TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 8(1) October 2016

TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Volume 9(2), April 2018

M. DIEN MADJID & JOHAN WAHYUDI Local Resistance in Kerinci in the 20th Century: Depati Parbo and the People’s Struggle Against the Power of the (A Study of Archives and Oral History)

ABSTRACT: Kerinci is one of the regencies in province, Sumatera island, . This region has a number of past stories that have not been widely known, especially from outside the region. This historical story still lives in the nuances of locality that spread in a certain area. Local history tales are often underestimated, as they are considered unimportant to be discussed by people from other regions. Beyond that, local history has the potential to correct, alter or add to the familiar historical discourse. One of Kerinci’s local history themes is the story of Depati Parbo’s struggle against Dutch colonialists in the early twentieth century. The Dutch had made Kerinci as the target mastery for a long time. The White people were tempted by the many advantages gained from this effort, such as the mastery over the salt lane, the variety of valuable forest products, and the clearing of plantations. The effort was responded with the defense of Kerinci people raised by the leaders of Kerinci society, including Depati Parbo. This © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West , Indonesia i study uses a social history approach, which photographs social solidarity that grows dueISSN to 2085-0980 a cause.and Thewww .mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh findings show that the emergence of heroism in the body of Kerinci society is caused by the threat that was spread by the Dutch East Indies troops, who wanted to establish influence there. The sources used are the Dutch East Indies colonial’s archives and the oral sources obtained from local sources. Based on these two sources, the attempt to reconstruct the history in the colonial era in Kerinci hopefully can be accomplished. KEY WORDS: People’s Resistance; Dutch Colonization; Economics and Social Solidarity; Kerinci’s Local History.

INTRODUCTION were involved in a number of interactions By the twentieth century, the Dutch with the local rulers that led to the effort East Indies government was increasingly of the White People’s government to instill persistent in controlling the territories in the power within the local rule. There were Indonesian archipelago or Nusantara. They diverse responses toward this agenda.

About the Authors: Prof. Dr. M. Dien Madjid is a Professor of History at the UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatullah , Jalan Tarumanegara No.17-B, Pisangan, Ciputat Timur, Ciputat, Tangerang Selatan, , Indonesia. Johan Wahyudi, M.Hum. is a Lecturer and Historian at the STAI (College of Islamic Religion) Al-Aqidah al-Hasyimiyyah Jakarta, Jalan Kayumanis Barat No.99, Matraman, Kayu Manis, Jakarta Timur, Jakarta, Indonesia. Corresponding authors: [email protected] and [email protected] Suggested Citation: Madjid, M. Dien & Johan Wahyudi. LOCAL RESISTANCE IN KERINCI IN THE 20TH CENTURY: Depati Parbo and the People’s Struggle Against the Power of the Dutch East Indies (A Study of Archives and Oral History)” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Volume 9(2), April,(2018). pp.137-150. “ Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI, ISSN 2085-0980. Article Timeline: Accepted (January 15, 2018); Revised (March 24, 2018); and Published (April 30, 2018).

© 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, , Indonesia 137 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh M. DIEN MADJID & JOHAN WAHYUDI, Local Resistance in Kerinci in the 20th Century

Some of the local authorities were involved some ports in northern Java. The government in the resistance, because of considering of Batavia got this opportunity, because of that the Dutch treatment was a dangerous helping the King of Mataram to dispel the colonization; while others felt helped, turmoil of rebellion in several areas in Central because the presence of Dutch East Indies and Eastern Java (Carey, 1997; Ricklefs, 2001; troops could dampen the civil rivalry in the and Moertono, 2009:95-123). These ports palace. Consequently, if one party should (bandar) were soon connected to Batavia as win, then, they must be willing to follow the center of Dutch power and other ports the Company or Dutch East Indies’ requests in the Indonesian archipelago. The colony (Schelander, 2000; Taylor, 2003; Vickers, in Batavia gradually grew in tandem with 2005; and Bosma & Raben, 2008). colonies in other regions, such as: The government of the Dutch East (Atsushi, 2010:127-142; and Klaveren, Indies underwent war by war breathlessly. 2013:47-58); Bangka (Madjid, 2017a:33-48 Throughout the nineteenth century, a number and 2017b:50-70); and other areas (Ricklefs, of people’s resistance that narrowed the 2001; Taylor, 2003; and Vickers, 2005). Dutch foreign exchange reserves exploded. After a short period of British rule The Java War, 1825-1830 (Carey, 2008; (1811-1816), the Dutch returned with a and Gomperts, 2008:312-314) and Aceh new colonization format. They began to War, 1873-1913 (Veer, 1985; and Missbach, glance at the control of land as the ideal to 2010:39-62), for example, were two of the establish a sovereign overseas colony. The many local wars that the Dutch East Indies attempt to break the people’s resistance government regretted. The consequence of was accompanied by instilling of power both wars was that many losses were gained, administratively and placement of the such as the depletion of military personnel, community leaders as a second-class group the threat of scarcity of the state treasury, and after the Europeans. From the coast, they worry of the widespread of dissatisfaction looked and tried their luck to the inland areas, with their position (Moor, 1989; Carey, 2008; as when the Dutch had mastered Mukomuko, and Missbach, 2010). the coastal area of Bencoleen or In this era, the Dutch East Indies had (Naidu, 2016:12-57), they continued their also changed its political provisions. The attempt to master Kerinci in Sumatera (Gin Company was more active in controlling ed., 2004; Meng, 2006; and Vlekke, 2008). Prior to the Dutch arrival, Kerinci had been Previously, the relationship with local rulers one of the sovereign territories. It had never wasthe land only and bilateral instilling in nature its political without influence. requiring met the political interests of Europeans. The any tenure of land. This was a model inhabitants of Kerinci depended on forest that the Dutch had maintained since the products and the products from Lake of seventeenth century. When the Cornelis de Kerinci. This region was a blend of unique Houtman’s entourage came to the Indonesian landscapes. Kerinci residents have lived on archipelago (Nusantara), their only aim was the edge of Lake, but also not far from Mount to get spices without wanting to control the of Kerinci, one of the highest mountains on land beyond the ocean. Until when their the island of Sumatera. To reach this area, proud merchant venture, the VOC (Vereenigde people from the coast or from outside the Oost-Indische Compagnie) fell by the end of Kerinci region must travel a long and tiring the 18th century, the Dutch still regarded local journey through the steep hills and divide the wilderness (Meng, 2006; Giyarto, 2008; and Ter Keurs, 2011:165-182). Yusri, 2016; and interview with Respondent rulersCounted as profitable since the partners 18th century, (Gin ed., the 2004;Dutch A, 6/8/2017). Lake of Kerinci is an important center of Indonesian archipelago. Not only did they get local economy and migration. For a long time, spices,had got or a lotcommodities of financial from benefits other in Eastern the Kerinci people have used this waterway as countries, but also obtained the right to use a means of transportation. Fish in the lake

138 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Volume 9(2), April 2018 have been also used to meet the needs of endemic and noble artistic endeavor. The families there. Kampung Rawang is an area known for its bamboo raft craft. This village foliage motifs. The sculpture is painted with is traversed by a river connected to Lake of amosques vibrant arecolor well of green,carved red, using white, floral black, and Kerinci as its estuary. On the river side, there and brown. The old mosque’s construction in are grown bamboo plants which people in Kerinci is different from that found in other the surrounding process into a variety of areas of West Sumatera or Jambi (Watson, crafts, including a raft (Giyarto, 2008; and 1992; Elviandri, 2012; and Ernanda, 2017). Syaepudin, 2017). Leadership in Kerinci consists of several The inhabitants of Kerinci are also known federation areas, namely: Tiga Helai Kain as diligent farmers. They use agricultural (Three Pieces of Cloth) in South Kerinci and tools that are still simple, such as a small Delapan Helai Kain (Eight Pieces of Cloth) in javelin used to cut wood or to dig the soil North Kerinci. These areas are divided into to be planted with grain. After the harvest several mendapo (village level) and dusun comes, they will market their plantation (sub-village), each led by a Depati. Each Depati products independently in the markets in Kerinci governs his territory independently. around Kerinci. The clearance of forest later If there is a large-scale problem, they will hold made into plantations has been done, but deliberation and implement the consensus, not yet to meet the needs of production. Migration of residents from outside Kerinci Indies troops (Zakaria, 1984; Watson, 1992; has also happened. The migrants usually andsuch Syaputra, as when fighting2015). against the Dutch East choose settlements inland, such as behind In an oral source, it is mentioned that a hill. There they build a new village, which the power of a Depati is like the words of in the local slang is called talang (gutter), memenggal putus (cutting off), memakan such as Kampung Talang Kemuning located habis (consuming), and membunuh mati behind a hill that borders Kampung Lolo (killing). In the midst of society, Depati (local located on the edge of the main connecting leader) has the authority to decide a case. road (Watson, 1992; Elviandri, 2012; and In leading his territory, Depati is assisted interview with Respondent B, 6/8/2017). by four social groups, namely: kaum adat The society of Kerinci are known as devout (indigenous people), ulema, intellectuals, Muslims. They make Islam as one of the most and youth. Although Depati’s power is important elements of the formation of values ​​ acknowledged independently, not all Depatis and culture. Islamic teachings combine with have the prosperity that relies on an agreed the local custom of Kerinci; therefore, they mutual funding, like tribute from society to its form distinctive cultural products, values, ​​and leader. There are some Depatis who meet the Islamic expressions (Sunliensyar, 2016b:107- needs of their life by farming, like residents in general. Depati Parbo, a leader of Kampung feast (kenduri), which is a celebration of the Lolo Kecil, is one of them. During his lifetime, favors128). This obtained is reflected by a resident when they of Kerinci. hold a In he was known as a farmer who sold his own the commemoration of the event, they insert garden products in the market (Watson, 1978 Islamic nuances, such as the existence of a and 1992; Bonatz et al., 2009; and interview common prayer. This is one of the traditions with Respondent B, 6/8/2017). that has long been performed by the people of The Kerinci society recognizes a Kerinci (Watson, 1992; Elviandri, 2012; and philosophy of common prosperity that is Interview with Respondent C, 6/8/2017). summarized in the phrase of parit bersudut Although living in the inland, it does empat (four-pointed ditches). This term not make the art insight of Kerinci people refers to the territory of a dusun (sub-village), becomes shackled. Through the architecture whose government has internal and external of the old mosque in Kampung Koto Tengah sovereignty. The land or area occupied by and another old mosque in , we can judge that Kerinci people have an property (tanah negeri) of the people who the “four-pointed ditches” is the common

© 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 139 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh M. DIEN MADJID & JOHAN WAHYUDI, Local Resistance in Kerinci in the 20th Century inhabit the sub-village. This land is free to deity), then, cut a piece of cloth given as a use by local people, but not allowed to be gift above into seven pieces, each was given pawned or sold (Dasiba et al., 2004:9-11). to the rulers of his subordinates. It is this From here, it is known that the people of division of cloth that inspired the naming of Kerinci adhere to a closed social system, i.e. the Tiga Helai Kain (Three Pieces of Cloth) as can as possible their descendants, children, and Delapan Helai Kain (Eight Pieces of Cloth), and grandchildren do not live far apart from as previously described. Each of the leaders their parents (Watson, 1992; Sager, 2008; and in the federation was allowed to collect taxes Bonatz et al., 2009). from the society. This tribute collection was The negeri (villages – now is called overseen by Pangeran Puspo Ali, a descendant regency) of Kerinci in the nineteenth century of the Jambi nobility (Meng, 2006; Syaputra, were the federal negeris under the authority 2015; and Madjid, 2017b:14-15). of the Jambi Sultanate. The location between Kerinci society adheres to a closed Kerinci and Jambi was too far, in which marriage system. In Kerinci custom, a Kerinci Kerinci was at the western end and Jambi tribe is required to marry a fellow Kerinci. was at the eastern end of island. Inter-tribal marriage is a lot happening Therefore, if traveling on land, it was then like currently, but not to interfere with the splitting this island. However, it did not make originality of custom that has been running obedience and compliance of Kerinci people for a long time. Unity in marriage, for Kerinci to Sultan of Jambi faded (Watson, 1992; and people, is interpreted not only as a form of Sunliensyar, 2016a). religious ritual carried out by two families The relationship of Kerinci and Jambi can that may have originated from different be examined from a story of the arrival of a village, but also partly as a form of carrying messenger of Jambi to Kerinci. Unfortunately, out a tradition that has been preserved there is no year number that can be used from generation to generation (Watson, as information about it. It is told that one 1992; Situmorang, 2011; and interview with day, a messenger of Jambi came to some Respondent C, 6/8/2017). villages in Kerinci, like Temiai, Pulau Sangkar, The second tribe that has a large Pengasi, and Tanah Hiyang. The purpose of population after the people of Kerinci is the his arrival was to convey souvenirs from the Minangkabau tribe. Sultan of Jambi in addition to meeting with have long lived and done their activities in leaders in each region. The souvenirs were Kerinci area. Until now, they still maintain the exquisite cloth, golden ornaments horn, and customs of their village of origin, one of them gold scissors provided by Sultan of Jambi as is seen from the use of evidence that Kerinci and Jambi were good daily. The use of Minangkabau language in friends (Watson, 1992; Sager, 2008; Bonatz et one of the crowded spots of Kerinci, as in al., 2009; and Sunliensyar, 2016a). Sungai Penuh, is no longer regarded as the The messenger also said that the Sultan language outside Kerinci, but it is part of the of Jambi deigned to take control of Depati peculiarities of the language in Kerinci itself. position in Kerinci that can be passed down It can not be separated from Kerinci location from generation to generation. Nevertheless, which is the neighbor of Minangkabau Kerinci was not a Jambi subordinate in full. people’s villages (negeri) of origin, such as The Depatis of Kerinci were only required to Alahan Panjang and Solok (Watson, 1992; pay the tribute to the King of f 130 per dusun, Naim et al., 2002; and Drakard, 2004). during the appointment of the new Sultan The access to Kerinci from the north in Jambi. The tradition of paying this tribute passes through these two areas. Minangkabau continued until the coronation of the last people in Kerinci itself consider that King of Jambi, namely Sultan Thaha Saifuddin, Kerinci is not their wandering area, i.e. the 1855-1858 (Watson, 1992; Sunliensyar, area that was originally considered not 2016a; and Madjid, 2017b). the place of origin of Minagkabau people. The ruler of the land of Hiyang (Hindu This region is also the village of origin of

140 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Volume 9(2), April 2018 some Minangkabau people. In Kerinci, against the entry of Dutch East Indies Minangkabau people are known as tenacious troops set foot on the ground of Kerinci, sectors. In fact, a man who was hailed as a therecolonial’s had influence.been an event Before of thethe murderEuropean of historianworkers in and the a fieldhumanist of commerce of Kerinci, and named service Dutch’s messengers from Mukomuko named Iskandar Zakaria, still has the Minangkabau Imam Mersa and Pemangku Somah (Madjid, blood on his body (Drakard, 2004; and 2017b:53-58). The death of both was an interview with Respondent D, 5/8/2017). expression of the dislike of the Kerinci people in relation to all forms of ways undertaken by METHOD AND THEORY the Dutch East Indies government. Although This article is a follow-up output of the Dutch used ambassadors from Malay research revealing the story of Depati Parbo’s people, who were actually native, but it struggle from a social history point of view. did not make suspicions of Kerinci people There are several steps taken to arrive at a receded: not giving an opportunity, they local historical study based on sociological immediately acted to restrict Dutch efforts analysis to reveal a social historical to broaden the way for power to Kerinci phenomenon (Flyvbjerg, 2006; Berg, 2007; (Madjid, 2017b; and Wahyudi, 2017). Ogburn, 2007; and Sjamsuddin, 2007). The growth of social solidarity that has First, to know the whole episodes related been ingrained in the minds of the people to a theme based on someone’s persona in an of Kerinci can be examined also from their event or event itself. In some cases, this action sympathy to the war against the Dutch East is included in the pre-eliminary research. Indies troops that occurred in some areas Second, to explore relevant sources, from in Jambi. The Sultanate of Jambi under the literal sources as well as oral sources. Third, leadership of Sultan Thaha Syaifuddin was to connect the story of a small history (micro history) with a great history (macro history). They formed networking in several areas of If authoritative event-sequences based on Jambifiercely to keen jointly on rise opposing up against colonial the powers.Kompeni authentic source have been obtained, then (the Dutch military), such as in Tebo and analyzes by using various social science Merangin areas. Kerinci is part of the chain of points of view can be made. Jambi people’s struggle (Wahyudi, 2017; and Social history is one of the most widely interview with Respondent E, 3/7/2014). used approaches to photograph other themes The sociologists interpret social solidarity of a historical phenomenon. Through the in an ingrained terminology. In the research, spectrum of sociology, it is expected that the authors are interested in using the historians gain a broader perspective rather explanation of social solidarity initiated than still struggle in the classical approach by Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist. of historical studies, such as the rise and According to Emile Durkheim (2014), in fall of a civilization, advances initiated by a every society, it grew a social solidarity head of state that is generally oriented to the that emerged from the commonality of the profession, i.e. as a working entity (Durkheim, or coup, or about the depictions surrounding 2014). This phenomenon arises by itself, not thepolitical life of field, political such intrigue as power, within victory the of palace. war necessarily preceded by events or certain These themes do not mean unworthy or events. The similarity and cohesiveness in the unimportant to talk, but it is like to assert society by itself gave birth to integration. The that history is concerned in politics an sich similarities in deeds and minds have actually without being allowed to turn to other wider existed for a long time (Durkheim, 2014:51- and more complex areas (Kartodirdjo, 1982; 52; and Subrt, 2017). Ogburn, 2007; and Sjamsuddin, 2007). Entity of workers meant by Emile On this occasion, the authors use the Durkheim (2014), if it is associated with the phenomena of social solidarity contained in society of Kerinci, of course, is the uniform the form of resistance of Kerinci residents pattern of everyday life passed by a group

© 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 141 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh M. DIEN MADJID & JOHAN WAHYUDI, Local Resistance in Kerinci in the 20th Century of human. This pattern of life can be interpreted as a homogeneous daily life in a certain sense. For example, people on the edge of Kerinci Lake, such as in Pulau Tengah and Tanjung Pauh, mostly depend on their life from the products from the Lake, such as lured or kept in a cage. For the inhabitantsfish catches, of whether Kerinci theywho areinhabit hilly areas in Pengasi and Lolo, their livelihoods are gardening or looking for forest products. The similarity of daily activities makes the relationship among people closer. Added to the similarity of customs, traditions, and religions, Picture 1: then social solidarity becomes (Source: KITLV Media Online, owned by Authors) a necessity (cf Durkheim, 2014; “A Path to Sungai Penuh with Backdrop of the Lake of Kerinci in 1900” Subrt, 2017; and Wahyudi, 2017). the ground to intercept Dutch troops coming One of the obvious episodes of social from Ranah Menjunto (Madjid, 2017b; and solidarity is when a number of villages in Wahyudi, 2017). See picture 1. Kerinci decided to oppose the presence of Although the chosen theme still revolves the Dutch power. The party who initiated this around the political issue, i.e. the intersection war is the ruling class, such as Depati Parbo, of the two forces of the society, as can as Depati Gayur, and others. The role of Depati possible the explanations that dwell on Parbo was quite central in this war. Although leadership problems and seem away from he came from Kampung Lolo Kecil, which the lives of smaller social entities will be was located a little bit far from Lake Kerinci, avoided. For that, it needs precision to sort its war activity was felt to the edge of the some information so as not to get trapped in lake. This indicates that there had already the political paradigm, which does not touch on other themes that actually have a chance inhabitants of Kerinci in the coast of the lake to add information treasury (Geertz, 1973; withbeen thosea unified living communication behind the hill among (Madjid, the Fearon, 1999; and Subrt, 2017). 2017b; and Wahyudi, 2017). The research that has been done by the The visible form of solidarity is the authors indicated that some of the raised preparation of wars raised by Kerinci phenomena do not must relate to power as residents. At some points of the battle, Kerinci the driving of war. The existence of social solidarity which involves the ruling group facing Dutch troops coming from Tanah with the people he leads, as important actors Rawangfighters hadto Pulau made Tengah, some preparations. the residents When in Kerinci war, became one of the proof that of Pulau Tengah had already been ready. the war against colonialism in Kerinci is not Elsewhere, when there was news that the merely a war between the powers, but an Kompeni (the Dutch military) troops came outburst of passion of the people who had from Sungai Penuh, then on a hill not far long breathed air of freedom, but then faced from Kampung Pulau Tengah, Depati Gayur a threat that has the potential to claim their led a number of troops to stop the rate of freedom (Durkheim, 2014; Subrt, 2017; and the enemy (interview with Respondent F, Wahyudi, 2017). 6/8/2017). Later in Lempur, Depati Parbo’s In order to support the above ideas, a troops built defensive trenches by digging up thorough reading of the history of the Kerinci

142 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Volume 9(2), April 2018 war should be presented. The abundant information about Kerinci war came from and it is a unilateral decision of the Dutch the Dutch East Indies government’s archive people.War Asis a for decision Kerinci of people, unfinished they diplomacy,are a stored in the National Archive Building of community that takes up weapons, it can be the Republic of Indonesia or ANRI (Arsip said, because they are forced by circumstances. Nasional Republik Indonesia) in Jakarta. They did not expect to compete with the Dutch, Before the Dutch Indies Government, but unexpectedly the enemy wanted that the both central and regional, established a freedom having been existed in Kerinci had military expedition over Kerinci, the Dutch to disappear and switch to submission under East Indies government had undertaken the Dutch’s buttstock (Liempt, 2012; Madjid, a correspondence to equate perceptions 2017b; and Wahyudi, 2017). regarding their occupational intentions. In addition, this correspondence was also FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION intended for the addition of personnel and The Kerinci war lasted between 1902 and logistics, so that during the expedition, troops 1903. Although this war occurred in a short time, it was enough to emerge widespread The Dutch East Indies’s archives were not anxiety, even its thrill reached Batavia createdon duty forin the the field interests could of work historical maximally. writing. (Jakarta now). In 1902, Imam Mersa and Today, through the Dutch-language archives, Pemangku Somah were commissioned by the Dutch colonial government in Indrapura to immeasurably from the old archives to meet several Kerinci leaders to convey the reconstructhistorians on historical this period events have that benefited are still intention of the Dutch East Indies government sketchy (Madjid, 2017b; and Wahyudi, 2017). to tie a friendship with the inhabitants of One of the prominent features of the Kerinci. After arriving at Dusun Lempur, they use of the Dutch East Indies’s archives is were intercepted by a number of residents of its concentration on the Neerlando-centric Dusun Lempur; and when known that they nuances in it. Almost every description carried an intention from the Dutch, the two pertaining to the Company was presented as messengers were immediately executed in a wise move; in contrast, when informing the place (Madjid, 2017b; and Wahyudi, 2017). The news of the death of two messengers people regarded them as gangsters of rioters was heard by Kontrolir (Controller, a whosituation tormented of indigenous the masses. fighters, The themilitary Dutch action carried out by the Dutch seemed to be Mukomuko and even also arrived on the the sole answer to cut off subversive activities tabledistrict of officerthe Resident in the Dutchof Bengkulu. colonial Resident era) of and various movements of disobedience (head of a residency in the Dutch colonial initiated by Depati Parbo and other Kerinci administration) of Bengkulu departed to leaders (Kartodirdjo, 1982; Sjamsuddin, meet Kontrolir of Mukomuko to discuss the 2007; Madjid, 2017b; and Wahyudi, 2017). matter. The Resident of Bengkulu regarded In order to present an objective historical this murder as an insult to the Dutch colonial study, one that needs to be addressed is the government. The bravery shown by the change of point of view from Neerlando-centric Dusun Lempur residents had the potential to Indonesia-centric. Information obtained from Dutch language archives was re-read government in areas previously had been back using the glasses featuring Kerinci occupied.to erode the Patrol influence was conducted of the Dutch in a colonial number of areas adjacent to Kerinci, such as in Sungai sovereignty of their Home Land from the effort Ipu, Talang Petai, Lubuk Pinang, Ulak Si Laut, offighters the White as a partyNation’s that control. sought The to defend Dutch theEast Sungai Tenang, and Serampas. Indies colonial party in this case is a force that displays anger through the efforts to instill responsible for killing the messengers from mastery in Kerinci (Kartodirdjo, 1982; Madjid, Indrapura.Depati Parbo It is said is a thatfigure after considered the murder, 2017b; and Wahyudi, 2017). Depati Parbo approached the crowd of

© 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 143 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh M. DIEN MADJID & JOHAN WAHYUDI, Local Resistance in Kerinci in the 20th Century people in Dusun Lempur and then blamed their anarchist actions. But, after getting clear information, Depati Parbo actually the letter carried by the messengers whose contentsjustified thisdeclared murder, that especially all leaders after of Kerinci seeing had declared submission to the government of the Dutch East Indies. This letter had been stamped by Depati Parbo. Of course, Depati was a fake letter that if it reached the table ofParbo the Dutchwas offended people, byit could these be findings. used as This their tool to sue their power over Kerinci (Madjid, 2017b; and Wahyudi, 2017). About the Depati Parbo, see picture 2. Resident (head of a residency in the Dutch colonial administration) of Bengkulu sent a letter to inform the tension that occurred in Kerinci to the Governor-General in Batavia (Jakarta now). While awaiting a reply, he coordinated with the Military Commander in Bengkulu to hold a military expedition Picture 2: from Indrapura. A number of troops were taskedto find theto comb murderer the border of the areamessengers of ​​Kerinci to (Source: https://www.harianhaluan.com/assets/ “Self-Portrait of Depati Parbo” limit the relationship of the Kerinci people berita/original/22660071356-soraklintera_com_42_ uihuih.jpg, 17/8/2017) with the people on the border. Then, some troops began to be placed like: one troop in troops came from North Kerinci, which was Indrapura; one troop in Padang Atas, which from Koto Limau Sering. Their task was to was adjacent to North Kerinci; and one other reach Depati Parbo’s village in Dusun Lolo troop was stationed at Mukomuko (Madjid, Kecil. Before they got there, they were stuck 2017b; and Wahyudi, 2017). in Kampung Pulau Tengah. This village The placement of Dutch troops was not included the most heroic in maintaining unknown by Kerinci people. Kerinci residents Kerinci compared to other village. The Dutch began to organize themselves in the army line. troops were repeatedly repulsed and the having profession as a regular troop, but Depati Gayur was in charge of leading the commonKerinci fighters citizens were leaving not theira bunch daily of businesspeople troopspeople toof withstandPulau Tengah the struggledenemy’s troop fiercely. in the and took a role as a troop of defender of the The enemy’s attacks also came from land ( ). The weapons they used were negeri the direction from Lake Kerinci. They got on simple, only machetes, (a double edged keris thefirst ditch line. got from Rawang residents. One of dagger), gun, sword, and others. Although the the other leaders of Pulau Tengah in charge war supplies of Kerinci people were simple, of restraining attacks from the direction they were known to have reliable supernatural of the lake was Putri Mesurai (cf Madjid, science. In this context, Ciryl W. Watson (1978) 2017b; Wahyudi, 2017; and interview with mentions that some Kerinci people had ilmu Respondent F, 6/8/2017). (hard science), one of which was able kereh In Kampung Pulau Tengah, there were to transform themselves into tigers (Watson, several locations that became hot spots of 1978:123-143). the battle between Kerinci troops with the According to Respondent F, Arlis Harun Company. Before entering Kampung Pulau of Dusun Lolo Kecil, the Dutch East Indies

144 © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Volume 9(2), April 2018

Tengah, the enemy was stuck at the bridge which was now known ” (Red Bridge). In this bridge, many Pulau Tengah as “Jembatan Merah On the north side of the river was a plot of landfighters which became at the victims. time of Kerinci war once served as a refuge for women, children, and the elderly. The bunker was burned by the Kompeni (the Dutch military) and the refugees were roasted in it (Madjid, 2017b; Wahyudi, 2017; and interview with Respondent F, 6/8/2017). See picture 3. The Dutch troops also came from the South, possibly this was placed in Mukomuko. They passed the lane Picture 3: of Ranah Menjunto. Knowing the The Researchers (Johan Wahyudi and M. Dien Madjid) existence of enemy’s movement in Front of Masjid Koto Tuwo, Pulau Tengah, Kerinci from there, the residents of Dusun (Source: Private Photo) Lempur were ready by digging the fortress in the hills. They had also built wire of information to determine the access to the Pulau Sangkar passed through whereabouts of the enemy. The opponent’s Depatithat, he Parbo’s had to subduevillage. PriorLolo first, to arriving because the troop was blocked in Dusun Lempur, so that in Lolo, this troop passed through Dusun their intention to join the troops from the Pondoh. Somewhere, believed to be the North was halted (Madjid, 2017b; Wahyudi, post of defence of Kerinci troop, the troop 2017; and interview with Respondent of the Dutch East Indies which originally F, 6/8/2017). Now, in the ex-trenches of walked straight immediately formed a round defensive formation. Instantly, the condition was built memorials to commemorate the became quiet. Each eye of the personnel episodesthe defense of theof the battle Dusun there. Lempur fighters saw here and there. Once considered to be safe, then they continued their way. This place in the courtyard of Depati Parbo in worry showed that in almost every military Lolo.On Captain July 14, Gusdorf 1903, a wasfierce entrusted battle took with operation in Kerinci, the opposing troop was the strength of 21 bayonet troops. The war haunted by the shadow of the ambush of the soon broke out in the Northwest of this village. hand to hand or close range, armed resistance. Depati Parbo participated in this withKerinci kelewang people orwho sabers were ( knownMadjid, proficient 2017b; and in war. Kerinci fighters provided difficult Wahyudi,the fight 2017). but commanded his troops from rather far The troop of De Klerck was lucky, because place.He This did time, not go Kerinci down troopto the were battlefield, forced to they found that Dusun Lolo was empty. admit the enemy’s toughness. Before losing, There was no clear information as to why they retreated regularly. Depati Parbo also this village was emptied by its citizens, but managed to escape. The Dutch troops who looking at the previous war, possibly the won this battle decided to return (Madjid, villagers had been evacuated to safer areas. 2017b; and Wahyudi, 2017). This troop did not continue the journey On July 17, 1903, the Kompeni (Dutch) to Pulau Sangkar, but returned to Kemah troop led by De Klerck was assigned to Lempur and joined a troop led by Perwiras subdue Kampung Pulau Sangkar. Before

(Officers) Gusdorf and Hajeniur. On the way, © 2018 by Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 145 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh M. DIEN MADJID & JOHAN WAHYUDI, Local Resistance in Kerinci in the 20th Century they were intercepted by a number the troops of Kerinci used sabers (ofkelewang fighters ).of This Kerinci. attack Many made of the Dutch troops pressed. With some managed to escape. In this sudden difficulty, one by one of them See picture 4. war,Several the Dutch other troop battles lost also two rifles. occurred in some villages in Kerinci, like in Pengasi, Tanjung Pauh, Sungai Penuh, and others. the Kerinci troop used guerrilla tactic.In general, They the maximized style of fighting the use ofof handguns, such as keris (a double Picture 4: edged dagger) and kelewang Some Traditional Kerinci’s Weapon that was Found in the House of Haji Abdul Razak, an Ancestor of Depati Parbo (Sourced: Private Photo) Good knowledge of geography was used(saber). to connect Less of theminformation used a rifle.and to choose a place that deserved to be a place to only seen as a representation of the people, hide or launch attacks. This little information but also an appreciation for the tradition that was described in detail in the Dutch East had been run for generations. Being a Depati Indies colonial archives (Madjid, 2017b; and in Kerinci was not an easy task, because he Wahyudi, 2017). Gemuk The same war vision, the good connection badannya, or fat body, which means to have must have specifications, such as: (1) of wire of information, and fanaticism to extensive knowledge; (2) Gedang kelaso/ reject the presence of the colonial are actually gedang leher, which means that if he needed radiance of the collective consciousness of a little money, he did not ask his nephew; (3) Kerinci society, who did not want if their Simbal ekor, i.e. attention and empathy with homeland was controlled by foreigners. the fate of the child and his nephew; and (4) This awareness was born out of the anti- Langsing kokok, i.e. his saying must be true, colonialism attitude and attitude to refuse brave, do not violate the customs, and syara’ to submit to the feet of the colonial. They or provisions of religion (Arzam, 2016:74). certainly had done a number of deliberations Intensity of Kerinci war slowly receded to determine the right way to defeat the when the Dutch troop managed to catch Dutch troop. This same view was also based Depati Parbo in August 1903. By the Dutch on the knowledge of the Dutch’s actions in a colonial court, he was sentenced disposal number of neighboring areas of Kerinci, such in Ternate in North Maluku. The Dutch as in Jambi and the highlands of Minangkabau East Indies government got what they had which adversed local residents. The Kerinci dreamed, that was to promote plantations in people, of course, had heard the heroic story inland Sumatra. The existence of Kayu Aro of the Paderi war (1821-1837) and other tea garden that still exists to this day is one of the results initiated by the government path (Teitler, 2004; Madjid, 2017b; and of the Dutch East Indies. There were several Wahyudi,bursts of battle 2017). that inspired their fighting other plantations which were opened by Social solidarity shown by Kerinci society the Europeans with the contract system, was also born from their obedience to such as coffee plantations in Sanggaran the leader. In the traditional governance Agung (Madjid, 2017b; Wahyudi, 2017; and structure, the existence of the leader was not interview with Respondent A, 6/8/2017).

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CONCLUSION around , Lingga and Riau, 1820-1840” in Kerinci is an uncharted territory in the Elusive Pirates, Persasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas. Hong writing of the history of Indonesia. The Kong: Hong Kong University Press. scarcity of resources and discontinuity of Berg, B.L. (2007). Qualitative Research Methods for the discourse have become the reasons, why the Social Sciences. Long Beach USA [United States of historians or chroniclers seem reluctant to America]: California State University. parse various discourses of the past of the Bonatz, Dominik et al. (2009). From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of area. It must be admitted that the study of Sumatra. UK [United Kingdom]: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Available online also at: http://www. with provisions of popular or unpopular, or cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/58874 importantthe history or of unimportantthe Home Land to examine.is still filled If it is [accessed in Jakarta, Indonesia: August 17, 2017]. Bosma, U. & R. Raben. (2008). continuously made as a benchmark, it has the Being ‘Dutch’ in the Indies: A hHstory of Creolisation and Empire, 1500– potential to cut small steps of the micro to 1920. USA [United States of America] and Singapore: move towards the more national history. University of Michigan and NUS [National University Depati Parbo and Kerinci War is a decent of Singapore] Press. theme to discuss in a broader space. It is of an Upstart Polity: Mataram and its Successors, important remembering that in the future, Carey,1600-1830” Peter. (1997). in Modern “Civilization Asian Studies,on Loan, Volume the Making 31(3), historical discourse is demanded to be pp.711-734. dynamic; and one of the preconditions is Carey, Peter. (2008). The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, the enrichment of the historical materials. 1785-1855. Leiden and Boston: Brill. Through the story of Depati Parbo and war Dasiba et al. (2004). Sejarah Perjuangan Rakyat he followed, the people of the world are Kerinci. Kerinci: Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan, able to know that in the inland of Sumatra, Pemerintah Kabupaten Kerinci. there is a history of resistance which is also [ed]. Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia from urgent as other regions. The cohesiveness Drakard,Angkor Jane. Wat (2004). to East “Minangkabau” Timor. Santa Barbara: in Ooi Keat ABC-Clio, Gin Inc. Available online also at: http://www.abc-clio.com social solidarity that grew from the nuance of [accessed in Jakarta, Indonesia: August 17, 2017]. freedomto fight against and sovereignty the colonial that is thehave result previously of Durkheim, Emile. (2014). The Division of Labor Society. New York: Free Press, translated by W.D. Halls. been held and maintained for centuries. Suku Kerinci di Provinsi Jambi”. Skripsi Sarjana Elviandri,Tidak DiterbitkanY. (2012). “Studi. Bogor: Potensi Departemen Lanskap Arsitektur Sejarah Lanskap, Fakultas Pertanian IPB [Institut Pertanian References Bogor].

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Depatis of Kerinci (Source: https://kerinciinspirasi.blogspot.com, 2/3/2018)

Leadership in Kerinci consists of several federation areas, namely: Tiga Helai Kain (Three Pieces of Cloth) in South Kerinci and Delapan Helai Kain (Eight Pieces of Cloth) in North Kerinci. These areas are divided into several mendapo (village level) and dusun (sub-village), each led by a depati. Each depati in Kerinci governs his territory independently. If the Dutch East Indies troops. there is a large-scale problem, they will hold deliberation and implement the consensus, such as when fighting against

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