INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

AN ANALYSIS OF THE DOMINANCE OF MINANG DIALECT IN KERINCI SOCIETY

Okti Wilymafidini1 1Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi Nusantara Sakti (STIA-NUSA) Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi Nusantara Kerinci Telp & Fax. (0748) 22872 Email: [email protected]

Abstract: This research aims at explaining the dominance of Minang Dialect in Kerinci Society, the factors that influence the dominance of Minang Dialect in Kerinci society and the way to maintain from the influence of Minang language. This is a descriptive research because it described data and characteristics about the phenomenon being studied. The data was gotten through observation. Besides, the researcher also did library research and compared to the theory used to answer the problems in this research. From the data conducted, it can be seen that the dominance of Minang dialects in Kerinci society can be found in the market and in the restaurants. It means that Kerinci language is influenced by Minang language. This is due to Kerinci and Minang are neighbors. Besides, Minang people who stay in Kerinci always use Minang language especially in doing selling and buying transaction and this gives influence to the use of Kerinci language. Thus, to maintain Kerinci language, there are some steps that can be done such as standardization of Kerinci language, so that people know which one is Kerinci language and which one is not. Besides, Kerinci language dictionary should be available and people have to use the original language of Kerinci instead of Minang language in daily communication.

Key Words: Analysis, Dominance, Minang Dialects, Kerinci Society.

INTRODUCTION communicative function in social Language plays an important interaction. and significant role in social interaction Generally, language is process of human being. Through dynamics. Dynamics means that language people express their feeling language becomes develop and develop such as happiness, sadness, anger, and every time. Language becomes so forth. By using language people dynamics because the user, human share their knowledge, transfer any being, is dynamics too. The attitude idea, and give information to each and the style of human being always other. Thus, language has develop and change everyday. The 63 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

development of language is the same this is commonly called as marantau. with the development of human being. Thus, it is not strange if we find a lot of So, it can be concluded that the Minang people in Kerinci. One of the dynamics of language is caused by the interesting thing from this phenomenon dynamics of users of the language. is Minang people always use Minang The development of language language although they are not on their can be caused by internal factor and native land. This gives positive and external factor. Internal factor means negative effect. Positively, Minang that the speakers probably don’t want people have tried to maintain their to use their language in conversation. language. However, this will give Perhaps, if those words still be used, negative effect to the existence of the speaker itself becomes shame to the Kerinci language. This can be seen other participants. In addition, they from the phenomenon in the market in want to show that they are educated Kerinci where person. So, whenever they speak to the especially teenagers prefer to use other, they will use the familiar Minang language to Kerinci language. language than their language. Because of this fact, the originality of Moreover, external factors mean that Kerinci language becomes disappear. language is influenced by development Therefore, in this paper, the researcher of time and culture. This also may be describes what are the dominance of caused by the language used by the Minang Dialects in Kerinci society, neighbors that influences one language. what are the factors that influence the One of the cases is the influence dominance of Minang Dialect in Minang language toward Kerinci Kerinci society and How to maintain language. In other words, it can be Kerinci language from the influence of stated that there is the dominance of Minang language. Minang Dialect in Kerinci Society. Based on the problems that Minang language has been have been stated before, the objectives known by almost all of Kerinci people. of this research are related to the Historically, this may be caused due to dominance of Minang Dialect in the tradition of Minang people to leave Kerinci Society, the factors that their home and go somewhere else or influence the dominance of Minang 64 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

Dialect in Kerinci society and the way with West Sumatera province and to maintain Kerinci language from the . Thus, on the influence of Minang language. western and northern part, the border of Related to this phenomenon, is West Sumatera this research is expected to have province. significant contribution to some Moreover, in relation to aspects. First, theoretically, it will give language, Ronald (2008) explains that information to Kerinci society that their Kerinci language is an Austronesian language is in danger since people language, spoken by the people in dominantly used Minang dialect Kerinci regency, Jambi Province, instead of Kerinci language. Therefore, western mountains, Sungaipenuh area, Kerinci society will try to maintain and north and west. Kerinci language Kerinci language from the influence of has several dialects, sometimes Minang language. This research differing between nearby villages. practically may also become input for Some of those dialects are Ulu, the readers to know the dominance of Mamaq, Akit, Talang, Sakei. This Minang Dialect in Kerinci society. shows that Kerinci languages are rich of dialects. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The Concepts of Borrowing Words Overview of Kerinci Language Borrowing words is also known Kerinci is the original ethnic as loanwords. Those are words adopted group which lived on the east coast of by the speakers of one language from a (Joshua, 2011). Kerinci is one different language (the source of the regency in Jambi province. The language). The abstract noun western border of Kerinci is North ‘borrowing’ refers to the process of regency, Bengkulu Province speakers adopting words from a source and Pesisir Selatan regency of West language into their native language. Sumatra Province. On the east, the Borrowing words is a border of Kerinci regency is Merangin consequence of cultural contact and . The northern between two language communities. border is with Solok Selatan of West Borrowing words can go in both Sumatra Province and the south side is directions between the two languages 65 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

in contact, but often there is an language and with verbs and asymmetry, such that more words go adjectives receiving native from one side to the other. In this case morphemes as well. the source language community has (2) Loanshift some advantages of power, prestige Another process that occurs is and/or wealth that makes the objects that of adapting native words to and ideas it brings desirable and useful the new meanings. to the borrowing language community. (3) Loan-translation Language borrowing has been A Loan-translation occurs when an interest to various fields of the native language uses an item- linguistics for some time (Whitney for-item native version of the 1875, deSaussure 1915, Sapir 1921, original. Pedersen 1931, Haugen 1950, (4) Loan-blend Lehmann 1962, Hockett 1979, Anttila A Loan-blend is a form in which 1989). In the study of language one element is a loanword and the borrowing, loanwords are only one of other is a native element. the types of borrowings that occur Thus, it is clear that if two across language boundaries. The languages are in contact, there is a speakers of a language have various possibility of borrowing words occur. options when confronted with new The Concept of Language items and ideas in another language. In Maintenance this case, Hockett (in Hoffer, 2005) has People in all cultures share organized the options as follows: ideas about the world that surrounds (1) Loanword them based on models they have of Speakers may adopt the item or their physical and social universe. idea and the source language These models are expressed and word for each. The borrowed transmitted to a large degree through form is a loanword. These forms language (Bonvillain, 1993). Linguists, now function in the usual philosophers, ethnographers and grammatical processes, with anthropologists have proved that there nouns taking plural and/or is an intrinsic connection between any possessive forms of the new language and the culture of its 66 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

speakers. For example, Edward Sapir grandchildren (third generation) are (1966/1949, p. 68) noted that language predominantly monolingual in the is “a guide to ‘societal’ reality”. language of the dominant group. Language according to Sapir However, this is not always the case, (1966/1949, p. 69), is much more than and some languages can be maintained an incidental tool of “solving specific across a few generations. problems of communication or Fishman (1966) noted that the reflection” since the ‘real world’ is “to study of language maintenance is a large extend unconsciously built up concerned first with the relationship on the language habits of the group“. between change or stability in habitual Benjamin Worf (1956) also suggested language use, and second, with that there are connections between ongoing psychological, social or cultural norms and large-scale cultural processes occurring in the linguistic patterns. Thus, language has situations of language contact. close relationship with culture. Therefore, investigating language Since language is closely maintenance is often done through the connected with culture, nations and identification of domains and situations ethnic groups are striving to protect in which the language is no longer used their languages as an essential or is gradually replaced by another component of their group marker language. Thus, the term language (Williams, 1991). In the case of maintenance is used to describe “a minority languages, this is extremely situation in which a speaker, a group of hard due to strong external pressures. speakers, or a speech community In minority communities, shift to the continue to use their language in some majority language occurs mostly within or all spheres of life despite the three generations, whereby the first pressure from the dominant or majority generation of immigrants is language” (Pauwels, 2004, p. 719). predominantly monolingual in the When studying language language of the country of their origin, maintenance, it is important to detect their children (the second generation) external pressures which result in are bilingual in the heritage and the choice of language, determine how majority language, and the well a minority language is learned at 67 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

the community and define the influence are not yet fluent in English switch of the majority group on the minority to using only English, they preservation. Another functioning at an intellectual level important factor that contributes to below their age. Interrupting either language maintenance is the intellectual development in this status of language (Mesthrie, Swann, manner is likely to result in Deumert & Leap, 2000). academic failure. However, when Moreover, related to the parents and children speak the important of language maintenance in language they know best with one one community, Cummins (1994) another, they are both working at states some important reasons for their actual level of intellectual maintaining the native language maturity. matters:  Educational: Students who learn  Personal: The child's first English and continue to develop language is critical to his or her their native language have higher identity. Maintaining this language academic achievement in later helps the child value his or her years than do students who learn culture and heritage, which English at the expense of their first contributes to a positive self- language. concept.  Economic: Better employment  Social: When the native language opportunities in this country and is not maintained, important links overseas are available for to family and other community individuals who are fluent in members may be lost. By English and another language. encouraging native language use, Thus, maintaining a language is parents can prepare the child to an important thing to be done in a interact with the native language community to avoid the death of the community, both in the United language. States and overseas. The Concept of Language Planning  Intellectual: Students need The term ‘language planning’ uninterrupted intellectual was introduced by the American development. When students who linguist Einar Haugen in the late 1950s. 68 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

It refers to all conscious efforts that Wardaugh (2006) says that aim at changing the linguistic behavior there two types of language planning. of a speech community (Haugen, First, status planning changes the 1987). Meanwhile, Weinstein (1980, in function of a language or a variety of a Wardaugh, 2006) defines language language and the rights of those who planning as a government authorized, use it. In addition, Mesthrie et.al. longterm, sustained, and conscious (2009) state that status planning refers effort to alter a language’s function in a to all efforts undertaken to change the society for the purpose of solving use and function of a language (or communication problems. language variety) within a given Meanwhile, Cooper (1989) society. Second, corpus planning states that language planning refers to a Corpus planning seeks to develop a deliberate effort to influence the variety of a language or a language, function, structure, or acquisition of usually to standardize it, that is, to languages or language variety within a provide it with the means for serving speech community. It is often every possible language function in associated with government planning, society. Additionally, Mesthrie (2009) but is also used by a variety of non- says that corpus planning is concerned governmental organizations, such as with the internal structure of the grass-roots organizations and even language. individuals. Moreover, Mesthrie et.al. Moreover, Bamgbose (1991, in (2009) propose two other types of Geralii, 1999) defines language language planning: prestige planning planninga as “the organized pursuit of and acquisition planning. Prestige solutions to language problems”. planning is directed towards creating a Similarly, Wardaugh (2006) says that favorable psychological background language planning is an attempt to which is crucial for the long-term interfere deliberately with a language success of language planning activities. or one of its varieties: it is human Prestige planning is vital when the intervention into natural processes of promoted language has previously been language change, diffusion, and limited to low-culture functions. Thus, erosion. prestige planning often becomes a 69 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

prerequisite for status planning. METHODOLOGY Meanwhile, acquisition planning as a This research was designed as a type of language planning in which a descriptive research because it national, state or local government described data and characteristics about system aims to influence aspects of the phenomenon being studied. language, such status, According to Key (1997), descriptive distribution and literacy through research is used to obtain information education (Bakmand, 2000). concerning the current status of the Acquisition planning can also be used phenomena to describe “what exist” by non-governmental organizations, with respect to variables or conditions but it is more commonly associated in a situation. In this research, the with government planning. Based on researcher described the dominance of the explanations that have been stated Minang Dialect in Kerinci Society. before, it can be drawn in the following Through the data that have been framework: collected, the research describes the Kerinci language factors influence the dominance of Minang Dialect in Kerinci Society and the way to maintain Kerinci language from the influence of Minang language. The concepts of Therefore, descriptive research is Borrowing considered to appropriate to be used in Words this research. The data of this research is related to the dominance of Minang Minang Language Dialect in Kerinci Society. It is described in the form of words, phrases and sentences. Language Maintenance Related to this phenomenon, in collecting the data in this research, the

Language Planning researcher did such a kind of observation. The researcher did direct observation to see the dominance of Figure 1. Conceptual Framework 70 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

Minang dialect in Kerinci society. The researcher uses the written form in researcher tried to see the phenomenon order to give more explanation to the related to the words used in calling reader. older brother and sister in Kerinci society. The researcher also observes RESEACRH FINDINGS some others words that are commonly The Dominance of Minang Dialect in used in Kerinci society and those are Kerinci Society not Kerinci language. The researcher Firstly, in this analysis, the also came to the market and restaurant researcher describes some words that in Kerinci, saw the dialect used by the come from Minang language and people there, wrote and listed the commonly used by people in Kerinci. dialect used. Furthermore, the Datum 1 researcher also did the library research Uda to answer the questions what are the This word is a word that is used factors of the dominance of Minang in Minang language to call the older Dialect in Kerinci Society and how to brother. In Kerinci language, people maintain Kerinci language from the use the words Uwo (for the oldest influence of Minang language. brother), ngah (for the second brother). For analyzing the data, the However, today people tend to use the researcher uses descriptive method. word uda to call the older brother According to Irawan (1999), instead of uwo and ngah. This proves descriptive method aims to describe all that the word uda that is commonly the data like what it is. First, the used in Minang language is used in researcher listed some words that is Kerinci language. The use of this word commonly used by Kerinci society and uda is commonly by teenagers. those words are from Minang language. Datum 2 The researcher did analysis to those Uni words. Then, for the data from the This word is a word that is used market and restaurants, the researcher in Minang language to call the older listed the dialect used, classified which sister. In Kerinci language, people use one is Minang dialect and analyzed the words Uwo (for the oldest sister), them. Next, for presenting the data, the ngah (for the second sister). However, 71 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

today people tend to use the word uni people tend to use the word Ante to call the older sister instead of uwo instead of datung. and ngah. This proves that the word Datum 5 uni that is commonly used in Minang Litak language is used in Kerinci language. This word is a word that is used The use of this word uni is commonly in Minang language to state that by teenagers. Besides, the use of the someone is tired. In Kerinci language, word uni is also commonly used by people use the word payah to state people to call someone older (female). tired. However, today people tend to Thus, the word uni is familiar in use the word litak instead of payah. Kerinci language. This is due to the influence of Minang language in Kerinci. Datum 3 Datum 6 Awak Samba This word is a word that is used This word refers to something in Minang language to call someone that is eaten with rice or in Indonesian else who is the same age with us. In it is called lauk pauk. In Kerinci Kerinci language, people use the words language, people use the word gulai kau (for female), mpu (for male), iko instead of samba. However, today (more polite). However, today people people tend to use the word samba. tend to use the word awak instead of This proves that the word samba that is kau and mpu because they think that commonly used in Minang language is the word awak is more polite. Instead used in Kerinci language. Thus, the of iko, they also tend to use the word word samba is familiar in Kerinci awak. This is due to the influence of language. Minang language in Kerinci language. Based on the analysis above, it Datum 4 is clear that there are some words that Ante come from Minang language and are This word is a word that is used commonly used in Kerinci language. to call the sister of our father in Minang These data were gotten from the language. In Kerinci language, people observation of the researcher herself.. use the word datung. However, Today The result shows that some of the 72 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

words that are common in Kerinci Kerinci language. If we come to the language are uda, uni, awak, Ante, market and walk along the path, a lot of litak, and samba. traders accost and ask us by using Secondly, in this analysis, the Minang dialect. It can be seen in the researcher describes the Minang dialect following example. used in Kerinci society. In this research, the dominance of Minang Datum 8 dialect in Kerinci society are found in A cari ni? the market and in the restaurant. Caliak lah… Datum 7 The dialects in datum 8 are *Bara ciek da? Minang dialects. In Kerinci society, #sapuluah ribu. people don’t use the dialects like in *indak kurang lai da? datum 8. In this case, although Minang #hargo pas maah people stay in Kerinci they still use The dialects in the datum 7 use Minang dialect instead of Kerinci Minang dialect. It is found in the language. It means that Minang market of Kerinci society. First, Bara languge will influence the existence of ciek da? is Minang dialect used to ask Kerinci language. the price. In Kerinci, people don’t use the word bara. It means that they have Datum 9 borrowed the word from Minang. Tambuah ciek ni.. Then, the word ciek is also from Tambuah ciek da.. Minang. No Kerinci language use ciek. The dialects in the datum 9 are It means that the people use Minang the dialect of Minang. The word ciek dialect in doing selling and buying means one. In Kerinci society, people transaction. Others dialects like they say suah or sibuah, but here they use are stated in datum 7 sapuluah ribu, ciek. It means that they use Minang indak kurang lai da?, hargo pas maah dialect. This dialects can be seen in the are also the dialect of Minang. restaurant in Kerinci. Furthermore, in the market of From the data gotten, it proves Kerinci society, we also find some that Kerinci language is influenced by others Minang dialect instead of Minang language. 73 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

The Factors that Influence the The Way to Maintain Kerinci Dominance of Minang Dialects in Language Kerinci Society To maintain Kerinci language from the There are some factors that influence influence of Minang language, there the Dominance of Minang Dialects in are some steps that can be done: Kerinci Society: 1. There should be the 1. Kerinci and Minang are neighbors, standardization of Kerinci so that it causes the influence of language, so that people know Minang language to Kerinci which one is Kerinci language and language which one is not 2. There are a lot of Minang people 2. The Kerinci language dictionary in Kerinci, and they still use should be available Minang language although they are 3. People have to use the original not in their native land. This can be language of Kerinci instead of seen especially in the selling and Minang language in daily buying transaction in the market. conversation, in the family, in This gives influence especially for society, etc. And the most teenagers who prefer to use important thing is don’t be shy to Minang language instead of speak Kerinci language. Kerinci language. Furthermore, instead of Minang 3. Some Kerinci people especially language, there are also some language teenagers are not proud of their that gives influence to Kerinci language, they tend to use Minang language such as Jambi language, language instead of Kerinci and English such language. as the English words darling, sweety This phenomenon will reduce etc. However, the impact of Jambi, some common vocabulary in Kerinci Indonesian and just a language. In a long time, the original little bit. The most dominant language words used in Kerinci will be that influences Kerinci language is endangered and may cause language Minang language due to some factors death. that have been stated before. Thus,

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some efforts have to be done to language instead of Kerinci language. maintain Kerinci language. This phenomenon will reduce some common vocabulary in Kerinci DISCUSSIONS language. In a long time, the original Based on the results of the words used in Kerinci will be research, it can be stated that there are endangered and may cause language the dominance of Minang dialect are death. This factor has relationship with found in Kerinci society. That is found the theory stated by Mestrie et al in some places such as market and (2009). She said that Prestige planning restaurant. Those words, phrases and is vital when the promoted language sentences are not Kerinci language ang has previously been limited to low- they are borrowed from Minang culture functions. In order to make the language. This is supported by the promoted status changes socially theory that stated that Borrowing words acceptable, it is necessary to improve are words adopted by the speakers of the prestige of the respective language. one language from a different language Thus, prestige planning often becomes (the source language). Borrowing a prerequisite for status planning. In words is a consequence of cultural this case, there should be the contact between two language improvement of the prestige of Kerinci communities (Hoccket in Hoffer, language. So that, Kerinci people 2005). In this case, there is a cultural especially teenagers prefer to use contact between Kerincinese and Kerinci language to Minang language. Minangnese. Therefore, the borrowing Finally, related to this problem, words from Minang language happened it has been stated that there are some in Kerinci society. ways that can be done to maintain Furthermore, in the contact of Kerinci language. This is supported by Kerincinese and Minangnese and the the theory of language planning in use of borrowing words, there are some which language planning can be done factors that cause the phenomenon. to maintain Kerinci language. This is in One of them is Some Kerinci people the form of corpus planning. especially teenagers are not proud of Corpus planning seeks to their language, they tend to use Minang develop a variety of a language usually 75 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

to standardize it, that is, to provide it language, there are some steps that can with the means for serving every be done such as the standardization of possible language function in society Kerinci language, so that people know (Wardaugh, 2006). In this case, there which one is Kerinci language and should be the standardization of which one is not. In other words it can Kerinci language, so that people know be stated by doing language planning in which one is Kerinci language and the form of corpus planning. Besides, which one is not and the Kerinci the Kerinci language dictionary should language dictionary should be be available and people have to use the available. Those are the way to original language of Kerinci instead of maintain Kerinci language related to Minang language. language planning. Based on the conclusion of the research before, it suggest that Kerinci CONCLUSIONS AND people to use Kerinci language instead SUGGESTIONS of Minang language in their From the data conducted and communication. Kerinci people have to the analysis, it can be concluded that maintain the use of Kerinci language in there are the dominance of Minang Kerinci society. Therefore, the Kerinci dialect in Kerinci society. Those are in language will always exist and are not the form of words, phrases, and in danger. Therefore, it will far from sentences. The dominance of Minang the phenomenon of language death. dialect in Kerinci society are found in Besides, for Kerinci government, there some places such as market and should be standardization of Kerinci restaurant. Therefore, it can be stated language in the form of corpus that Kerinci language is influenced by planning to avoid the dominance of Minang language due to Kerinci and Minang dialect and other dialect in Minang are neighbors. Besides, Kerinci society. Minang people who stay in Kerinci always use Minang language and this REFERENCES give influence to the use of Kerinci Admin Blogger Kerinci. 2011. ‘Bahasa Kerinci Bukan Bahasa Minang’. language. Thus, to maintain Kerinci Retrieved from language from the influence of Minang http://panoramakerinci.blogspot.co 76 INOVISH JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2017 ISSN: 2528-3804

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