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THE UNESCO CourierJuly-September 2017 • n°2 The Media: Operation Decontamination Our contributors Bēni Divina Frau-Meigs France Richard Allan Ivor Gaber Cable Green Aidan White Espen Egil Hansen United States United Kingdom Norway Christina Cameron Ginna Lindberg Canada Nathalie Rothschild Catarina Carvalho Sweden Portugal Kari Huhta Finland Sanita Jemberga Latvia Andrius Tapinas Lithuania John Bewaji Jamaica - Nigeria Carlos Dada Tanella Boni El Salvador Côte d’Ivoire Verashni Pillay South Africa Helen Abadzi Greece Adama Marina Forti Ricardo Gandour Samassékou Giuseppina Nicolini Maria Ressa Brazil Mali Italy Philippines @ Alvaro Cabrera Jimenez / Shutterstock 2017 • n° 2 • Published since 1948 Language Editors: Arabic: Anissa Barrak The UNESCO Courier is published quarterly Chinese: China Translation & Publishing House in seven languages by the United Nations English: Shiraz Sidhva Periodical available in Open Access under the Educational, Scientific and Cultural French: Isabelle Motchane-Brun Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) Organization. It promotes the ideals of Portuguese: Ana Lúcia Guimarães licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ UNESCO by sharing ideas on issues of Russian: Marina Yaloyan igo/). By using the content of this publication, the international concern relevant to its mandate. Spanish: Lucía Iglesias Kuntz users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (www.unesco. The UNESCO Courier is published thanks to English Translation: Peter Coles and Olivia Fuller the generous support of the People's Republic org/open-access/). of China. Photo Editor: Danica Bijeljac The present licence applies exclusively to the texts. Director of Publication: Eric Falt Design: Corinne Hayworth For the use of images, prior permission shall be requested. Executive Director: Vincent Defourny Cover image: © Selçuk Printing: UNESCO The designations employed in this publication Editorial Director: Jasmina Šopova and the presentation of the data do not imply the Production and Promotion Director: Free subscription to the Courier online: expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Ian Denison http://en.unesco.org/courier UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, Assistant Editor: Katerina Markelova Inquiries and reproduction rights: territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning [email protected] the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Digital Editor: Malahat Ibrahimova 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France Articles express the opinions of the authors and do Digital Architect: Denis Pitzalis © UNESCO 2017 not necessarily represent the opinions of UNESCO ISSN 2220-2285 - e-ISSN 2220-2293 and do not commit the Organization. CourierTHE UNESCO Editorial Each time a new media appears, it triggers The plurality of enlightened opinions a revolution – print, radio, television, is a prerequisite of the democratic the internet, have all changed the face of development of our societies. The quality societies, the ways we get information, of the information disseminated by the how we live and organize ourselves. media – traditional or new – is decisive when it comes to shaping public opinion. Each time a new media appears, voices This is why UNESCO puts special emphasis rise to assert that it will kill off the one that on education about media and information, preceded it – that radio will kill off print which it considers a fundamental skill for media, that television will kill off radio, that Irina Bokova, citizens in the twenty-first century. Director-General of UNESCO. digital media will kill off all the others. Yet, © Yulian Donov today’s media landscape also highlights Freedom of expression and the free examples of complementarity, of emulation movement of ideas by words and images and interaction between the various means are among the constitutive principles of communication and information, where of UNESCO and at the core of the 2030 they amplify and respond to one another. Agenda for Sustainable Development. UNESCO supports the work of dedicated Never before have we communicated so journalists and activists who defend much, and never on such a large scale. fundamental freedoms, like the journalist The new technologies have opened up Dawit Isaak, winner of the 2017 UNESCO/ new pathways, enabling citizens across the Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize, world to gain access to more diverse and whose story appears in this issue more numerous sources of information, and of the UNESCO Courier. to play a new role in the production of this information − to become the producers of Over the last decade, more than 800 content themselves. These new media are journalists have been victims of crimes also creating new barriers and raising new aimed at muzzling freedom of expression. challenges in terms of regulation and ethics. Only one murder out of ten ended with a conviction. This impunity is unacceptable Where does information come from? How and further fuels the spiral of violence in the is it created? Who guarantees its quality? future. This is why UNESCO is committed to How do we distinguish between true putting an end to these crimes against the and false in this web, woven by billions press, on all continents, as an indispensable of pieces of information coming from condition for peaceful societies that are all all sides? In the incredible tangle of the the more robust for being better informed. media, the traditional roles of producer, broadcaster and consumer have changed. In this “post-truth” era, the role of UNESCO The production of fake news and the risk is more important than ever, and this issue of confining audiences in “filter bubbles” of the Courier is a wonderful opportunity generated by algorithms, raises new to renew our founding commitment to questions about freedom of expression support information and communication and cultural diversity. to build peace in the minds of men and women. Irina Bokova Director-General of UNESCO The UNESCO Courier • July-September 2017 | 3 Contents WIDE ANGLE The Media: Operation Decontamination 7 Ethical journalism: back in the news Aidan White 10 Fake news : sound bites on a burning topic 12 Developing a critical mind against fake news Divina Frau-Meigs 16 Aftenposten versus Facebook : triggering a crucial debate Marina Yaloyan with Egil Hansen and Richard Allan 20 Crowdfunding to save the media Andrius Tapinas 22 A beacon, thanks to the internet Carlos Dada 24 Investigative journalism: 6-27 against the odds Sanita Jemberga ZOOM My face, my land Katerina Markelova and the IDENTiTESproject 28-35 4 | The UNESCO Courier • July-September 2017 36-47 IDEAS Humanitude , or how to quench 37 the thirst for humanity Adama Samassékou The importance of 42 homegrown stories John Bewaji The poet at the heart of society 46 Tanella Boni 52-67 48-51 OUR GUEST Giuseppina Nicolini : “It’s natural for an island to be welcoming!” Interview by Marina Forti CURRENT AFFAIRS 68-71 53 Dawit Isaak, a symbol of press freedom who must be freed Nathalie Rothschild 56 Reconstruction : changing attitudes Christina Cameron NEWS 68 60 Early literacy: the key to fluency Giving youth a voice! Helen Abadzi A new beginning 70 64 Sharing legally and freely for the UNESCO Courier for better learning Cable Green Exhibition 71 The UNESCO Courier • July-September 2017 | 5 The Media: Operation Decontamination Wide angle © Lukiyanova Natalia frenta / Shutterstock 6 | The UNESCO Courier • July-September 2017 Wide angle Ethical journalism: back in the news by Aidan White The core values of ethical journalism are more important than ever today, as we fight for quality and democracy in the media in the digital age. While new laws might lead to potential censorship, a commitment to ethics is essential to build public trust. © Jugoslav Vlahovic “Tech giants that dominate the public information space, such as Google, Facebook, Amazon and Twitter circulate information in a value-free Journalism is on the move like never environment,” says Aidan White. As a coalition of more than sixty before. Today the news business is faster, groups of journalists, editors, press more pressurized, and infinitely more owners and media support groups, EJN complex. The media have learned the Today, most of us get our news through promotes training and practical actions hard way how the information revolution mobile telephones and from online to strengthen ethics and governance. − for all its liberating qualities − is a platforms that have grown rich by Its work − whether it is developing a test double-edged sword. exploiting people’s personal data, while for journalists to expose hate speech, at the same time, draining lucrative guidelines on reporting conflict or While news media can deliver stories advertising from traditional media. producing reports on covering migration around the world in seconds and − resonates with journalists around communications have the potential to the world. build stronger, more informed and more Resonating with engaged communities, the business journalists worldwide Because the network has its roots within models that paid for journalism in the media, EJN’s multi-country reports past are broken, and in many cases, Thousands of news outlets, mainly and even those that lift the lid on the beyond repair. newspapers, have closed. Tens of untold stories about the realities of thousands of journalists have lost their how media work and the challenges of With less money to pay for public-interest jobs. People’s access
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