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Aizanitis Bölgesi Mezar Taşlari T.C PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERİSTESİ ARKEOLOJİ ENSTİTÜSÜ Doktora Tezi Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı Arkeoloji Doktora Programı AİZANİTİS BÖLGESİ MEZAR TAŞLARI Zerrin ERDİNÇ Danışman Prof. Dr. Elif ÖZER 2020 DENİZLİ DOKTORA TEZİ ONAY FORMU Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Programı öğrencisi Zerrin ERDİNÇ tarafından Prof. Dr. Elif ÖZER yönetiminde hazırlanan “Aizanitis Bölgesi Mezar Taşları” başlıklı tez aşağıdaki jüri üyeleri tarafından 24.02.2020 tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavında başarılı bulunmuş ve Doktora Tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Jüri Başkanı-Danışman Prof. Dr. Elif ÖZER Jüri Jüri Prof. Dr. Celal Şimşek Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Sabri ALANYALI Jüri Jüri Prof. Dr. Bilal SÖĞÜT Prof. Dr. Ertekin Doksanaltı Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulu’nun …………..tarih ve ………….. sayılı kararıyla onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Celal ŞİMŞEK Enstitü Müdürü Bu tezin tasarımı, hazırlanması, yürütülmesi, araştırmalarının yapılması ve bulgularının analizlerinde bilimsel etiğe ve akademik kurallara özenle riayet edildiğini; bu çalışmanın doğrudan birincil ürünü olmayan bulguların, verilerin ve materyallerin bilimsel etiğe uygun olarak kaynak gösterildiğini ve alıntı yapılan çalışmalara atıfta bulunulduğunu beyan ederim. İmza Zerrin ERDİNÇ ÖNSÖZ Aizanoi Phrygia Bölgesi’nin en önemli kentlerinden birisidir. Hellenistik ve Roma dönemlerinde stratejik konumu ve Zeus Tapınağı ile bölgenin kilit noktası haline gelmiştir. Özellikle Roma Dönemi’nde Aizanoi territoryumuna verilen isim olan Aizanitis Bölgesi çevresindeki kentlerden daha önemli bir konumda yer almış, Meter Steunene kutsal alanı ve Zeus tapınağı ile çevre kentlerin de dini merkezi haline gelmiştir. 2016 yılından bu yana bu güzel kentte arkeolojiye emek veren bu harika ekibe dâhil olduğum için kendimi çok şanslı saymaktayım. Bana bu şansı veren ve inanarak bana bu malzemeyi emanet eden saygıdeğer hocam Prof. Dr. Elif Özer’e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Bu tez konusu beni her zaman ilk günkü gibi heyecanlandırdı. Onun yol göstericiliği ve desteği olmasaydı bu tez ortaya çıkamazdı. Doktora tez izleme jürilerim sırasında yoğun işlerinin arasında bana zaman ayıran ve değerli bilgilerini benimle paylaşan hocalarım Prof. Dr. Ertekin Doksanaltı ve Prof. Dr. Celal Şimşek’e, teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ders dönemimde beni destekleyen ve tez çalışmamda yol göstericiliğinden faydalandığım, görev yapmakta olduğum Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Bölüm Başkanı Prof. Dr. A. Nejat Bilgen’e, meslektaşlarım ve arkadaşlarım Arş. Gör. F. Çağım Özcan ve Arş. Gör. Semra Kaygısız’a anlayışları ve destekleri için teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Benimle Aizanitis’in köylerinde, dağlarında dolaşıp mezar steli arayan, benimle birlikte bu tezin heyecanını yaşayan, grekçe çevirileriyle yardımını esirgemeyen, yol arkadaşım Arş. Gör. Dr. Ahmet Türkan’a ve Aizanoi Mezar Corpusu ekibine emek vermiş tüm arkeolog ve öğrencilere, teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Hayatım boyunca gösterdikleri sonsuz sevgi ve güveni hep arkamda hissettim. Her anımda olduğu gibi doktora ve tez yazım sürecinde hep ama hep yanımda, kalbimde olan canım ailem, bütün dünyam, babam Emin Kuzu, annem Ayten Kuzu, Abim Murat Kuzu ve ailesine, eşim Erçin Erdinç’e ve Erdinç Ailesi’ne… Canımın Can’ı bir tanecik tatlı oğluma… Gelişini sabırsızlıkla beklediğim küçük kızıma… Hala elimi hiç bırakmayan, en iyi arkadaşım, yol göstericim, ablam Berrin Kuzu’ya… Mutluluklarımda ve üzüntülerimde varlığını hala hissediyorum… Tüm kalbimle… Özlemle… Beni ben yaptığın için teşekkür ediyorum. Şimdi, bu çalışmanın sonunda bir kez daha görüyorum ki ölüm asla unutulmak olmamış. i ÖZET AİZANİTİS BÖLGESİ MEZAR TAŞLARI Erdinç Zerrin Doktora Tezi Klasik Arkeoloji ABD Doktora Programı Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Elif Özer Şubat 2020, 458 Sayfa Aizanitis Bölgesi olarak adlandırılan Aizanoi kenti territoryumu mezar taşları açısından zengin veriler barındırmaktadır. Ancak daha önceki yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar hem bölgenin kapsadığı alan hem de mezar steli tipolojisi açısından boşluklar barındırmaktadır. Bu nedenle malzemenin toplu olarak değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. MÖ 2.yy.dan itibaren Aizanitis Bölgesinde görülen mezar stelleri dikdörtgen gövdeli ve üçgen alınlıklıdır. Ancak MS 1.yy.ın ikinci yarısından itibaren ortaya çıkan kapı biçimli mezar stelleri bölge için karakteristik özellikler barındırmaktadır. Genellikle dört panele ayrılmış kapılarda sol üst kapı panelinde çiçek, sağ üst panelde kilit ve alt panellerde baklava dilimi içinde kapı tokmağı şeması Aizanitis Bölgesi için karakteristiktir. MS 2.yy.ın ilk çeyreğinden sonra kentin ekonomik olarak en güçlü zamanlarını yaşadığı dönemde ortaya çıkan Suriye tipi alınlıklı mezar stelleri ile beraber steller üzerinde gördüğümüz bezeme unsurları zenginleşmiştir. Genel olarak mezar stelleri üzerindeki süslemeler kişinin yaşarken ki onurlu hayatı ve öldükten sonra nasıl hatırlanmak istediği ile ilgilidir. Erkek mezar stelleri üzerinde gördüğümüz aslanlar ve kartallar Aizanoi’da bulunan Meter Stuenene kutsal alanı ve Zeus Tapınağı ile alakalı olmasının yanı sıra güç sembolleridir. Kadına dair olarak karşımıza çıkan ayna, tarak ve kalathos gibi objeler ise kadının günlük yaşantısına işaret etmesinin yanında ailesine sadık, onurlu bir yaşam sürdüğünün simgesidir. Eşler ve diğer aile bireyleri için yapılmış çift veya daha fazla sayıda mezar steli geleneği Aizanitis Bölgesi’nde çevre kentlere göre daha fazla rastlanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte gelen Suriye tipi alınlıklarda bir tarafta avlanan erkek aslan ve diğer alınlıkta beslenen dişi aslan kombinasyonu Aizanitis Bölgesi’ne özgü en önemli bezeme öğesidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Aizanoi, Bezeme, Stel, Tipoloji. ii ABSTRACT GRAVESTONES OF AIZANITIS REGION Erdinç Zerrin Doctoral Thesis Classical Archaeology Department Doktora Programme Adviser of Thesis: Prof. Dr. Elif Özer February 2020, 458 Pages The territory of the city of Aizanoi, called the Aizanitis Region, contains rich data in terms of gravestones. However, the studies carried out in previous years contain gaps both in terms of the area covered and the typology of the grave stele. Therefore, the material needs to be evaluated collectively. The grave steles seen in the Aizanitis Region since the 2nd century BC have a rectangular body and a triangular pediment. However, the door-shaped grave steles that emerged from the second half of the 1st century AD have characteristic features for the region. Typically, for doors divided into four panels, the flower on the upper left panel, the lock on the upper right panel, and the knocker lozenge scheme on the lower panels are characteristic for the Aizanitis. After the first quarter of the 2nd century AD, the Syrian-type pediment tomb steles that emerged during the period when the city experienced the strongest economic times, and the decoration elements that we saw on the steles were enriched. In general, the decorations on the grave steles are related to the dignified life of the person living and how he wants to be remembered after his death. The lions and eagles we see on male tomb steles are related to the Sanctuary of Meter Steunene in Aizanoi and the Temple of Zeus, as well as symbols of power. The objects such as mirrors, combs and kalathos that we encounter in relation to women are a symbol of a loyal and honorable life as well as pointing to the daily life of the woman. Couple or more grave stele traditions for spouses and other family members are more common in the Aizanitis Region than in neighboring cities. However, the combination of male lion hunted on one side and female lion fed on the other pediment in the Syrian type pediments is the most important decoration element of the Aizanitis Region. Keywords: Aizanoi, Decortion, Stele, Typology. iii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ…………………………………………………………………………... i ÖZET.......................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT................................................................................. ............... iii İÇİNDEKİLER............................................................................................ xi GİRİŞ......................................................................................................... 1 Amaç, Kapsam, Yöntem BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM AİZANİTİS BÖLGESİ VE ÇEVRESİNİN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI VE YAPILAN ARAŞTIRMALAR 6 1.1. Tarihi Coğrafyası ……....................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Antik Kaynaklar.................................................................................................................. 25 1.3. Araştırma Tarihçesi............................................................................................................... 30 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM AİZANİTİS BÖLGESİ MEZAR STELLERİ 41 2.1. Mezar Stellerinin Bölgedeki Yayılımı............................................................................... 42 2.2. Tipolojik Problemler........................................................................................................... 46 2.3. Mezar Stellerinin Tipolojisi.................................................................................................. 63 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM MEZAR STELLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ BEZEMELER 84 3.1.İnsan Figürleri...................................................................................................................... 88 3.1.l. El .................................................................................................................................... 89 3.1.2. Kadınlar........................................................................................................................
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