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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Arkeoloji Anabilim Dali Klasik Arkeoloji Bilim Dali

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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Arkeoloji Anabilim Dali Klasik Arkeoloji Bilim Dali TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI KLASİK ARKEOLOJİ BİLİM DALI LYDİA BÖLGESİ HELLENİSTİK DÖNEM MEZAR STELLERİ DOKTORA TEZİ ABDULLAH KASIM SONKAYA Ankara-2019 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI KLASİK ARKEOLOJİ BİLİM DALI LYDİA BÖLGESİ HELLENİSTİK DÖNEM MEZAR STELLERİ DOKTORA TEZİ ABDULLAH KASIM SONKAYA TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. DR. ERHAN ÖZTEPE Ankara-2019 İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER .................................................................................................................. i ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................ iii KISALTMALAR ............................................................................................................ iv 1. GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Konu, Kapsam, Amaç ve Yöntem ......................................................................... 1 1.2. Lydia Tarihçesi ...................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Araştırma Tarihçesi .............................................................................................. 17 2. İKONOGRAFİ ........................................................................................................... 24 2.1. Symposium Sahnesi ............................................................................................. 25 2.2. Dexiosis Sahnesi .................................................................................................. 33 2.3. Atlı Sahneler ........................................................................................................ 40 2.4. Kadın ve Erkek Betimli Sahneler ........................................................................ 46 2.5. Birden Fazla Betimli Sahneler ............................................................................. 57 3. TİPOLOJİ ................................................................................................................... 60 3.1. Stel Tipleri ........................................................................................................... 60 3.1.1. Alınlıklı Steller .............................................................................................. 64 3.1.1.1. A Tipi ...................................................................................................... 66 3.1.1.2. B Tipi ...................................................................................................... 68 3.1.1.3. C Tipi ...................................................................................................... 71 3.1.2. Çerçevesiz Steller .......................................................................................... 74 3.2. Figür Tipleri ......................................................................................................... 76 3.2.1. Kadınlar ......................................................................................................... 80 3.2.1.1.Protopudicitia Tipi ................................................................................... 82 3.2.1.2.Pudicitia Saufeia Tipi .............................................................................. 83 3.2.1.3.Pudicitia Philista Tipi .............................................................................. 85 3.2.1.4.Polla Valeria Tipi..................................................................................... 86 3.2.1.5.Penelope Tipi ........................................................................................... 90 3.2.1.6. Küçük Herculaneumlu Kız Tipi ............................................................. 91 3.2.1.7. Venedikli Mousa Tipi ............................................................................. 93 3.2.2. Erkekler ......................................................................................................... 93 3.2.2.1.Dioskurides I Tipi .................................................................................... 94 3.2.2.2.Dioskurides II Tipi................................................................................... 97 3.2.2.3.Demosthenes I Tipi .................................................................................. 98 i 3.2.2.4.Demosthenes II Tipi ................................................................................ 99 3.2.2.5. Hippokrates Tipi ................................................................................... 100 3.2.2.6. Hades Tipi............................................................................................. 101 3.2.3. Çocuk ve Hizmetçi Tipleri .......................................................................... 102 4. STİL VE TARİHLENDİRME.................................................................................. 110 5. MALZEME ve TEKNİK .......................................................................................... 187 6. OLASI ATÖLYELER .............................................................................................. 193 6.1. A Atölyesi .......................................................................................................... 195 6.2. B Atölyesi .......................................................................................................... 205 6.3. C Atölyesi .......................................................................................................... 207 6.4. D Atölyesi .......................................................................................................... 208 6.5. E Atölyesi .......................................................................................................... 212 6.6. F Atölyesi ........................................................................................................... 214 7. SONUÇ ..................................................................................................................... 219 8. TERMİNOLOJİ ........................................................................................................ 232 9. KATALOG ............................................................................................................... 238 10. KAYNAKÇA ......................................................................................................... 334 11. GRAFİK VE TABLOLAR ..................................................................................... 359 12. ÇİZİMLER ............................................................................................................. 363 13. HARİTA ................................................................................................................. 369 14. RESİMLER ............................................................................................................ 371 ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ 420 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 422 ii ÖNSÖZ Tarih boyunca kültürel ve sosyo-ekonomik alanlarda uygarlığın gelişimine önemli katkılar yapmış olan Lydia Bölgesi, Arkaik Dönem’den itibaren ürettiği zengin mezar stelleriyle de arkeoloji biliminde dikkat çekici bir konum elde etmiştir. Bölgenin Hellenistik Dönem sanatı ve kültürünü aydınlatma çalışmalarına katkı yapması umulan bu araştırmada 95 adet mezar steli ikonografik, tipolojik, stilistik ve kronolojik bakımdan incelenmiş; olası üretim merkezleri saptanmaya çalışılmış ve Hellenistik Dönem Lydia’sının mezar steli endüstrisine ilişkin bölgesel durumunun ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla gerçekleştirdiğim araştırma süresince pek çok dost ve bilim insanının desteğini yanımda hissettiğimi belirtmeliyim. En başta, çalışmam boyunca pozitif yaklaşımı ve değerli fikirleriyle daima desteğini aldığım tez danışmanım Prof. Dr. Erhan Öztepe’ye teşekkür etmek isterim. Değerli önerileriyle tezin şekillenmesine önemli katkılarda bulunan Prof. Dr. Ayşe Emel Erten ve Prof. Dr. Veli Köse’ye; çizimler konusundaki desteği için Doç Dr. Yasin Topaloğlu’ya; yazıtlar konusunda Prof. Dr. Hasan Malay ve Dr. Şengül Dilek Ful’e; kaynak temini konusundaki yardımları için Doç Dr. Ali Yalçın Tavukçu, Doç Dr. Korkmaz Meral, Doç. Dr. Murat Çekilmez ve Dr. Fahri Yıldırım’a; gözden geçirme ve son düzenlemedeki desteklerinden ötürü Dr. İsa Yayla, Dr. Dumuş Ersun ve Arş. Gör. İnan Kopçuk’a; müze çalışmalarıma desteklerinden ötürü başta Zeynep Kızıltan ve Emin Torunlar olmak üzere Manisa, İzmir, İstanbul, Tire, Ödemiş, Bergama, Uşak, Paris Louvre ve Varşova Ulusal Müzelerinin tüm çalışanlarına içtenlikle teşekkür ederim. Son olarak, zor zamanlarda beni sürekli teşvik eden sevgili eşim Suzan’a ve bu çalışmayla yaşıt olan biricik kızım Ayşe Betül’e en derin sevgi ve şükranlarımı sunarım. Abdullah Kasım SONKAYA Ankara 2019 iii KISALTMALAR Arkeolojik süreli yayımlar ve kitap serileri için yapılan kısaltmalarda American Journal of Archaeology (AJA) tarafından https://www.ajaonline.org/submissions /abbreviations web adresinde yayımlanan kısaltmalar, antik kaynaklar için yapılan kısaltmalarda PERSEUS Project tarafından http://www.perseus.tufts.edu /hopper/abbrevhelp web adresinde yayımlanan kısaltmalar kullanılmış; Türkçe sözcüklerde Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK) kısaltmalar dizini, diğer sözcüklerde ise
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