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Reflecting on the Theory and Practice of Mosaic Conservation

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Reflecting on the Theory and Practice of Mosaic Conservation Cyan Magenta Yellow Black PART TWO Caring for Mosaics in Museums TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” X H:11” 200L 115g EX Gold East M/A Magenta(S) EX Gold East M/A 115g 200L X H:11” TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” 67 TJ14-3 P067-120 200L CTP.indd 67 3/3/08 11:28:32 AAMM Cyan Magenta Yellow Black TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” X H:11” 200L 115g EX Gold East M/A Magenta(S) EX Gold East M/A 115g 200L X H:11” TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” 68 68 TJ14-3 P067-120 200L CTP.indd 68 3/3/08 11:28:34 AAMM Cyan Magenta Yellow Black Conservation et restauration des mosaïques romaines au Portugal – Quelques exemples dans les collections de musées Maria de Fátima Abraços Résumé : Étant donné qu’il n’existe aucun relevé complet des Distribuição dos fragmentos de mosaïques fi gurant dans les collections des musées du Portugal, mosaico nas colecções de Museus nous avons décidé de procéder à ce travail pour quantifi er et 300 caractériser leur état de conservation. Nous avons choisi de 256 présenter dans ce colloque quelques-unes des mosaïques de la 250 collection de deux musées : le Musée National d’Archéologie, 200 N˚de Museus fondé en 1893, qui, du fait de son ancienneté, abrite le plus 150 114 N˚de Fragmentos grand nombre de mosaïques, et le Musée Régional d’Archéo- 100 logie D. Diogo de Sousa à Braga, créé en 1918 mais ultérieure- 53 50 ment installé dans un nouveau bâtiment dont la construction 19 6 10 0 a débuté en 1991. Norte do Lisboa Sul do Tejo Tejo Abstract: As there exists no complete record of mosaics included in museum collections in Portugal, we decided to undertake the work of quantifying and describing the condition of these mosa- FIGURE 1 Répartition des fragments des mosaïques dans les ics. Th is paper presents a few of the mosaics in the collections of collections des musées. two museums: the National Archaeological Museum, founded in 1893, which, as one of the oldest museums, contains the greatest number of mosaics; and the D. Diogo de Sousa Braga Regional Archaeological Museum, founded in 1918, which has recently proviennent pour la plupart de sites proches de leur zone been moved to a new building whose construction began in 1991. d’influence (fig. 1). Six musées de Lisbonne abritent dans leurs collec- tions des fragments de mosaïques, mais, à lui seul, le Musée Musées portugais possédant des mosaïques dans National d’Archéologie renferme deux cent cinquante frag- leurs collections ments provenant de tout le pays (Abraços 1999), dont vingt et un du nord du pays et cent quatre-vingt-dix-huit de sites Au Portugal, trente-cinq musées possèdent des fragments archéologiques au sud du Tage. Quant aux autres, cinq vien- de mosaïques dans leurs collections, soit quatre cent vingt- nent de sites romains à l’étranger, en Syrie, et vingt-six sont neuf pièces au total. Au nord du Tage, cent quatorze mosaï- de provenance inconnue. Au sud du Tage, dix musées possè- ques font partie des collections de dix-neuf musées, et dent au total cinquante-trois mosaïques. 69 TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” X H:11” 200L 115g EX Gold East M/A Magenta(S) EX Gold East M/A 115g 200L X H:11” TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” 69 TJ14-3 P067-120 200L CTP.indd 69 3/3/08 11:28:34 AAMM Cyan Magenta Yellow Black 70 Lessons Learned: Refl ecting on the Th eory and Practice of Mosaic Conservation Les mosaïques dans les collections de musées : quelques exemples de pratiques de conservation Origem dos mosaics do MNA et restauration 35 30 Musée National d’Archéologie de Lisbonne 25 20 n˚ de sítios Le Musée National d’Archéologie a reçu jusqu’en 1947 des 15 mosaïques provenant de 45 sites de l’actuel territoire portu- 10 gais, dont deux du Conventus Bracaraugustanus, dix de l’aire 5 0 de juridiction du Conventus Scallabitanus et trente-trois de Conventus Conventus Conventus sites sous la juridiction du Conventus Pacensis1(fi g. 2). Bracaraugustanus Scallabitanus Pacensis Les premières tentatives de dépose de mosaïques n’ont pas eu beaucoup de succès, ce qui explique que beaucoup de mosaïques aient en grande partie perdu leur aspect d’origine. FIGURE 2 Provenance des mosaïques du Musée National Au Portugal, on ne pratique que depuis 1947 la dépose des d’Archéologie de Lisbonne (MNA). mosaïques et leur replacement sur un support en ciment, à la suite des contacts de nos professionnels avec l’équipe de restauration de Florence appelée pour procéder à la dépose et cie totale d’environ 54 m2 si elle avait subsisté en totalité. La à la restauration des mosaïques de Torre de Palma. Appliquée surface actuellement conservée (en mars 2005) atteint à peine pour les mosaïques de Conimbriga par une équipe dépendant 47,16 m2. La mosaïque a subi des pertes au cours des diff érentes de la Direction des Édifi ces et Monuments, ainsi que pour interventions de dépose et de restauration. Aujourd’hui, il n’en d’autres mosaïques, cette nouvelle méthode, enseignée par reste que 87 %. de la surface initiale. Elle a été déposée en 1897, l’équipe de Florence et défendue par les restaurateurs euro- puis transférée au Musée National où elle a été dotée d’un sup- péens, s’est cependant révélée négative. C’est pourquoi, dans port de ciment en 1951 pour faire partie de l’exposition perma- les années soixante, nous avons assisté à un changement tech- nente. Au début des années 80, elle a été prélevée et découpée nologique avec l’application de supports légers. Au Portugal, en plusieurs fragments pour être conservée dans la réserve du cette nouvelle technique a commencé à être appliquée à partir musée. Le panneau central, fi guratif, fragmenté en quatre par- des années quatre-vingts sur les mosaïques de la collection du ties, fait partie de l’exposition inaugurée en 2002 sur le thème Musée National. L’expérience a tout d’abord été réalisée sur des « Religions de la Lusitanie ». Les autres panneaux fi gurant les mosaïques de Torre de Palma avec application de la pre- dans la réserve sont en très mauvais état. L’oxydation de la mière méthode au moment de la dépose en 1947, et l’applica- structure de fer à l’intérieur du support de ciment a provoqué tion de la seconde méthode, au moment où, en 1982, en raison sa dilatation et la désagrégation de l’opus tessellatum. du réaménagement du Musée, les mosaïques ont été déposées La mosaïque de Póvoa de Cós, découverte en 1902, a et retirées de leurs supports de ciment. C’est dans l’atelier de été déposée et également placée au Musée national ; elle s’y TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” X H:11” 200L 115g EX Gold East M/A Magenta(S) Conimbriga que la mosaïque des Muses et la mosaïque des trouvait encore lors de sa restauration et de l’installation Chevaux ont été dotées d’un nouveau support léger et réversi- d’un support en ciment armé, au début des années 50. Dans ble. Le fi nancement assuré par l’Institut du Patrimoine a non les années 80, on l’a prélevée et fragmentée en dix-neuf pan- seulement permis d’intervenir sur ces deux mosaïques, mais neaux conservés dans la réserve du musée. Elle est actuelle- aussi de doter de supports légers l’ancienne collection de frag- ment présentée dans l’exposition « Mosaïques romaines dans ments provenant de l’Algarve, de l’Alentejo et de l’étranger les collections du Musée National d’Archéologie », inaugurée (5 fragments de Syrie). le 26 octobre 2005. Restaurée en 2005, elle a été dotée d’un Au Musée National d’Archéologie, nous soulignons l’im- nouveau support plus léger. Après division en quatre plaques, portance de deux mosaïques provenant de sites situés au nord les lacunes et coupures ont été colmatées par des tesselles de du Tage : la mosaïque de Martim Gil2 et celle de Póvoa de Cós3. résine synthétique magnétisées. La mosaïque de Martim Gil, plus connue sous le nom Nous estimons que l’utilisation de tesselles de résine syn- d’Orphée II, est en très mauvais état de conservation. En 2001, thétique pour le comblement des lacunes est peu scientifi que nous avons signalé au directeur du musée l’urgence d’une car cela ne nous semble pas compatible avec les matériaux intervention de sauvetage. La mosaïque aurait une superfi - d’origine. Comme le soutient Claudia Tedeschi, « Il faut repren- 70 TJ14-3 P067-120 200L CTP.indd 70 21/3/08 08:58:35 Cyan Magenta Yellow Black Conservation et restauration des mosaïques romaines au Portugal 71 dre la manualité de la technique muséale, qui aujourd’hui est Parmi les mosaïques de l’Algarve ayant subi une inter- en voie d’extinction et assurer une parfaite compatibilité entre vention en 1988, nous avons choisi un ensemble de 22 frag- les matériaux originaux, en essayant de restituer la lisibilité de ments et avons eff ectué une étude comparative des dimensions l’œuvre ». des mosaïques, avant et après restauration (tableau 1). Le Musée National d’Archéologie conserve aussi dans Nous avons constaté que l’intervention faite au niveau sa collection 59 fragments de mosaïques provenant de l’Al- du support de la mosaïque modifi e les dimensions de l’opus garve, à la suite du relevé eff ectué par à la fi n du XIXe siècle tessellatum.
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