Pecunia Omnes Vincit KRAKÓW 2020 PECUNIA OMNES VINCIT Pecunia Omnes Vincit CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC AND ECONOMIC CONFERENCE Edited by Barbara Zając and Szymon Jellonek Krakow 2020 Editors Barbara Zając Szymon Jellonek Technical Editor Konrad Jurkowski Scientific mentoring Dr hab. Jarosław Bodzek, Prof UJ Reviewers Dr hab. Jarosław Bodzek, Prof UJ Dr hab. Arkadiusz Dymowski Dr Dario Calomino Dr Antonino Crisà Dr Witold Garbaczewski Dr Krzysztof Jarzęcki Dr Kamil Kopij Dr Kirylo Myzgin Dr Luis Pons Pujol Proofreading Redacto.pl DTP GroupMedia Project of cover design Szymon Jellonek, photo by Ferenc Simon (Damjanich János Museum, Szolnok) © Copyright by Editors; photo by Ferenc Simon © Copyright by Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University ISBN: 978-83-954337-2-6 Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University 11 Gołębia Street 31-007 Kraków Contents Introduction /7 Anastasia Gkika The Animal Figures on the Coinage of the Greek Cities on the Chalcidic Peninsula /9 Barbara Zając Small Change in the Roman Provincial World. Bronze Denominations in the Province of Asia between 96 and 138 AD /30 Szymon Jellonek Numismatic Competition between Tyre and Sidon under Elagabalus /61 Dragan Milutinović Roman Provincial Coins in Central Europe – a brief update /83 Emmerich Szabo Alternative Uses of Coins in the Late Roman Cemetery of Unterloisdorf/Austria /96 Alessandro Crispino Excavations of Egnazia (Brindisi, Italy). Coins and Monetary Circulation from the 4th to the 6th century AD /109 Merve Toy Silent Witnesses of the Centuries: Selections of Byzantine Coins from Kuşadası, the Kadıkalesi/Anaia Excavation /123 Marco Muresu The Coin as an Archaeological ‘Settlement Marker’ to Reconstruct the Organisation of Byzantine Sardinia (6th-11th century CE) /134 Isaac Martínez Espinosa The Economy in the Septentrional Border /158 Zsolt Dezső Nagy Some New Thoughts on the Polish – Hungarian Coin Circulation in the 16th century /179 Introduction We would like to present ten articles by young researchers from Italy, Greece, Aus- tria, Spain, Turkey, Hungary, and Poland concerning particular aspects of numismatics. The present publication is a summary of the Fifth and Sixth International Numismatic and Economic Conference, Pecunia Omnes Vincit, held at the Emeryk Hutten-Czap- ski Museum and Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland, 18–19 May 2018 and 31 May – 1 June 2019. The articles direct the reader’s attention to various issues involving aspects of numis- matics such as propaganda, coin finds, circulation in certain territories, and denomina- tions. Due to the broadening of the subject of the conference, the publication includes articles dealing with issues related to economics. The subject matter of this publication focuses mostly on aspects of antiquity, the mediaeval and modern ages periods. The first group are articles about propaganda and iconographic motifs on coins. One of the paper examines the animal figures that were depicted on the coins of the Greek colonies of the Chalcidice and briefly analyses the hidden symbolism behind these depiction. The iconographic types projected aspects of the citizens’ identity, their reli- gion, their economic prosperity, the social norms established in their society, while they were also used as a political propaganda. One of the paper concerns the rivalry between Sidon and Tyre under Elagabalus reflected on its coins. An unprecedented amount of iconographic types was introduced at that time. The changes of civic status of both cities determined the selection of iconographic motives, highlighted their colo- nizing achievements. The author of another texts touch the problem of the bronze denominations in Asia province between 96–138 AD. Due to the different weights, sizes and iconographic types of coins, it is not possible to create one single monetary system corresponding to all provincial mints. The best solution is to find common and repetitive tendencies. This indicates the presence of certain traditions in the monetary space, thanks to which perhaps the denominations of bronze coins are not as chaotic as it seems. The other group of texts concern coin finds from various territory. Egnazia was an important municipium along via Traiana. More than 1400 bronze coins (Roman, Byzantine, Ostrogoth, Vandal), and a tremissis of Justinian I, have been found there, which help us to outline the currency in use and to document an intense retail activity. The general analysis of Roman provincial coin finds in east and central Europe is a con- cern of another article. It focuses mainly on statistical and geographical comparisons 8 Pecunia Omnes Vincit of the finds, showing that through their prevalence in central Europe they are less of a peculiarity than previously thought. Another text presents the study of the Byz- antine numismatic findings in Sardinia by the interpretation of coin as a “settlement marker”. The analysis has been focused on the main cases of suburban findings, gener- ally in relation to the five viae of the Iter Sardiniae of the wider Itinerarium Antonini (3rd century AD). Coin finds from the southern coast of Kuşadası/Aydın, Kadıkalesi/ Anaia, which used to be an important harbour castle of the Byzantine Empire with a dominating position to the cost, are analysed in another paper. More than 1000 coins have been found there, mostly belong to the Byzantine Empire period. The coin finds from Austrian province of Burgenland, which was part of the Roman province- Pan- nonia, are discussed as well. The paper examining coin circulation, currency policies, and the economic and migration history of money. The grave coins indicate another importance of money in funeral context. Another subject of the article is Polish-Hungarian coin circulation in the 16th cen- tury. It has hitherto been ignored, but the rising number of the recent finds of Polish coins made the revision of older literature necessary. This paper tries to give an update about the current phase of studies regarding this topic. The subject matter related to the economy in the Middle Ages at the Septentrional Border (La Rioja, Navarra and the Basque Country in Iberian Peninsula) is taken up by another article, thus illustrating an economy based on the agricultural system since the 1st century but from the 7th to the 15th centuries, there were new lucrative business. The main towns and villages had a regional code of laws with new taxes for wine, bread or tolls to cross gates or bridges. Finally, in article, the castles and forts where the Lords and Nobles controlled the administration and the society were analysed as well. The articles presented here constitute careful analysis of various numismatic aspects of the ancient, mediaeval and modern periods. We are certain that these papers offer an opportunity to expand and supplement existing knowledge, as well as to stimu- late discussion and to draw attention to certain issues. We would like to express our gratitude to Dr hab. Jarosław Bodzek, Prof UJ for academic mentoring, as well as to our reviewers, Dr hab. Arkadiusz Dymowski, Dr Dario Calomino, Dr Antonino Crisà, Dr Witold Garbaczewski, Dr Krzysztof Jarzęcki, Dr Kamil Kopij, Dr Kirylo Myzgin and Dr Luis Pons Pujol for substantive correction of individual papers. The Editors Anastasia Gkika International Hellenic University of Thessaloniki [email protected] THE ANIMAL FIGURES ON THE COINAGE OF THE GREEK CITIES ON THE CHALCIDIC PENINSULA Abstract: The city-states that were built on the Chalcidic peninsula by southern Greeks grew very prosperous during the Archaic and Classical periods. This prosperity allowed the states to start a wide monetary production from as early as the mid-6th century BC. The paper examines the animal figures that were depicted on the coins of the Greek colonies of the Chal- cidice and briefly analyses the hidden symbolism behind these depictions; as we shall see, the iconographic types projected aspects of the citizens’ identity, their religion, their eco- nomic prosperity, the social norms established in their society, while they were also used as a political propaganda. Keywords: Animal figures, Chalcidice, Greek colonies The Chalcidic peninsula is located in northern Greece in the region of what we call today Macedonia. In antiquity, northern Greece was a very rich area with diverse geo- morphology, with mountain ranges and wide plateaus, large fertile plains, numerous riv- ers and lakes, as well as a long coastline; in addition, the region offered great abundance of timber and mineral resources.1 Under these favourable conditions, it is not surprising that the area attracted dwellers from the Prehistoric times. Over the years an increasing number of tribes and peoples settled in northern Greece creating a mosaic of diverse cul- tures and “ethnic” groups that coexisted for a long time – certainly not always in a peace- ful manner – until the Macedonian kingdom became the undisputed power, in the mid-4th century BC, and incorporated all independent cities and tribes of the region. Among the people that settled in the area were southern Greeks who discovered a suitable envi- ronment to build new cities that were founded mainly alongshore; the Chalcidic peninsula became a favourite destination for the Greek colonisers. The Greek cities of the Chalcidice met great prosperity and wealth during the th6 and 5th centuries BC, and this wealth is reflected on their coins that were issued from the mid-6th century BC. During the late Archaic and Classical periods, the animal 1 For the rich natural environment and resources of northern Greece see: Kremydi 2011: 159–161; Stefani 2015: 121–122. 10 Pecunia Omnes Vincit figures were in general the predominant iconographic type on coins, which should come as no surprise since the animals played an important and pluralistic role in the agrarian societies of the antiquity. The depicted animals were related to the citizens’ religious beliefs, their mythological and historical background, while they also projected sig- nificant aspects of the city’s socioeconomic context.