioner and Implementing Partners will work with

communities and beneficiaries to provide guidance on potential environmental and social impact of each activity, and appropriate mitigation measures; • In turn, the County Assistant Commissioners and Implementing Partners will receive advice and support from the National MoAFCRD PIU staff; • County Administration would provide oversight, monitoring, and implementation support to the Implementing Partners. • An independent team will prepare an annual environmental and social progress report and advise both the county officials and the National SNSDP Technical Support Team (TST) at MoAFCRD-PIU. This audit report will be shared with all stakeholders including the World Bank, Implementing Partners and relevant government agencies.

6.4 Screening for projects This ESMF includes a screening process to assess the potential environmental and social impacts associated with SNSDP, to ensure that the project is implemented in an environmentally sound manner. It is expected that all activities related to public works should produce net benefits in terms of natural resource management and conservation. Nonetheless, certain project activities may have negative environmental or social impacts that require mitigation. Using the screening and review process for project identification, presented here, will help determine which of the safeguard policies are triggered, and what measures would need to be taken to address the potential impacts. It will also ensure that projects that may have potentially significant impacts will be studied in greater detail.

The County Assistant Commissioners for public works and their teams will work with Implementing Partners and communities, with the help of Environment and Social Safeguard Specialist, in preparing SNSDP activity applications to avoid or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts. Table 6.2 (Environment & Social Management Framework Screening Checklist) offers a detailed evaluation (an environmental rating) of potential impacts to ensure adequate mitigation measures are proposed. This ESMF has included a suggested format for EA in line with WB Operational Policy where a project is of environmental category B in nature. The County Assistant Commissioners and the Implementing Partners (IPs) environment and social focal person will be responsible for ensuring that the environmental and social impacts screening and review system set out in this Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is integrated into the projects cycles.

Communities will identify activities with the assistance of the IPs extension teams and County Agricultural Department staffs. The proposed activities will subsequently be checked against the screening checklist (Table 6-2). The IPs and County officials will encourage communities to carry out this task themselves, with the help of the Implementing Partners extension teams and other capable members of the community. The checklist is a simple yes/no form culminating in whether specific advice to the community on environmental mitigation is required. The Implementing Partners will give this advice, or in special cases, will call upon the County officials for specific technical advice.

Table 6- 2: Environment & Social Management Framework Screening Checklist for SNSDP

Environment & Social Management Framework Screening Checklist for SNSDP 1.0 Background Information

1a Name of County

1b Name of Monitoring officer

1c Subproject location (Payam & Boma)

1d Activities/enterprises undertaken/Public work

2.0 Environmental Issues

Will the subproject/activity: Yes No

2a Create a risk of increased soil degradation or erosion?

2b Affect soil salinity and alkalinity?

2c Divert the water resource from its natural course/location?

2d Cause pollution of aquatic ecosystems of aquatic ecosystems by sedimentation?

2f Involve drainage of wetlands and other permanently flooded areas?

2g Cause poor water drainage and increase the risk of water-related diseases such as malaria? 2h Reduce the quantity of water for the downstream users?

2i Result in the lowering of groundwater level or depletion of groundwater?

2j Create waste that could adversely affect local soils, vegetation, rivers and streams or ground water?

If the answer to any of the above is ‘yes’, there will be need to include an EMP with subproject/activity application

3.0 Socio-economic issues

Environment & Social Management Framework Screening Checklist for SNSDP Will the subproject/activity: Yes No

3a Displace people from their current settlement?

3b Negatively impact health and safety of the worker/employee?

3c Reduce the employment opportunities for the surrounding communities?

3d Adversely impact -settlement of internally displaced persons or returnees?

3e Reduce income for the local communities?

3f Increase exposure of the community to HIV/AIDS?

3g Increase the poverty gab

3h Impact cultural heritage sites such as sacred groves

4.0 Will the subproject/activity: Yes No

4a Be located within or near environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. intact natural forests, wetlands) or threatened species? 4b Adversely affect environmentally sensitive areas or critical habitat, such as protected areas like national parks, traditional areas recognized by local communities (sacred groves) and/or Important Bird Areas? 4c Affect indigenous biodiversity (flora and fauna)?

4d Cause any loss or degradation of any natural habitats, either directly (through project activities) or indirectly? 4e Does the project affect the aesthetic quality of the landscape?

4f Does the subproject reduce people’s access to the pasture, water, public services or other resources that they depend on? 4g Increase human –wildlife conflicts?

5.0 Indigenous Peoples

Are there: Yes No

5a Indigenous groups living within the boundaries of, or near the project?

5b Members of these indigenous groups in the area who could benefit from the project?

Environment & Social Management Framework Screening Checklist for SNSDP If the answer to any of the above is ‘yes’, there will be need to prepare an Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) for the subproject/activity application

6.0 Land acquisition and access to Resources

Will the sub-project: Yes No

6d Result in temporary or permanent loss of crops and fruit trees?

If the answer to any of the above is ‘yes’, there will be need to prepare an Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the subproject/activity application

7.0 Integrated Pest Management Yes No

7a Are there adequate resources including money, personnel and time to be allotted to IPM implementation. 7b Is the organism to be used to control pest native or alien to the area?

7c Is the selected plant variety resistant to pest injury and diseases?

7d What is the known period of time or season that is prone to high pest infestation?

7g Are there cracks and/ or holes in the building structure for storing produce?

7h Is there food waste in undesignated areas harboring rodents?

7i Are all pesticides purchased from registered pesticides dealers?

6.5 Environmental and Social Mitigation Plan The subproject-specific mitigation plans will be included in the respective safeguard instruments (ESMP, or Checklist) to be prepared for each subproject. The Implementing Partners shall observe general health and safety requirements as a minimum, including abiding by the World Bank’s Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines. The Implementing Partners shall provide medical support and First Aid Kit at all working areas and Personal Protective Equipment where appropriate. The Table below will be used while preparing the subproject-specific ESMPs or Checklists.

Table 6- 3: Environmental and Social Management Plan Matrix

Activity Potential Mitigation measures Monitoring Monitoring & Party(ies) impacts indicators reporting Responsible frequency

Clearing of Loss of Establishment of nursery beds for tree • % tree cover Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff vegetation cover for vegetation seedlings • Erosion rates, Implementing public works cover and tree water quality, Partners Project stands quantity Manager • Encroachment • Fuel wood consumption per household

Increased soil Soil and water conservation techniques Soil erosion rates, Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff erosion (gabions), surface run off water retention pits Water quality, Implementing / Check dams, planting deep rooted trees, quantity, Partners Project Number of Agro forestry practices, Law enforcement Manager constructed erosion control measures Extracting of Open Burrow Rehabilitate all burrow pits to the on near its Number of restored Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Murram pits initial state before extracting murram burrow pits Implementing

Partners Project Manager

Digging of shallow Open Shallow Cover all community shallow wells Number of Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff wells / hand dug community community / hand Implementing wells wells / hand dug shallow wells Partners Project dug wells with covers Manager which may be death traps

Activity Potential Mitigation measures Monitoring Monitoring & Party(ies) impacts indicators reporting Responsible frequency

Opening up of Increased Direct drainage channels to natural drainage Evidence of Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff urban drainage surface water systems constructed Implementing run off / Flush channels channels Redirect drainage water every after short Partners Project floods distance to avoid its accumulation Manager

Opening up of Increased Restoration of murran sites Number restored Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff cases of murram sites, urban drainage Covering all shallow and hand dug well as Implementing waterborne covered wells and channels / burrow well as draining off the stagnant water within Partners Project diseases drained sites pits / hand dug construction sites Manager wells

Extracting of Damaging of Onsite ongoing activities shall be Number of reported Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Murram / opening physical temporarily halted, Chance Find procedures cases Implementing up of drainage cultural will be triggered and the site shall be Partners Project channels / burrow heritage / delineated, secured from any damage or loss Manager pits / hand dug resources of movable artifacts and responsible wells authority (Directorate of Archives and Antiquities) shall be notified to expedite safeguarding and removal of the artifacts Handling and Exposure to Hazardous chemicals will need to be Volume of Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff disposal of hazardous segregated and stored in sealed, labelled hazardous waste Implementing hazardous wastes chemicals/ containers in a warehouse – protected from collected Partners Project soil and water elements. Proper disposal should be Manager contamination arranged with authorities as soon as possible. Implementation of Accidents at Presence of First Aider & first aid kit at Number of reported Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Public Works work (cut, work site, cases Implementing fall, blisters, Presence of First Develop Job Risk Assessments (JRA) for all Partners Project etc.) Aid kits and JRA works. Manager matrix Review Safety Protocols regularly at job site 1

Activity Potential Mitigation measures Monitoring Monitoring & Party(ies) impacts indicators reporting Responsible frequency

Inspect job sites regularly Implementation of (i) Few people (i) Use community communication channels The number of Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Public Works enlisted for involving National, State and County organs community Implementing public work (ii) Use radios, TV, and internet services and members Partners Project (ii) Food participating in mobile SMS in passing on messages Manager insecurity at public works and house hold skill development (HH) level (ii) Increased Poverty levels Implementation of (i) Few people (i) Use community communication channels The number of Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Public Works enlisted for involving National, State and County organs enlisted service Implementing public work (ii) Use of contracted service providers with providers / IPs Partners Project prior local information Manager (iii) Use radios, TV, and internet services and mobile SMS in passing on messages Implementation of (i) Few people (i) Use of State, County, Payam and Boma The number of Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Public Works enlisted for authorities to gain access and identify and enlisted service Implementing public work register beneficiaries providers / IPs Partners Project (ii) Food (ii) Use of community structures and Manager insecurity at contracted service providers with prior local house hold information to target as many beneficiaries (HH) level as possible (ii) Increased (iii) Travel by IPs to target locations and Poverty levels identify and undertake public works within the communities to allow for maximum participation of beneficiaries from remote areas (iv) Selection of SNSDP activities based on a full participatory demand-driven approach, including community mobilization and 2

Activity Potential Mitigation measures Monitoring Monitoring & Party(ies) impacts indicators reporting Responsible frequency

sensitization to raise awareness in terms of the project development objectives, as well as to determine beneficiary selection, and identification of priority public works.

Implementation of (i) Lack of (i) Stakeholder engagement to identify local (i) % of women, Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Public Works participation appropriate skills youths and PWD Implementing of women, (ii) Gender mainstreaming through training participating in Partners Project youths and decision making Manager people with and consultative disabilities fora (PWD) and (ii) % of women other youths and PWD vulnerable accessing skill groups development programs Implementation of Deaths and (i) Stakeholder engagement Number of Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Public Works displacement (ii) Use of local leaders to reach the stakeholder Implementing of people beneficiaries meetings held Partners Project Number of (iii) Avoid hostile areas Manager grievances related to community tensions reported through the Grievant Redress Mechanism, as recorded and tracked in the Management Information System

Activity Potential Mitigation measures Monitoring Monitoring & Party(ies) impacts indicators reporting Responsible frequency

Implementation of Spread of Washing of hand before eating food, Reported cases at Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Public Works communicable personal hygiene on and off site and drinking health facilities Implementing diseases clean and safe water Partners Project leading to Manager death

Implementation of Long-term Awareness Campaign, Condom use Reported cases of Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Public Works illness, (including female condoms), safer sex death and long term Implementing possible education and treating sexually transmitted illness at health Partners Project spread of facilities infections, HIV testing and counseling, Manager HIV/AIDS to fidelity for married and abstinence from sex community for youths. members and resulting in death Implementation of Exacerbation (i) Allocated funding for environment and Number of Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Public Works of existing social mainstreaming, training and capacity activities deemed to Implementing social issues building for community groups and have effective Partners Project affecting stakeholders to prioritize their needs and safeguards Manager communities manage the environmental and social aspects measures in place within the of the projects. target areas. (ii) IPs to have their own Safeguards Specialists to ensure that safeguards measures are properly implemented. (iii) Local government officials and other service providers can assist communities in supervision of the implementation of SNSDP. Implementation of (i) Increase in (i) PIU and IPs to work carefully with (i) Number of Monthly SNSDP PIU Staff Public Works the number of communities to devise measures to support grievances related land-related sustainable investments and ensure the to inter-communal conflicts tensions, 4

Activity Potential Mitigation measures Monitoring Monitoring & Party(ies) impacts indicators reporting Responsible frequency

(ii) Migration inclusion of only the most vulnerable people beneficiary Implementing of others as beneficiaries. selection, and Partners Project outside target (ii) The determination of a wage rate below impact of public Manager communities the market rate will help in this effort by works, as tracked into project promoting self-selection. through the GRM areas to access (iii) Constant community consultation and and recorded in the benefits transparent methods for selecting MIS increasing beneficiaries and public works activities pressure on should also minimize risks of inadvertently existing exacerbating land related conflicts. resources.

6.6 Annual Environmental and Social Audit Report Format The format for completion of the annual environmental and social progress report is set out in Box 6-3 below. The objectives of annual reviews of ESMF implementation are: (a) to assess the project performance in complying with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future performance; and (b) assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to project funded activities. These reports will be the main source of information for the World Bank supervision missions and national and state authorities, as needed.

Box 6-3 Annual Environmental and Social Progress Report Format

1. Introduction; 2. Acronyms 3. Objective; 4. Community sub-projects approved; 5. Key environmental and social issues identified from project screening; 6. Mitigation actions undertaken; 7. Capacity building programs implemented (training sessions held, venues, attendance and training modules); 8. Results of EAs and other required safeguard management plans (e.g., EMP, RAP,

PMP, and IPP) including: - Accidents or Incidents that occurred and corrective actions - Complaints or grievances received/resolved - Conflicts recorded/resolved - Non compliances with ESMP or other safeguard management plans and corrective actions 9. Collaboration with NGOs, and Government line agencies; 10. Conclusions (Is the MAF contributing to sustainable land use and community development) Explain.

11. Lessons learnt; and 6.7 Monitoring12. Recommendations and Evaluation that can be implemented for projects that will be implemented the Twofollowing strategies year. are 13. used Annexes to build a simple system for monitoring of environmental and social impacts . First, the MoAFCRD Secretariat, County Assistant Commissioners for public works, and other stakeholders will consider the environmental and social criteria that require measurement (e.g. sediment levels). Second, using this list of criteria, a set of indicators will be integrated into recording forms to be used in a participatory approach to environmental monitoring and evaluation. The Grievance Redress Mechanism, as mandated in the Project Appraisal Document and the Project Operations Manual, will also track complaints and effectiveness of interventions, including those with environmental and social impacts. Moreover, a Management Information System will be developed, which in addition to collected necessary information on beneficiaries and projects to track progress, will also include a module to record complaints and the ways in which they were addressed. Community Score Cards and other accountability tools will also be utilized to track and evaluate effectiveness of interventions.

A list of initial proposals is given below.

6.7.1 Initial Proposals The goals of monitoring will be to measure the success rate of the MoAFCRD activities and projects, determine whether interventions have resulted in dealing with negative impacts, and whether further interventions are needed or monitoring is to be extended in some areas. Monitoring indicators will very much depend on specific SNSDP activity contexts. Monitoring and surveillance of SNSDP will take place on a “sample” basis, as it would be impossible to monitor all the sub- projects. It is not recommended to collect large amounts of data, but rather to base monitoring on observations by MoAFCRD/M&E officers and stakeholders to determine trends of the indicators.

6.7.2 Monitoring Indicators The following are selected indicators for monitoring the participation process involved in the MOAFCRD activities:

• Number and percentage of affected households consulted during the planning stage; • Number of beneficiaries/households participating in implementation of micro-projects • Levels of decision-making of affected people; • Levels of understanding of SNSDP activities impacts and mitigation; • Effectiveness of local authorities to make decisions; • Frequency and quality of meetings; and • Degree of involvement of women, youth, and disadvantaged/marginalized groups in discussions. • Number of complaints received; • Number of accidents/incidents related to the projects; and • Number of social conflicts and/or communal tensions.

6.8 Environmental mainstreaming and sensitization Lastly, in order to ensure proper implementation of environmental and social screening and mitigation measures, as well as effective natural resource management, in relation to SNSDP implementation, MoAFCRD will undertake a program of environmental mainstreaming through training and institutional capacity building especially for the beneficiaries and Implementing Partners. This shall include awareness training on linkages between environmental, social and natural resource management, implementation of the activities, and sustainable livelihoods. Training will be conducted at village levels mainly through community meetings and on site demonstration. Some of the topics identified for training are potential localized impacts of sub- projects, micro-projects and activities and suitable mitigation measures under the SNSDP and use of ESMF and its procedures. The objective of the environmental mainstreaming under the ESMF is to:

1 i. Support representatives and leaders of community and farmer groups and associations to prioritize their needs, and to identify, prepare, implement and manage the environmental and social aspects of their activities; ii. Support local IPs and other service providers to act as extension teams to provide technical support (including basic EMPs) to communities and farmers in preparing their sub-projects; and iii. Sensitize the community members on available natural resource and management including empowering relevant beneficiaries, such as small scale farmers, to develop and implement community action plans for soil and water conservation, through the help of IPs Local extension workers.

7. References

Gafaar, A. 2011. Forest Plantations and Woodlots in Sudan

Buursink, J. 1971. Soils of Central Sudan. Stuttgart, Germany

Delany F. M. 1955 Ring structures in the Northern Sudan. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 48: 133-148.

Delany F. M. 1960. Sudan. Lexique Strat. Int. 6 : 77-105. C. R. 21 st Int. Geol. Congr. Copenhagen.

Harrison M.N. and Jackson J.K. 1958. Ecological classification of the vegetation of the Sudan. Forests Bulletin No.2 (New Series). Forests Department, Khartoum.

Human Development Report 2005. International Cooperation at a Crossroads Aid, Trade and Security in an Unequal World; United Nations Development Programme, New York, New York.

UNDP, 2012. Investing in Agriculture for Food Security and Economic Transformation, South Sudan.

USAID, 2007. Southern Sudan Environmental Threats and Oportunities Assessment: Biodiversity and Tropical Forest Assessment, International Resources Group, Wahington DC.

World Bank 1999a. Bank Procedures 4.01; Environmental Assessment. World Bank, Washington D.C.

World Bank 1999b. Good Practices 4.01: Environmental Assessment. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Bank 2003. IFC Environmental and social guidelines for Occupational Health and Safety. Washington D.C.

World Bank 2015. Working for a World Free of Poverty. Washington D.C.

Websites http://www.goss.org/index.php/homepage

ESMF Annexes Annex I: Summary of key issues and list of stakeholders Consultations were held with a range of stakeholders as part of the report preparation process as shown on Table A-1. Table A- 1: Summary of key issues and list of stakeholders

No Stakeholder Key issues raised Reference Section Group

State Ministry • Collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture Sec 2.2: County Secretariat of Agriculture (sister state ministry) in the state will enhance and Forestry project implementation. Eastern • The project may be associated with loss of trees Sec 5.3 Potential Negative Equatorial and vegetation cover. Impacts • Liaise with all departments including Planning and Agricultural staff attached to Torit Town Sec 2.2: County Secretariat Council to offer support to public works and agroforestry respectively, Torit Town • Office of His worship the mayor is fully in Sec 2.2: County Secretariat Council, support in the implementation of the upcoming Mayors’ project, Office • Eastern Equatoria has been experiencing massive environmental degradation which may be Sec 5.2 Potential Positive corrected by the implementation of the Impacts afforestation and provision of alternative work through skill development component. Payam • All community challenges including complaints Sec 5.3 Potential Negative Administrator shall be channeled to the State steering Impacts under Social Torit committee and PIU at National Government economic issues Municipal through local authorities from grass-root level Council (Boma) through Payam to the Counties. Department of • This project is timely, we have had a number of Sec 5.2 Potential Positive Agriculture project including afforestation and compost Impacts and Forestry making which have been pending we hope the Torit project will adopt this project for Municipal implementation, Council • There has been frustration in a number of proposed project that have never kicked off, thus there is need to ensure that this project Sec 2.2 Responsibilities for materializes by its implementation. State and County

Department of • We have a total of 21 primary schools within the Table 1-1: Indicative List Education municipality and we expect that a number of of Public Works on Sec 1.3 Torit them will benefit, these schools are associated Municipal with the following: Council ➢ Many schools are not fenced, ➢ Do not have decent and enough sanitary facilities in terms of pit latrines, need to have improved ones if possible,

➢ There are no clean drinking water for children, some available (one point) make pupils waste a lot of time while lining up for water. ➢ Many girl-children are disadvantaged due to poor sanitary facilities subjecting them to diseases and sometimes drop out. ➢ Lack adequate facilities including play grounds, Sec 5.2 Potential Positive • There are high percentages of girl-child drop outs Impacts. and we hope the project may consider them in skill development program to enhance their survival. Directorate of • There is no specific legislation for the Sec 6: Chance Find Archive and safeguarding archives, antiquities and cultural Procedure Antiquities heritage sites in South Sudan. However, there is a bill for archives, museum and antiquities at the legislative assembly legal affairs. • The cabinet is working of the policy for archives record management. • The Directorate is gathering all archives and antiquities from as early as 1901 to date and the records are being updated and digitized with the help of Rift Valley Institute. • There are no designated cultural / historical sites. WFP • We are working in partnership with local NGOs, Sec 2.1 Responsibilities for CBOs and Community Implementers using IPC MoAFCRD analysis selection by phase classification of the Payams and or Bomas, • There is a need to share information and have a coordinated way of project implementation so as Sec 2.2 Responsibilities to avoid duplication of services. In some areas, for State and County there is need to join resources so as maximize the secretariat output. This call for working together in terms of strengthening the steering committee in mobility and motivation. • Currently, the Town Council has two level of project implementation follow up: State Management Steering Committee (political will) for supervision of the project and Technical Committee for technical support of the project being implemented and we hope the upcoming project will use these committees. • WFP is currently implementing project in rural area in areas classified as severe food insecure areas. This target resilient building in the following four thematic areas: ➢ Restoring of the productive capacity of arable land, ➢ Building community assets in the Community Table 1-1: Indicative List Assets Restoration, of Public Works on Sec 1.3 ➢ Environment and Natural Resources and Climate Adaptation Measures,

➢ Skill Development of the vulnerable group. • The current project being implemented include but not limited to: ➢ School feeding programs ➢ Supplementary services to health facilities i.e. blankets ➢ Food for asset ➢ Food for training ➢ Supply of food to severe food insecurity areas ➢ Supply of food to Nimule refugee camp ➢ Medical support to AIDS/HIV and TB victims • Need to encourage use of bottom up approach where by community members are given chance Table 1-1: Indicative List to propose the viable projects they would like to of Public Works on Sec 1.3 participate. Table 1-1: Indicative List Challenges of Public Works on Sec 1.3 • WFP is limited with resource capacity (money) hence limited in terms of accessibility and Sec 6.6 Environmental transport in some areas, Mainstreaming and • The community members have developed a sensitization mindset of receiving hand out other than working for livelihood. • The capacity of Community Partners (Implementing Partners) is constrained by skills. EES Ministry • This is a good approach to reach State and Sec 2.2 Responsibilities for of Physical Counties as part of the development for the State and County Infrastructure people, secretariat Director • There is an existing State Technical Steering General Committee established in the year 2010 headed Roads and by Ministry of finance bringing together all the Bridges 14 Director Generals of State Ministries. This committee reviews the progress of the NGOs within the state, • We hope to work hand in hand with the National Government to ensure that the Implementing Partner, • The Ministry has a number of road maintenance equipment (tractors, excavator, roller, dumper trucks among others) bought from the South Sudan Recovery Fund. If machinery will be required, the ministry will provide as requested. We have been using this machinery especially delivering of seed and fertilizers to community members up to greater Kapoeta, • We have had a number of NGOs training community members and implementing of labor based activities like rehabilitation and opening up of new roads. A team of community members were taken to Kenya and trained. Table 1-1: Indicative List of Public Works on Sec 1.3

• State government is planning to establish central workshops for enhancing skills for mechanics and drivers, • The ministry will offer guidelines with regarding rehabilitation and opening up of new roads and boreholes, • The project can reduce the burden of street children and school drop outs experienced by many towns in the country who are idle wasting time engaging in social evils like drinking, Table 1-1: Indicative List prostitution and even thuggery leading to killing of Public Works on Sec 1.3 of people even, • There are a number of skill development centres in all counties including at Kapoeta East, Kapoeta South, Magwe. However, they are not fully operational due to limited funds at disposal, Sec 2.1: Responsibilities the onset of this project especially skill for MoAFCRD development component will be a boost to these skill development centers, • We have local NGOs like Niles which has been actively involved in road and community water maintenance within the county and the state has given them the office within the Ministry. Office of • There is no source of clean water within the Table 1-1: Indicative List Public Health municipality therefore most sources of water are of Public Works on Sec 1.3 in Torit contaminated and are not healthy for human Municipal consumption, Council • The officer made his effort to solicit fund from Sec 5.2: Potential Positive the community through chiefs for water Impacts treatment but it was not possible because of the level of poverty in the community.

Challenges:- • No adequate funds for the smooth running of departmental activities • Poor coordination mechanisms between the public department and stake holders in public health sector including NGOs. Relief • Most NGOs have partnered with UN to deliver Sec 2.2: Responsibilities Rehabilitation services that to community members, for State and County Commission • We have come up with coordination meeting secretariat Ag. Director from time to time to ensure that all NGOs are implementing the programs to the satisfactory of the funders and or donors and share information. • We shall liaise with the National Government in Sec 2.1: Responsibilities ensuring that the on-coming project is handled for MoAFCRD with locally registered NGOs who have the experience of local content. Community • The community participation from the word go Sec 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.2.1, Members at will provide vital input to the success of project 3.2.4 and 5.1. All this Torit implementation, for example, if road sections identifies different Municipality, construction affected any community member levels of community

Nyong Payam, the community would sit with the implementing participation with regard to Nyong Boma partner to decide the way forward for the project the project. affected person. • They emphasis on the project to start very soon because most of the community households are vulnerable and poor and deserve all the work that Sec 5.2: Potential Positive the project would offer to them in terms of labor Impacts. base because most of them are returnees from either Khartoum or Uganda and some have no access to land for cultivation due to the fact that the Boma fall in the urban area. • As a community, we would propose for the Sec1.1: Purpose and Need training so that we can acquire skills before the for the Project. other component of the project could start. Community • The boys who ride border-border are from the Sec 5.2: Potential Positive Members at poor households some of them are doing this job Impacts. Torit to pay for their school fees and others are doing Municipality, for their survival , if this project kicks off it will Nyong Payam solve the suffering of the youth, Hawai Messer • Some of the women are child mothers and are Boma school dropouts, and single parents doing un- skillful work for survival, if they are empowered Sec1.1: Purpose and Need they would improve the livelihoods of the for the Project. household and can send their children to school. • Most youth are idle because of unemployment some have become hopeless and frustrated consequently begun to drink and became street children and gangs; if they are trained and supported they will improve and become helpful Sec1.1: Purpose and Need to the community. for the Project. Focus Group • We have never seen and NGOs or government Sec1.1: Purpose and Need Discussion for agency bringing women together as you have for the Project. Women at done. Many NGOs here do not cater for needs for Torit women, Municipal • We are willing to participate in all possible Council, project activities including skill development so Hawai Messer that we can be empowered with skills and earn Boma decent living though diversified business activities. • Water is a big challenge here, we are forced to travel long distance to collect clean water for Table 1-1: Indicative List domestic use, of Public Works on Sec 1.3 • We do experience flush floods in Potopoto and Hi Gonya areas during rainy season. Focus Group • We appreciate in advance the initiative to call Sec1.1: Purpose and Need Discussion for youth aside so that we can air out our views for the Project. Youth at Torit independently, after reviewing the indicative list Municipal of public works; we would like to propose that Council, the following can be the preferred skills that will Hawai Messer make youths be self-reliance: Boma ➢ Training in Technical skills ➢ Building of more classrooms

➢ Entrepreneurships skills Table 1-1: Indicative List ➢ Driving of Public Works on Sec 1.3 ➢ Tailoring ➢ Catering ➢ Agro-business ➢ Agro Forestry Opinion • The project should respect our cultural heritage Sec 3.2.5: World Bank Leaders at and resources especially graveyards and sacred Safeguard Policies (OP Torit trees, 4.11), Municipality, • The project is welcomed in the area, as urban Table 1-1: Indicative List Nyong Payam area; we have not been targeted by projects. of Public Works on Sec 1.3 Nyong Boma Many NGOs have been in operational but deep in the villages but not in urban areas, Sec1.1: Purpose and Need • The area has a very high number of drop-out girls for the Project. and young mothers who are vulnerable. This category can be considered in skill development and business entrepreneurship. • The entire community is vulnerable and this is Sec 5.2: Potential Positive compounded by the fact that there is no land for Impacts. cultivation hence the community depend entirely on buying of food from shops and other people outside here who have farms. National • We fully support the program especially skill Sec1.1: Purpose and Need Ministry of development program. This being a young nation for the Project. Environment we and we are tired of hearing that we lack skill hence hiring foreigners at the cost of the citizens, • Prior to project implementation we hope the implementing Ministry of Agriculture shall liaise with Ministry Environment in meeting all the Sec 5.4.1 Environmental requirements including acquisition of the license Awareness. for the project from the Ministry of Environment, Community • A number of urban roads are in pathetic situations Table 1-1: Indicative List Engagement, especially in Hi Thoura area. In some section, the of Public Works on Sec 1.3 Juba City roads are impassable and not accessed. The Council drainage system is clogged with solid wastes leading to stagnation of water hence deterioration of roads too. • Poor garbage handling is evidenced in many areas; solid wastes are littered along the roads. The collecting points are situated near residential areas and are left for a long time before being collected by Juba Town Council Truck, • Sewage wastes are evidenced within community residence areas and even those who collect from residential areas end up disposing them within the environment in undesignated areas, • There is potential for carrying out nursery beds for seedlings along the stream that end at UNIMIS camp, • A number of schools around do not have fence hence this project can target these schools, Sec 5.2: Potential Positive Impacts.

• A number of women are actively engaged in agricultural project but they cannot deliver their produce to market due to poor access roads. • The project is timely, though a bit late, but it will help the leaders to engage a number of idle youth who have opted for taking drugs and other social evils. Sec 3.2.5: World Bank • The project should respect cultural heritage and Safeguard Policies (OP resources including grave yards and sacred trees 4.11). especially mature ones.

Annex II: Summary of key stakeholders consulted Table A- 2: Summary of key stakeholders consulted

Name/Contact Designation Mr. Yousuf F. Onyalla Director-Directorate of Archives and Antiquities. Ministry of Culture Youth and Sports-National Hon. Clement Laku Chimchim State Minister in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Eastern Equatorial State Mr. Azo Raphael Acting Director General Department of Agriculture Torit County Daniel Alan Mbiyo Director Agriculture and Forestry Torit Municipal Council Rd. Martin Odeki His Lordship the Mayor Torit Municipal Council Romain Doka Kaza Director Research and Planning Department of Agriculture Torit Municipal Council Alanyo Kevin Oliver Agricultural Research Officer Department of Agriculture Torit Municipal Council Aliphonse Bashir Charles Payam Administrator Torit Municipal Council El-Amin Karar Amanya Education Director Torit Municipal Council Loboi Clement Joseph Education Officer Torit Municipal Council Paula Anyaa Alberto Vice Education Director (Girl Child) Torit Municipal Council Mark Nyeko OIC Officer Food and Agricultural Organization Torit Office Maduok Okot Head of Sub-Office Torit World Food Program Sub-Office Alemi Gabre Food For Asset Coordinator Torit World Food Program Sub-Office Husahu Nelson Snr Programme Assistant for Food For Asset Torit World Food Program Sub-Office Isaac Azza Snr Programme Assistant Head for Programme World Food Program Juba Office Ben Kalisto Public Health Officer Torit Municipal Council Eng. Norman Charles Gideon Director General EES Ministry of Physical Infrastructure John Odongi Simon Ag. Director Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (RRC) PIU staff National Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development Martha Biong National Environment and Public Health Inspectors Joseph Kulang Akech National Ministry of Environment

Community Members Torit Municipal Council, Eastern Equatorial State Community Members Juba City Council, Central Equatorial State

Annex III: Lists of People Consulted

Annex IV: Administered Questionnaire

Annex V: Photographic Evidence of stakeholders Consultations

Stakeholder Consultation with Mayor , Torit Municipal Council, Torit County, EES

Community Consultative Meeting at Nyong Boma, Nyong Payam in Torit Municipal Council, Torit County, EES

Community Consultative Meeting at Hawai Messer Boma, Nyong Payam in Torit Municipal Council, Torit County, EES

FGD for Women at Hawai Messer Boma, Nyong Payam in Torit Municipal Council, Torit County, EES

FGD for Youth at Hawai Messer Boma, Nyong Payam in Torit Municipal Council, Torit County, EES

Consultative Meeting with Community Leaders at Juba City Council, CES

Annex VI: Archaeological Chance Find Procedure

These procedure was developed in accordance with the mandate of the Ministry of Youth, Culture & Sports (Directorate of Archives and Antiquities) of protecting and preserving both tangible and intangible cultural heritage records of South Sudan and the requirements of the World Bank Guidelines – Operational Policy (O.P) 4.11 (Cultural Heritage) of August 1999. This procedure is included as a standard provisions in the implementation of SNSDP Public Works contracts to ensure the protection of cultural heritage (Archaeological and Historical Sites). All Implementing Partners will be required to observe this procedure as documented hereafter:

1. Excavation in sites of known archaeological interest should be avoided. Where this is unavoidable, prior discussions must be held with the concerned officers from the Ministry of Youth, Culture & Sports in order to undertake pre-construction excavation or assign an archaeologist to log discoveries as construction proceeds. Where historical remains, antiquity or any other object of cultural or archaeological importance are unexpectedly discovered during construction in an area not previously known for its archaeological interest, the following procedures should be applied: a) Stop construction activities. b) Delineate the discovered site area. c) Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In case of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a full time guard should be present until the responsible authority takes over. d) Notify the responsible foreman/archaeologist, who in turn should notify the responsible authorities, the concerned officers from the Directorate of Archives and Antiquities and local authorities (within less than 24 hours). e) Responsible authorities would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out. f) An evaluation of the finding will be performed by the concerned officers from the Ministry of Youth, Culture & Sports in the Directorate of Archives and Antiquities. The significance and importance of the findings will be assessed according to various criteria relevant to cultural heritage including aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. g) Decision on how to handle the finding will be reached based on the above assessment and could include changes in the project layout (in case of finding an irrevocable remain of cultural or archaeological importance), conservation, preservation, restoration or salvage. h) Implementation of the authority decision concerning the management of the finding. i) Construction work could resume only when permission is given from the concerned officers from the Ministry of Youth, Culture & Sports after the decision concerning the safeguard of the heritage is fully executed. 2. In case of delay incurred in direct relation to Archeological findings not stipulated in the contract (and affecting the overall schedule of works), the contractor may apply for an extension of time. However the contractor will not be entitled for any kind of compensation or claim other than what is directly related to the execution of the archeological findings works and protections.