Die Sozialistische Partei Italiens: Zwischen Oppositionssozialismus Und Staatspartei

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Die Sozialistische Partei Italiens: Zwischen Oppositionssozialismus Und Staatspartei A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Merkel, Wolfgang Book Die Sozialistische Partei Italiens: zwischen Oppositionssozialismus und Staatspartei Politikwissenschaftliche Paperbacks, No. 7 Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Merkel, Wolfgang (1985) : Die Sozialistische Partei Italiens: zwischen Oppositionssozialismus und Staatspartei, Politikwissenschaftliche Paperbacks, No. 7, ISBN 3-88339-460-2, Brockmeyer, Bochum This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/112660 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. 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Sollten Sie sich durch die Onlineveröffentlichung des Dokuments wider Erwarten dennoch in Ihren Rechten verletzt sehen, kontaktieren Sie bitte das WZB postalisch oder per E-Mail: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH Bibliothek und wissenschaftliche Information Reichpietschufer 50 D-10785 Berlin E-Mail: [email protected] The following document was digitized at the Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) in order to make it publicly available online. The WZB has the corresponding rights of use. If, against all possibility, you consider your rights to be violated by the online publication of this document, please contact the WZB by sending a letter or an e-mail to: Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) Library and Scientific Information Reichpietschufer 50 D-10785 Berlin e-mail: [email protected] Digitalisierung und Bereitstellung dieser Publikation erfolgten im Rahmen des Retrodigitalisierungs- projektes OA 1000+. Weitere Informationen zum Projekt und eine Liste der ca. 1 500 digitalisierten Texte sind unter http://www.wzb.eu/de/bibliothek/serviceangebote/open-access/oa-1000 verfügbar. This text was digitizing and published online as part of the digitizing-project OA 1000+. More about the project as well as a list of all the digitized documents (ca. 1 500) can be found at http://www.wzb.eu/en/library/services/open-access/oa-1000. PolitikWissenschaftliche Paperbacks Studien und Texte :u den politischen Problemfeldern jnd Wandlungstendenzen vestlicher Industriegesellschaften lerausgegeben von Dieter Nohlen, Rainer-Olaf Schuitze, Wichard Woyke 3and 7 Die Sozialistische Partei Italiens Zwischen Oppositionssozialismus und Staatspartei Wolfgang Merkel A Studienverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer, Bochum 1985 CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Merkel, Wolfgang: Die Sozialistische Partei Italiens: zwischen Oppositionssozialismus und Staatspartei / Wolfgang Merkel. - Bochum: Studienverlag Brockmeyer, 1985. (Politikwissenschaftliche Paperbacks: Bd. 7) ISBN 3-88339-460-2 NE: GT ISBN 3-88339-460-2 Alle Rechte Vorbehalten © 1985 by Studienverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer Querenburger Höhe 281,4630 Bochum 1 . Druck: Thiebes GmbH & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft Hagen Meinen Eltern 1 Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit, die im Frühjahr 1985 von der Philosophi­ schen Fakultät der Universität Heidelberg als Dissertation ange­ nommen wurde, geht auf eine Anregung Professor Klaus von Beymes zurück. Seinen Ratschlägen und Schriften verdanke ich viel. In gleicher Weise fühle ich mich Prof. Gianfranco Pasquino (Bologna) verpflichtet. Während meines Aufenthaltes an der Johns Hopkins University in Bologna war es sein kritisches Interesse, das der’ vorliegenden Studie entscheidende Impulse verlieh. Darüber hinaus enthüllen Bibliographie und Anmerkungsapparat, was ich seinen Analysen schulde. Zu danken habe ich auch Prof. Mario Caciagli (Padua), Prof. Gianfranco Bettin (Florenz) und Mauro Chiarini (PSI-Föderation Bologna), deren Hinweise mir halfen, manches der politischen Symbolik Italiens zu dechiffrieren. Wissenschaftliche Diskus­ sionen und unkonventionelle Gespräche mit Prof. Michael Kreile (Konstanz) hinterließen Spuren in der vorliegenden Studie. Zu besonderem Dank bin ich der Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes verpflichtet, die die Arbeit mit der Gewährung eines Promo­ tionsstipendiums finanzieren half. 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung 7 1. Struktur und Wettbewerbsmechanismen des italienischen Parteiensystems . 14 1.1. Die Wettbewerbsstruktur 14 1.2. Die Wettbewerbsdynamik 16 1.2.1. Das Modell des zentrifugalen Pluralismus 16 1.2.2. Das Modell des zentripetalen Pluralismus 18 2. Koalitionsmacht und Koalitionspolitik der Sozialistischen Partei Italiens 23 2.1. Die Koalitionspolitik der Vergangenheit - eine Quelle der Schwäche 24 2.1.1. Volksfrontbündnis und Mitte-Links-Koalition • 24 2.1.2. Die equilibri più avanzati 26 2.2. Das Konzept der alternativa di sinistra 31 2.2.1. Zur Genese des Begriffs 31 2.2.2. Lombardis Konzept der Alternative 32 2.2.3. Die Akzeptierung der Linksalternative im PSI: Gründe, Etappen, Interpretationen 36 2.3. Die Sozialistische Partei in der Phase der Natio­ nalen Solidarität 39 . 2.4. Laizistischer Block und der Imperativ der Regierbar- keit 49 2.5. Korrespondenz und Komplementarität von nationalen, regionalen und kommunalen Koalitionsformen 67 2.6. Koalitionsm.acht und Koalitionsgewinn des PSI 72 4 3. Crganisationsstruktur und innerparteiliche Demokratie 80 3.1. Die Parteiorganisation in ihrer territorialen und funktionalen Ausdifferenzierung 80 3.1.1. Die Basis: Sektion, NAS, Zonenkomitee 80 3.1 . 2. Provinzföderation 84 3.1.3. Regionalkomitee 88 3.1.4. Führungsorgane der Partei 90 3.2. Organisation und Demokratie 98 3.2.1. Theoretische Zugänge zum Problem 98 3.2.2. Die Partizipation der Basis 102 3.2.3. Funktion und Stellenwert von Parteitagen 106 3.2.4. Rotation und Kumulation - die interne Elitenzirkulation 1 10 3.2.5. Die sozialstrukturelle Divergenz zwischen Parteibasis und Parteieliten ■ 122 3.2.6. Karrieren: die Elitenselektion im PSI 1 38 3.2.7. Leadership oder Charisma? 147 3.3. Der Faktionalismus im PSI: die eorrenti 158 3.3.1. Die definitorisch-terminologische Frage 160 3.3.2. Die Widerspruchspotentiale 162 3.3.3. Die institutioneilen Entstehungsfaktoren 170 3.3.4. Die Infrastruktur 172 3.3.5. Die typologische Bestimmung 181 Exkurs T: Durchs Labyrinth der aorrenti: Genese, Entwicklung und Proliferation der PSI- Faktionen (1946-1976) . 183 Exkurs II: Die Revolte der Vierzigjährigen - Me­ chanismen eines innerparteilichen Macht­ wechsels 203 3.3.6. Konzentrationsprozeß und Bedeutungsrückgang der correnti 208 3.3.7. Einflußvariablen innerparteilicher Koali­ tionsbildungen ■ 216 3.3.8. Innenansicht: Richtungspolitische Differenzen 222 3.3.9. Auswirkungen: Einfluß des Faktionalismus auf Partei- und Regierungsfunktionen 239 - 5 - 3.4. Indirekte Organisationsstrukturen und Verflechtung mit Interessenverbänden 249 3.4.1. Die Gewerkschaften 249 3.4.2. Vorfeldorganisationen 258 3.5. Parteifinanzen 263 3.5.1. Das Gesetz zur staatlichen Finanzierung der Parteien von 1974 263 3.5.2. Die Finanzierungsstruktur des PSI 265 4. Die Wählerschaft 270 4.1. Kählertrends 270 4.1.1. Die Stabilität der richtungspolitischen Lager ' • 270 4.1.2. Die Fluktuationen innerhalb der Linken bis 1976 274 4.2. Wählerwanderungen (1976-1983) 282 4.3. Typologische Bestimmung der sozialistischen Wäh­ lerschaft 289 4.4. Geographische und demographische Stukturverän- derungen in der sozialistischen Wählerschaft 299 4.4.1. Die geographische Struktur 299 4.4.2. Die deir.ographische Struktur 306 4.4.3. Die ökonomischen Kontextbedingungen 308 4.5. Die Sozialstruktur der sozialistischen Wählerschaft 313 5. Ideologie und Programmatik 322 5.1. Die Theoriedebatte der Nachkriegszeit (1945-1972) 322 5.1.1. Das Versäumnis, über Demokratie, Staat und Sozialismus nachzudenken (1945-1956) 322 5.1.2. Demokratische Programmierung und "revolu­ tionärer Reformismus 326 6 5.2. Hegemonie, Pluralismus und die democrazia con­ flittuale 33C 5.2.1. Die Kritik an Lenin und Gramsci 330 5.2.2. Die Position zu Marx 334 5.2.3. Pluralismus und Konflikt als fundamentale Regulationsprinzipien in Staat und Gesell­ schaft 337 5.2.4. Der Markt als Garant des gesellschaft­ lichen und politischen Pluralismus 339 5.3. Das Sozialistische Projekt 341 5.3.1. Die Ausgangsanalyse 342 5.3.2. Langfristige Optionen 349 5.3.3. Kurzfristige Programme 349 5.3.4. Der radikale Reformismus des Projektes 351 5.4. Paradigmenwechsel: Von der Systemtransformation zur Regierbarkeit 356 5.4.1. Der pragmatische Reformismus 356 5.4.2. Institutioneile
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