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Eastern Tamang Grammar Sketch Written by Sung-Woo Lee and Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Thesis approval Sheet This thesis, entitled Eastern Tamang Grammar Sketch Written by Sung-Woo Lee and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics has been read and approved by the undersigned members of the faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Michael E. Boutin (Mentor) Shin Ja J. Hwaríg Paul R. Kroeger Date signed Eastern Tamang Grammar Sketch By Sung-Woo Lee Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics June 2011 © 2011 Sung-Woo Lee All Rights Reserved CERTIFICATE I acknowledge that use of copyrighted material in my thesis may place me under an obligation to the copyright owner, especially when use of such material exceeds usual fair use provisions. I hereby certify that I have obtained the written permission of the copyright owner for any and all such occurrences and that no portion of my thesis has been copyrighted previously unless properly referenced. I hereby agree to indemnify and hold harmless the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics from any and all claims that may be asserted or that may arise from any copyright violation. Signature Ma Date THESIS DUPLICATION RELEASE Ihereby authorize the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Library to duplicate this thesis when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed: Snn Motee Refused: ABSTRACT Eastern Tamang Grammar Sketch Sung-Woo Lee Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics The Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics, June 2011 Supervising Professor: Michael Boutin This thesis presents a descriptive grammatical sketch of Central-Eastern Tamang which is primarily spoken in the Kabhre District of Central Nepal. Tamang is a Tibeto- Burman language with two major varieties (Eastern and Western Tamang) which are mutually unintelligible. Eastern Tamang (with its population of about 759,000) is divided into two dialects, Central-Eastern Tamang and Outer-Eastern Tamang. Tamang exclusively uses suffixes except for the negative prefix a- ‗NEG‘. Inflectional morphology is restricted to tense, aspect, modality, and negation marking on verbs or auxiliaries (with no agreement marking) and plural number marking on nouns and pronouns. Tamang has differential object case marking which is based on an ergative case system. The basic word order is SOV. Subordinate clauses precede main clauses. Clause subordination is accomplished through subordinating morphemes, a nominalizer, and complementizers. Tamang also has a clause-chaining structure, but does not have serial verb constructions. Dedicated to the Tamang people in Champagaun who showed their wholehearted kindness to me and my family vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my heartfelt thanks to my advisor Dr. Michael Boutin for his thoughtful guidance and great encouragement throughout the writing process. He taught me how to analyze and describe my data consistently, and how to write with my readers in mind. He also gave me very detailed comments on technical and editorial matters. I am also very grateful to Dr. Paul Kroeger for sharing his abundant knowledge of linguistic issues. He recommended several books and articles in a timely manner, and guided me in the right direction with critical questions and feedback on my data. I am honored to have Dr. Shin Ja Hwang on my committee. Her insightful comments on morphology and syntax were very helpful due to the similarities between Tamang and Korean. Her timely comments helped me to determine which issues were most relevant to my claims and to simplify my thesis making it clearer. I am indebted to Bryan Varenkamp who willingly shared his unpublished Tamang grammar notes with me. His initial work on Tamang phonology and grammar was a tremendous help to me. I also really appreciate my Tamang friends who spent their precious time correcting my Tamang data with their native intuition. Finally, I could not have finished this thesis without the constant encouragement and support of my loving wife, Young-Mee, while I struggled at various stages. April 27, 2011 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... XII LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS ..................................................................................... XIII ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... XVI 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ....................................................................................2 1.1.1 Phonology ........................................................................................ 3 1.1.2 Morphology and syntax ..................................................................... 3 1.1.3 Vocabulary lists and dictionaries ...................................................... 4 1.1.4 Discourse.......................................................................................... 4 1.1.5 Tamang texts..................................................................................... 4 1.2 DATA SOURCES .................................................................................................5 1.2.1 Linguistic survey ............................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Text collection and interlinearlization ............................................... 6 1.2.3 Sentence elicitation ........................................................................... 7 2 PHONOLOGY ............................................................................................... 8 2.1 CONSONANTS....................................................................................................8 2.1.1 Initial consonants ............................................................................. 8 2.1.2 Contrast between initial consonants ................................................ 10 2.1.3 Final consonants............................................................................. 11 2.1.4 Consonant clusters.......................................................................... 12 2.2 VOWELS ......................................................................................................... 14 2.3 SYLLABLE STRUCTURE .................................................................................... 18 2.4 TONE AND VOICE QUALITY .............................................................................. 19 2.5 ORTHOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 20 3 SIMPLE CLAUSES AND BASIC CONSTITUENT ORDER ................... 22 3.1 INTRANSITIVE CLAUSES ................................................................................... 22 3.2 TRANSITIVE CLAUSES ...................................................................................... 23 3.3 DITRANSITIVE ................................................................................................. 24 3.4 CLAUSES WITH NON-VERBAL PREDICATES ........................................................ 25 3.4.1 Attributive clauses .......................................................................... 25 3.4.2 Equative clauses ............................................................................. 26 3.4.3 Locative clauses .............................................................................. 27 3.4.4 Existential clauses .......................................................................... 28 4 WORD CLASSES ........................................................................................ 30 4.1 NOUNS ........................................................................................................... 30 ix 4.1.1 Nouns and number .......................................................................... 31 4.1.2 Gender and classifiers .................................................................... 33 4.1.3 Monomorphemic vs. compound nouns ............................................. 34 4.1.4 Proper names ................................................................................. 34 4.1.5 Honorific nouns .............................................................................. 35 4.2 PRONOUNS ...................................................................................................... 36 4.2.1 Personal pronouns .......................................................................... 36 4.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns ................................................................. 38 4.2.3 Interrogative pronouns ................................................................... 40 4.3 VERBS ............................................................................................................ 40 4.3.1 Monomorphemic verbs .................................................................... 41 4.3.2 Compound verbs ............................................................................. 42 4.3.3 Copula verbs..................................................................................
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