ANCIENT LAMPS THE J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM Ancient Lamps in the J. Paul Getty Museum presents over six hundred lamps made in production centers that were active across the ancient Mediterranean world between 800 B.C. and A.D. 800. Notable for their marvelous variety—from simple clay saucers GETTYIN THE PAUL J. MUSEUM that held just oil and a wick to elaborate figural lighting fixtures in bronze and precious metals— the Getty lamps display a number of unprecedented shapes and decors. Most were made in Roman workshops, which met the ubiquitous need for portable illumination in residences, public spaces, religious sanctuaries, and graves. The omnipresent oil lamp is a font of popular imagery, illustrating myths, nature, and the activities and entertainments of daily life in antiquity. Presenting a largely unpublished collection, this extensive catalogue is ` an invaluable resource for specialists in lychnology, art history, and archaeology. Front cover: Detail of cat. 86 BUSSIÈRE AND LINDROS WOHL Back cover: Cat. 155 Jean Bussière was an associate researcher with UPR 217 CNRS, Antiquités africaines and was also from getty publications associated with UMR 140-390 CNRS Lattes, Ancient Terracottas from South Italy and Sicily University of Montpellier. His publications include in the J. Paul Getty Museum Lampes antiques d'Algérie and Lampes antiques de Maria Lucia Ferruzza Roman Mosaics in the J. Paul Getty Museum Méditerranée: La collection Rivel, in collaboration Alexis Belis with Jean-Claude Rivel. Birgitta Lindros Wohl is professor emeritus of Art History and Classics at California State University, Northridge. Her excavations include sites in her native Sweden as well as Italy and Greece, the latter at Isthmia, where she is still active. She has published widely on ancient subjects and lectures internationally; ANCIENT LAMPS she serves on the boards of ILA and the Cyprus American Archaeological Institute. in the j. paul getty museum Jean Bussière and Birgitta Lindros Wohl Printed in the USA ANCIENT LAMPS in the j. paul getty museum The J. Paul Getty Museum Los Angeles ANCIENT LAMPS In the J. Paul Getty Museum Jean Bussière and Birgitta Lindros Wohl The free online edition of this catalogue, available at http://www.getty.edu/publications/ancientlamps, includes zoomable high-resolution photography, multiple object views, and an interactive map. Also available are free PDF, EPUB, and MOBI downloads of the book, CSV and JSON downloads of the object data from the catalogue, and JPG downloads of the main catalogue images. © 2017 J. Paul Getty Trust This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042. First edition, 2017 Last updated, November 21, 2018 https://www.github.com/gettypubs/ancientlamps Published by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles Getty Publications 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 500 Los Angeles, California 90049-1682 www.getty.edu/publications Benedicte Gilman, Project Editor Rachel Barth, Assistant Editor Greg Albers, Project Manager Eric Gardner, Designer and Developer Elizabeth Chapin Kahn, Production Gail Acosta and Nick Geller, Digital Assistants Claire L. Lyons, Curatorial Liaison Distributed in the United States and Canada by the University of Chicago Press Distributed outside the United States and Canada by Yale University Press, London Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: J. Paul Getty Museum, author, issuing body. | Bussière, J. (Jean), author. | Wohl, Birgitta, 1934- author. Title: Ancient lamps in the J. Paul Getty Museum / Jean Bussière, Birgitta Lindros Wohl. Description: First edition. | Los Angeles : J. Paul Getty Museum, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016037209 (print) | LCCN 2016038887 (ebook) | ISBN 9781606065136 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781606065143 (epub) | ISBN 9781606065150 (online) Subjects: LCSH: Lamps, Ancient—Mediterranean Region—Catalogs. | J. Paul Getty Museum—Catalogs. | Mediterranean Region—Antiquities—Catalogs. | Lamps—California—Los Angeles—Catalogs. Classification: LCC NK4680 .J2 2017 (print) | LCC NK4680 (ebook) | DDC 749/.63—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016037209 Front cover: Cat. 86 Back cover: Cat. 155 Pages iii–iv: Cats. 626a, 626b Page 3: Detail of cat. 120 Page 472: Detail of cat. 384 Drawing by D. M. Bailey, from Bailey BM III, fig. 162: fig. 4 Drawing by Jean Bussière, from Bussière 2000, figs. 44 and 44 bis, by permission of Éditions Monique Mergoil: fig. 3 Drawings by Randy Miyake, Hespenheide Design, © J. Paul Getty Trust: stamps for cats. 45, 66, 67, 192, 222, 255, 369, 370, 371, 386, 476, 502, 523 Drawings by Jean-Claude Rivel: stamps for cats. 39, 70, 94, 104, 137, 166, 175, 176, 188, 191, 200, 219, 228, 231, 236, 243, 254, 258, 283, 286, 289, 291, 294, 297, 315, 342, 364, 365, 367, 372, 373, 374, 377, 378, 387, 389, 391, 392, 394, 395, 398, 421, 440, 500, 501, 517, 535, 543, 545, 549, 551, 572, 600; figs. 1, 2 Contents Director’s Foreword . vi Acknowledgments . vii Abbreviations and Notes to Readers . viii Introduction . 1 Catalogue Typological Classification . 4 I. Phoenico-Punic Clay Saucer Lamps . 8 II. Greek and Hellenistic Clay Lamps . 10 III. Roman-Period Clay Lamps. 57 IV. Metal Lamps . 452 Indices Index of Iconography . 466 Index of Signatures and Inscriptions . 470 Index of Donors and Vendors . 476 Index of Place Names . 478 Concordance of Identification Numbers. 480 Bibliography . 492 About the Authors . 511 Director’s Foreword As far back as prehistoric times, dwellings have yielded simple stone critical to the identification of our lamps from North Africa, Asia containers that held fuel and a floating wick. With the growing Minor, and other production centers, did not live to see his complexity of the built environment, a great variety of lighting contribution published. We are therefore all the more grateful to implements, from clay saucers and shell bowls to precious-metal Birgitta Lindros Wohl, a longtime friend of the Getty Villa, who vessels, are found in Near Eastern and Aegean sites during the Bronze undertook the task of researching the Greek and metal lamps, and of Age. Over time, lamps became both more technologically sophisticated overseeing the final editorial stages. Our thanks are due also to the and, by the Hellenistic period, more elaborately decorated with Getty Museum’s curators of Antiquities, notably Claire Lyons, as well figurative and other iconographies, as was appropriate to their as the departments of Antiquities Conservation and Imaging Services, widespread use in homes, markets, temples, palaces, burials, and and to Getty Publications for realizing the authors’ comprehensive sanctuaries. This trend reached its apogee during the Roman imperial typological study so successfully as an online resource. Available in period, from which derives the bulk of the Getty Museum’s collection, digital and print formats, Ancient Lamps in the J. Paul Getty Museum published here for the first time. promises to be a valuable sourcebook for students and specialists in Oil lamps reveal more about life in antiquity than their practical lychnology, archaeology, and social life in classical antiquity. function as illumination devices may suggest. Like pottery and coins, Timothy Potts their typological development has been documented to the degree that Director excavated finds give archaeologists a reliable tool for dating. The J. Paul Getty Museum Manufacturers frequently marked their products with signatures and stamps, allowing the trade from factory to customer to be mapped over considerable distances. Although usually classed as a mundane instrumentum domesticum, portable sources of light were essential fixtures in commercial districts and architectural interiors. When suspended from brackets and candelabra, a lamp’s flame produced an animated chiaroscuro effect on sculptures, wall paintings, textiles, and furnishings. Such intimate ambiances led some ancient authors to personify lamps as confidants of their owners’ private moments. Their placement in sanctuaries and graves emphasizes the role of divine radiance in ceremonies involving fire and light. Most of the Getty’s lamps were acquired from Hans-Klaus Schüller, a connoisseur with a sharp eye for regional variants and unusual imagery. Heading the series, which ranges from around 800 B.C. to A.D. 800, is a bronze lamp common in Nuragic sites in Sardinia. Taking the form of a boat, it is emblematic of the seaborne metal trade that connected eastern and western Mediterranean cultures. Greek wheel- made types with an open oil reservoir were eventually eclipsed by molded lamps with relief designs on the now-covered basin. A majority of our lamps have a decorated discus and come from prolific Roman imperial workshops, which met the ubiquitous demand for lighting. In the late Roman and Byzantine eras, Judeo-Christian symbols and inscriptions give tangible signs of the spread of new religious beliefs. Several early Islamic examples witness the longevity of a traditional form, which continued to be made in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt between the seventh and eleventh centuries. Notable for their great diversity, the lamps catalogued here depict nearly three hundred distinct iconographic motifs, reflecting changing fashions and a rich repertoire of images drawn from mythology and religion, the occupations