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Washington Electric Aircraft Feasibility Study Aviation Division NOVEMBER 2020 Washington Electric Aircraft Feasibility Study Prepared by This page intentionally left blank. WSDOT Aviation Division NOVEMBER 2020 Washington Electric Aircraft Feasibility Study Prepared for Aviation Division Prepared by In conjunction with Washington Electric Aircraft Feasibility Study | November 2020 Table of Contents Acknowledgements . 1 Executive Summary . 2 Introduction . 14 Chapter 1: Environmental Impacts, Economic Benefits, and Incentives . 25 Section 1: Mode Shift Analysis. 26 Section 2: Employment Profiles. .31 Section 3: Framework for Assessing Economic Impact of Electric Aircraft on Airports. 42 Section 4: Environmental Benefit Framework. .51 Section 5: Airport Revenue Impacts. .61 Section 6: Electric Aircraft Funding Opportunities. .62 Section 7: Recommendations. .70 Chapter 2: Transportation Network Assessment . 72 Section 1: Existing Intermodal Network. 76 Section 2: Existing Air Connectivity Analysis. 93 Section 3: Travel Time Cost Analysis. 100 Section 4: Recommendations. 106 Section 5: Conclusion . 107 Chapter 3: Workforce Development . 108 Section 1: Aviation Workforce Development Programs. 112 Section 2: State Government Programs. .119 Section 3: Covid-19 Impacts. .121 Section 4: Recommendations. 121 Chapter 4: Infrastructure and Battery Charging . 124 Section 1: Considerations for Charging Infrastructure for Electric Aircraft . .126 Section 2: Current Technologies Being Deployed. .127 Section 3: Pilot Program Infrastructure Needs. .131 Section 4: Hypothetical Scenario. .133 Section 5: Next Steps for Infrastructure Electrification. 134 Chapter 5: Demand and Deployment . .. 136 Section 1: Electric Aircraft Demand Assessment . .136 Section 2: Deployment. .163 Section 3: Recommendations. 171 Section 4: Summary. 172 Chapter 6: Selection of Beta Test Site Airports . 173 Section 1: Methodology . 174 Section 2: Phase I: Baseline . .179 Section 3: Phase II: Points Analysis. .183 Section 4: Phase III: Assess Results. .192 Section 5: Phase iv: Utility Coordination. 206 Section 6: Recommendations. 210 Recommendations . 213 WSDOT Aviation Division Acknowledgements • Aerospace Futures Alliance • AeroTEC • Andrew Graham Aircraft Consulting • Avista Utilities • Center for Excellence in Aerospace and Advanced Manufacturing • Community Air Mobility Initiative • Department of Commerce • Diamondstream Partners • Elcon • Federal Aviation Administration • Greater Seattle Partners • Joby Aviation • Kenmore Air • Kitsap Aerospace Defense Alliance • magniX • National Business Aviation Association • National Renewable Energy Laboratory • Pierce County • Puget Sound Energy • Seattle Tacoma International Airport • Stellar Aerospace • The Boeing Company • University of Washington • Verdego Aero • Volta Enterprises • Washington State University • Wenatchee Pangborn Memorial Airport • Zunum Aero • WSP • Kimley Horn • PRR Washington Electric Aircraft Feasibility Study | November 2020 1 Executive Summary Background For more than a century since Boeing Plant #1 opened in Seattle in 1917, Washington State has been at the forefront of the aerospace industry. Electric aircraft, including unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, represent the next frontier for aviation. These technologies have the potential to reduce the cost of flight, provide new options for passenger and cargo air transport in congested urban areas and hard-to-serve rural communities, reduce the environmental footprint of aviation, and grow jobs and the economy. In order to ensure Washington retains its leadership in the aerospace industry, it is important to consider and plan for these coming technologies. The state legislature tasked the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) Aviation Division with forming the Electric Aircraft Working Group (EAWG) in 2018 to explore electric aircraft service across the state. The EAWG comprises over 30 members representing state and local government, airports, manufacturing, the FAA, pilots, energy utilities, and consultants. Engrossed Substitute House Bill 2322 gave clear direction to act upon a key recommendation of the EAWG’s 2019 Working Group Report to commission this Electric Aircraft Feasibility Study (Feasibility Study) to provide a roadmap for policy makers, airports, industry, and the general public to facilitate the growth of the electric aircraft industry by reporting on the following key elements: • Infrastructure requirements necessary to facilitate electric aircraft operations at airports • Potential economic, environmental, and other public benefits • Potential future aviation demands catalyzed by electric aircraft • Workforce and educational needs to support the industry • Available incentives to industry to design, develop, and manufacture electric aircraft • Impacts to Washington’s existing multimodal transportation network Methodology Research for this report was conducted over several months in 2020. The research focused on five scenarios, shown in Table e.1, regarding the types of aircraft and purpose of flight. These include small aircraft with capacity of 15 or fewer passengers, light cargo, and pilot training. Input was provided by 16 interviews with the EAWG, two half-day workshops with EAWG, and analyzing numerous research reports and datasets. 2 WSDOT Aviation Division Table e.1: Electric Aircraft Operations and Use Cases Use Case Description Companies Regional Commuter Carrying 1-4 passengers closer to Joby, Bell, Hyundai, Jaunt Less than 5 passegers 50 mile range Regional Commuter Carrying up to 9 passengers for Ampaire, Eviation, magniX Less than 15 passengers scheduled operations GA/Personal + Business 1-6 passengers, average flight time Pipistrel, Bye Aerospace 43 minutes Light Air Cargo Maximum payload of 7500 lbs, Ampaire, magniX cruise speed around 200 mph Pilot Training 1 pilot and 1 passenger, cruise Pipistrel, Bye Aerospace speed around 125 mph Key Findings The following summarizes the key findings of the report: 1. Infrastructure Readiness: The key infrastructure needs for airports will occur on the airside to provide power and charging capabilities for electric aircraft. As with electric automobiles, adoption of electric aircraft will require pilots to be confident that their aircraft charging and maintenance needs can be met at the airports they utilize. This will require coordination of charging standards to ensure that aircraft of different size, capability, and from all manufacturers can utilize airport charging equipment. Battery swapping rather than plug-in charging has several benefits including reducing turn-around times while charging, obviating the issue of different charging standards types that have impacted electric automobile charging interoperability, reducing demands on the energy grid since a lower rate can be utilized when charging speed is not critical. However, the FAA would need to approve battery swapping procedures as it could be considered a major repair or alteration, which would make this option less feasible. The increased electric infrastructure needs of electric aircraft will also need to be balanced with other new landside electric demands including transportation and heating and cooling (HVAC). Early engagement with utility companies is needed to ensure capacity is not a constraint for aircraft charging. FAA safety and security approval is another critical path to both standardization and implementation of technologies. 2. Economic Impact: The deployment of electric aircraft for passenger and cargo transport may have several effects on the economy. Reducing the time and cost for people and goods to travel, particularly over short and congested routes, will help create business activity and jobs. Lower-cost flight will enable also help connect the rural areas of the state with employment centers along the I-5 corridor. The smaller carbon footprint of electric aircraft will reduce net emissions and the environmental and health costs. Quieter aircraft have the potential to reduce the negative externalities of aviation. In addition, the major investments needed to scale Washington Electric Aircraft Feasibility Study | November 2020 3 Executive Summary up power systems and airport infrastructure, as well as the financial impacts on airports, must be also be considered. Quantifying these affects is problematic and requires making numerous assumptions about the timing of aircraft, the cost of flight, and the future change in the cost, time, and environmental impacts of ground transportation alternatives. Therefore, this study provides a framework for quantifying economic impacts that that can be adjusted as data becomes available. a. Economic Impacts: As detailed in the demand analysis of this report, electric aircraft have the potential to increase flight activity and encourage growth on and off-airports that will support jobs and create business revenues. The 2020 WSDOT Aviation Economic Impact Study (AEIS) found that airports directly employed over 83,000 workers in 2018. These jobs support other businesses that are patronized by aviation workers, along with visitor and construction spending enabled by aviation. Including these multiplier effects, airports (excluding Sea-Tac) generate over 255,000 jobs in Washington, $19 billion in labor income, and nearly $85 billion in business revenue. The multipliers in the study can be utilized to calculate the downstream effects on the economy as money related to aviation cycles through the economy due to growth created by electric
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