UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE PSICOLOGIA Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Psicologia Social

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UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE PSICOLOGIA Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Psicologia Social UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE PSICOLOGIA Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social SERGIO VEZNEYAN Genocídios no século XX: uma leitura sistêmica de causas e consequências. v.1 São Paulo 2009 1 ii SERGIO VEZNEYAN Genocídios no século XX: uma leitura sistêmica de causas e consequências. Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Psicologia. Área de Concentração: Psicologia Social Orientadora: Professora Doutora Anna Mathilde Pacheco e Chaves Nagelschmidt v.1 São Paulo 2009 2 iii FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Sérgio Vezneyan Genocídios no século XX: uma leitura sistêmica de causas e consequências. Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Psicologia. Área de Concentração: Psicologia Social Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. _______________________________________________________ Instituição:_________________ Assinatura:___________________________ Prof. Dr. _______________________________________________________ Instituição:_________________ Assinatura:___________________________ Prof. Dr. _______________________________________________________ Instituição:_________________ Assinatura:___________________________ Prof. Dr. _______________________________________________________ Instituição:_________________ Assinatura:___________________________ Prof. Dr. _______________________________________________________ Instituição:_________________ Assinatura:___________________________ 3 iv DEDICATÓRIA À minha família. 4 v AGRADECIMENTOS Muitas pessoas colaboraram com a realização desse trabalho, dedicando-me tempo, atenção, e constantes incentivos. Gostaria, porém, de particularmente agradecer: À Professora Doutora Anna Mathilde Pacheco e Chaves Nagelschmidt, que como orientadora e incentivadora, soube conduzir-me por tema tão árduo e psicologicamente desgastante. Seu conhecimento, disponibilidade, amizade e vasta erudição foram determinantes à conclusão desse trabalho. Ao Professor Doutor Antônio Gélis Filho, pelas sábias e pertinentes contribuições, além do cavalheirismo e incentivo. À Professora Doutora Eda Terezinha de Oliveira Tassara, pelas siginificativas contribuições em relação ao Método e Objeto de Pesquisa. Ao Professor Doutor Sigmar Malvezzi, pela disponibilidade, atenção e espírito crítico, que me levaram a ousar e transpor os limites originalmente planejados para o trabalho. E finalmente, mas com igual importância, ao amigo Professor Doutor Tales Andreassi que, com seu conhecimento, ponderação, apoio e sincera amizade muito contribuiu à materialização desse trabalho. 5 vi RESUMO VEZNEYAN, Sérgio. Genocídios no século XX: uma leitura sistêmica de causas e consequências. 2009. 2v. Tese: (Doutorado) – Programa de Pós Graduação em Psicologia Social, Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2009. Este trabalho estuda o tema Genocídio a partir do estudo comparativo dos sete casos do século XX, como oficialmente definidos pelas Nações Unidas: Armênios, Holodomor, Nanking, Holocausto, Cambódia, Bósnia- Herzegovina, e Ruanda. O mapeamento de suas similaridades é contraposto aos modelos de (i) Stanton (Genocide Watch); (ii) Albert Bandura (Desengajamento Moral); bem como (iii) Conceitos desenvolvidos a partir de estudos em Psicologia Social, oportunamente identificados. Chegou-se, então, a um “Modelo Teórico Ajustado”, sistêmico, que potencialmente ajuda a identificar as causas e consequências de Genocídios. Palavras-chave: Genocídios, Desengajamanto Moral, Bandura, Stanton, Sistemas, Armênios, Holodomor, Nanking, Holocausto, Cambódia, Bósnia- Herzegovina, Ruanda. 6 vii ABSTRACT This work studies Genocide from comparing the seven ocurrences in the twentieth century, as oficially defined as Genocides by the United Nations: Armenians, Holodomor, Nanking, Holocaust, Cambodia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Rwanda. The similarities among these cases are then compared with (i) The Stanton Model (Genocide Watch); (ii) The Moral Desengagement Framework, as proposed by Albert Bandura; as well as (iii) Social Psychology concepts, identified and conveniently presented. A theoretical adjusted model, systemic, is then presented, aiming to potentially help identifying causes and consequences of Genocides. Keywords: Genocide, Moral Desengagement, Bandura, Stanton, Systems, Armenians, Holodomor, Nanking, Holocaust, Cambodia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Rwanda. 7 viii CASSIUS: Quem é tão firme que não pode ser seduzido? (Shakespeare, 1623) Existem somente dois tipos de homem: os íntegros que se consideram pecadores e os pecadores que se consideram íntegros. (Pascal, 1662) Que Deus nos proteja de nossos amigos, pois dos nossos inimigos podemos tentar nos proteger nós mesmos. (Kant, 1799) Não existe absurdo que não encontre seu porta-voz. (Schelling, 1809) Megalomaníacos podem ordenar que se invada a Rússia; mas por que os homens lhes obedecem? (Tolstoy, 1869) A guerra das ideias é uma invenção grega – uma das invenções mais importantes de toda a história. De fato, a possibilidade de lutar com palavras, em vez de lutar com armas, constitui o fundamento de nossa civilização – especialmente de suas instituições legais e parlamentares. (Popper, 1956) A Obediência, como resultante comportamental, é de particular importância para a nossa época. Tem sido consistentemente reportado que, entre 1933 e 1945, milhões de pessoas inocentes foram sistematicamente eliminadas, a partir de ordens superiores. Câmaras de gás foram construídas, campos de concentração foram guardados, quotas diárias de vítimas foram produzidas com a mesma eficiência com que se produzem utensílios domésticos. Essas ações desumanas podem até se ter originado a partir de uma única mente, mas elas só tiveram seu efeito em larga escala por que um grande número de pessoas seguiu essas ordens. (Milgram, 1963) Há um certo momento na trajetória de toda e qualquer nação em que ela se considera escolhida. É nesse momento que ela dá o melhor e o pior de si. (Cioran, 1973) A escolha de dizer não ... frente à derradeira possibilidade de dizer sim, traz-nos qualidades distintas e diferenciadoras, enquanto seres humanos: um sentimento de agência pessoal, uma percepção das consequências de nossos atos e uma atitude de respeito e empatia com os membros de nossa mesma espécie. (Kelman & Hamilton, 1989) 8 ix SUMÁRIO LISTA DE TABELAS 11 LISTA DE FIGURAS 13 SIGLAS 14 1. INTRODUÇÃO 15 2. JUSTIFICATIVA DA ESCOLHA DO TEMA 16 3. ESTRUTURA E SEQUENCIAMENTO LÓGICO DO TRABALHO 25 3.1 Análise Conceitual 25 3.2 Análise de Conteúdo 25 3.3 Research Design 27 4. MÉTODO DE PESQUISA 28 4.1 Metodologia 28 4.2 Tipos de Pesquisa 29 5. PARAMETRIZAÇÃO CONCEITUAL 34 5.1 Definições de Genocídio 34 5.2 Panorama Jurídico de Genocídios 40 5.3 Grandes Linhas de Pesquisa em Psicologia Social sobre Genocídios 43 5.4 Modelo de Prevenção de Stanton (“Modelo Aplicado”) 48 5.5 O Desengajamento Moral de Albert Bandura (“Modelo Teórico”) 53 5.5.1 Bibliografia Complementar de Albert Bandura 69 5.6 Teoria Geral de Sistemas 93 6. GRANDES OCORRÊNCIAS DO SÉCULO XX 98 6.1 Armênios 98 6.1.1 Breve História 98 6.1.2 Bibliografia Complementar 110 6.1.3 Filmografia/ Websites e Memoriais 133 6.1.4 Mapeamento das Similaridades e Antagonismos 138 6.1.5 Contraposição ao Modelo “Aplicado” 141 6.1.6 Contraposição ao Modelo “Teórico” 142 6.2 Holodomor (ou Fome na Ucrânia) 143 6.2.1 Breve História 143 6.2.2 Bibliografia Complementar 150 6.2.3 Filmografia/ Websites e Memoriais 154 6.2.4 Mapeamento das Similaridades e Antagonismos 155 6.2.5 Contraposição ao Modelo “Aplicado” 158 6.2.6 Contraposição ao Modelo “Teórico” 159 9 6.3 Nanking 160 6.3.1 Breve História 160 6.3.2 Bibliografia Complementar 166 6.3.3 Filmografia/ Websites e Memoriais 169 6.3.4 Mapeamento das Similaridades e Antagonismos 173 6.3.5 Contraposição ao Modelo “Aplicado” 177 6.3.6 Contraposição ao Modelo “Teórico” 178 6.4 Holocausto Nazista 186 6.4.1 Breve História 186 6.4.2 Bibliografia Complementar 197 6.4.3 Filmografia/ Websites e Memoriais 204 6.4.4 Mapeamento das Similaridades e Antagonismos 222 6.4.5 Contraposição ao Modelo “Aplicado” 227 6.4.6 Contraposição ao Modelo “Teórico” 228 6.5 Cambódia 229 6.5.1 Breve História 229 6.5.2 Bibliografia Complementar 236 6.5.3 Filmografia/ Websites e Memoriais 243 6.5.4 Mapeamento das Similaridades e Antagonismos 247 6.5.5 Contraposição ao Modelo “Aplicado” 248 6.5.6 Contraposição ao Modelo “Teórico” 249 6.6 Bósnia-Herzegovina 250 6.6.1 Breve História 250 6.6.2 Bibliografia Complementar 257 6.6.3 Filmografia/ Websites e Memoriais 264 6.6.4 Mapeamento das Similaridades e Antagonismos 267 6.6.5 Contraposição ao Modelo “Aplicado” 289 6.6.6 Contraposição ao Modelo “Teórico” 290 6.7 Ruanda 291 6.7.1 Breve História 291 6.7.2 Bibliografia Complementar 298 6.7.3 Filmografia/ Websites e Memoriais 303 6.7.4 Mapeamento das Similaridades e Antagonismos 310 6.7.5 Contraposição ao Modelo “Aplicado” 313 6.7.6 Contraposição ao Modelo “Teórico” 314 7. DESENVOLVIMENTO DO MODELO “TEÓRICO AJUSTADO” 315 7.1 Mapeamento da Aderência do “Modelo Teórico Ajustado” 318 8. POSSÍVEIS CRÍTICAS 321 9. CONCLUSÕES 324 10. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 326 11. ANEXO 341 10 LISTA DE TABELAS TABELA 1 – Genocídios do séc. XX. TABELA 2 – Representatividade de 18 milhões de vidas na população brasileira, segundo o Censo de 2000, do IBGE. TABELA 3 – Populações dos países mais populosos. TABELA 4 – Mortes por país durante a Segunda Grande Guerra. TABELA 5 – Características metodológicas do estudo. TABELA 6 – Resumo sintético das contribuições,
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