Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88992-6 - a History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830 Barbara Watson Andaya and Leonard Y

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88992-6 - A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830 Barbara Watson Andaya and Leonard Y. Andaya Index More information

INDEX

abaca 31, 109 Anawrahta, King 62–65, 71, Babullah, Sultan 166–167 Aceh 59, 133, 140, 151–153, 191, 93 Bacan 111–112, 310 194, 197–199, 234, ancestor veneration 45, 74, 78, Badui 105–106 251–252, 300 80, 91, 101, 106, 195, Baghdad, Mongol conquest of Aden 134, 151 232 19 Ageng Tirtayasa, Sultan 204–205 Ang Chan, King 324, 329 Bagyidaw, King 317–319 agriculture Ang Eng, Prince 274 Balambangan 261 dry-rice see dry-rice Angkor 6–7, 46, 65–68, 122, 227, Bali 37, 80, 154–155, 205, expansion 37–38, 98–99 274 305–306 plantation agriculture see also Khmer Ban Phlu Luang dynasty expansion 210, 220, Angkor Thom 67 269–272 240–244 Angkor Wat 66–68, 175, 245 Banda archipelago 21, 111, 197, slash and burn/swidden Anglo-Burmese relations 210, 233, 313 cultivation 36, 113–114, 317–319 Bangka island 251–252 195 Anglo-Burmese wars 285, Bangkok 274, 319, 321–325 and volcanic soil 37 318–319, 342 Banten Girang 20, 105 wet-rice see wet-rice Anglo-Dutch treaty (1824) 285, Banten 105, 133–140, 155, Agung, Sultan 202–203, 245 293–294, 301, 342 157–158, 191, 199, ahmudan 64, 217–218, 264 Anglo-Dutch War (1780-4) 285, 202–205, 257, 305 al-Kahar, Sultan Alauddin 298–299 baptism see Christianity Riayat Syah 152–153 Antipolo 208 barangay, cabeza de 28, 161, 206 Alauddin III, Sultan 141 archaeological ﬁnds 17–18, 20, Batak 38–39, 95, 104 Alaungpaya, King 249, 266–268, 30, 32, 87, 95, 108 Batanes islands 294, 308 316 Aru islands 313 Batang Hari 77 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 119, Arung Palakka 213–215, 242, Batavia 187, 193–194, 199–200, 134 262 202, 204–205, 220, 256, 291 Alexander the Great 51, 198 Ashoka 72 Battambang 65, 274 aloeswood (also known as Assam 115, 294, 317–319 bayin 170, 217 eaglewood and gaharu), 23, Association of Southeast Asian Bayinnaung, King 146, 150, 26, 90, 125, 189, 196 Nations (ASEAN) 3, 336 167–169, 172 Alor 38 Aurangzeb 238 Bayon 67 Amangkurat I, Sultan 203 Austronesian 27–28, 73, 112 beads, prayer beads/rosaries 17, Amangkurat II, Sultan 204, 223 Ava 64, 114–116, 167–169, 171, 30, 54, 59, 88, 142, 148, 150 Amangkurat III, Sultan 253–254, 217, 219–220, 250, 264–266 Bendahara dynasty 200, 242, 252 256 Avalokitesvara 56–57 Bengal 113–114, 220, 238 Amarapura 314 Ayutthaya 70, 72, 92, 99–100, Bengkulu 199, 251, 301 Amaravati see also Cham 123, 117–119, 122, 128, Benua people 200 127 168–169, 172–173, bezoar stones 26 ambergris 25, 79, 165, 215 175–176, 179–180, Bhairava 55, 77 Amboina/Ambon 47, 110, 166, 189, 192, 197, 201, Binnya Dala, King 266 191, 197, 210, 233, 246, 254, 220–228, 234, 239, 245, Binondo 162, 259 263, 312 250, 268–274 Bintan 52, 252 Amoy (Xiamen) 239 Azimuddin, Sultan 260–261 biodiversity 21–24 Amsterdam, Sultan 215 bird of paradise 26, 165, 313 An Nam 326, 328 Babad Tanah Jawi 104, 106–107 Birdshead Peninsula see also Anaukpetlun, King 216–217 babaylan 143, 207, 249 Papuan islands 112, 165, 313

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88992-6 - A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830 Barbara Watson Andaya and Leonard Y. Andaya Index More information

index 355

birds’ nests 241, 309, 313 Metteyya (Future Buddha) 93 Champasak 228, 273, 323 bissu 112 Ninth Buddhist Council 320 Chao Anou 323–324 black Portuguese 135–136, 139, sangha 50, 93, 116–117, 119, Chao Phraya River 35–36, 40, 151–152, 200, 214–215, 218–219, 224, 226, 270, 340 247, 253–254, 263 273, 287–288, 314, charismatic leaders 49–51, 120, Blambangan 154–155, 202, 316–317, 320 247–252, 265, 269–270, 255–256 Sinhalese sangha 270–271 272, 279 boat building see shipbuilding Tantric Buddhism 55 Chei Chettha II, King 225 Bodawpaya, King 287–288, Theravada Buddhism 4, 50, Chiang Mai 58–59, 71–72, 120, 295–296, 314–317, 320, 343 57–59, 63, 71–72, 91, 93, 146, 169, 173–175, 216, Bodhgaya 44, 317 145–147, 175–176, 264, 271, 324–325 bodhisattva of compassion 188–189, 220, 235, 240, Chiang Saen 71, 174, 217 56–57, 67, 230 246, 288 Chin 113–114, 289, 315 Bogor 105–106 tooth relics 57, 63, 93, 145, China Bone 214, 262 168–169 firearms 74 Boni 109–110 Bugis 49, 112, 194, 213–214, invasion by 123–124 Borobodur 6–7, 55, 78 252–253, 262, 311, 313 Middle Kingdom idea 232 Borommakot, King 270–271 Bukit Cina 100 Opium War 330–331 boundaries Buleleng 205 routes to 294–295 cultural boundaries 38–39, bunga mas dan perak tribute trade links 17, 29–30, 44, 86–87, 116–117, 234, 201, 221, 270, 299, 319, 324 89–90, 109–110, 244–247, 293–298 Burma see Myanmar 115–116, 147–151, ethnic boundaries 46, 190–192, 224–225, 241 244–247 cakkavatti, wheel-turning monarch Chindwin River 63, 314 political boundaries 4, 50, 63, 269–270, 314 Chinese 293–298 Cakraningrat I, King 254 and Christianity 188–189, religious boundaries 141, Cambodia 2–3, 31, 39, 122, 239, 259 146, 244, 290 173–176, 225–227, 242, Cin phrai 322 territorial boundaries 36, 45, 270, 274, 324–329 sailing routes 20, 147, 232 72, 272, 279, 294, 302 see also Angkor Western Maritime Route Brantas River 37 Camões 40, 173 227–228 Brief Description of Island cannon see firearms Western Ocean directions Barbarians 20, 26, 30–31 Canton see Guangzhou 20 British influence 238, 253, 260, Cape of Good Hope 129, 134 Western Seas Route 147 285, 291, 294, 298–300, Capellen Baron van der 303–304 Spanish mistrust of 162, 303, 310, 330, 342 cartography 280, 294, 296, 341 208 see also EIC caste 79, 220, 317 VOC mistrust of 255–258 Brito e Nicote, Filipe de 135, 172, Catholic church see Christianity Council 255 216 Cebu 109, 137, 258 culture 329–330 Brunei 2–3, 100, 109–110, 140, census (Restored Taungoo) mestizos 191, 259 145, 159, 163 217–218 migration 240–241, 255, Buayan 162–164, 261 centralization on mainland 234, 321–322 Buddha (Gautama Buddha) 93–94 286–290, 340 mining 240–241 Buddha images 58, 72, 93–94, ceramics 29–31, 33–34, 95, 98, pirates 328 120, 146, 176, 218–219, 109 plantation agriculture 224, 227–228, 269, 271, 314 Ceribon 133, 205 240–241 Buddhaghosa 93 Chakri, General (later Rama I) violence in Batavia 256 Buddhism 4–5, 17, 50, 54, 56–59, 251–252 war 255 63–64, 71–72, 74, 91, Chakri 279, 287–288, 314–315, Chittagong 171, 220, 317 93–94, 113–114, 145–147, 324, 341 Chola 76 174, 176, 188–189, 218, Cham 3, 67–68, 72–73, 78, Chola, Rajendra 16–17 220, 224, 230–231, 235, 126–128, 196, 229–230, cholera 312 240, 246, 239, 242, 276, 289, 331 Christianity 4–5, 179 270, 272, 287–288, Amaravati 123, 127 baptism 137, 142, 160 316–317, 320–321 Indrapura 123 Catholic Church 133–134, Eighth Buddhist Council 320 Kauthara 123, 127, 229 137, 139–140, 142–145, Mahayana 4, 54, 57, 63, 74, Panduranga 123, 127, 229, 151, 160, 188–189, 191, 147, 246, 272, 288, 317 329 206, 234, 277, 294, 307 meritorious acts 218–219 Vijaya 123, 126, 178 and charismatic leaders 249

356 index

Christianity (cont.) Dai Viet 3–4, 46, 89, 91–92, 95, ivory hunting 195–196 and China 188–189, 239 97–99, 120, 145, 176–177, Javanese use of 15 Christian clerics and trade 179–180, 186, 188–189, Mistress of the White 161 193, 228, 234, 250, Elephant 116–117 competition for followers 278–279, 294, 328 Mongkhon Rattanakosa 247 Dang Ngoai outer region 269–270 conflict with Islam 144–145, 228–229, 233 trade in 189 151, 208 Dang Trong inner region white elephants 50, 116–117, enforced adoption of 228–230, 232–233, 242, 119, 133, 169, 270 143–144, 166–167, 206 270, 275–276, 278–279 Emerald Buddha 174–175 Indios 207 Daoism 4, 57, 76, 92, 147, 231, encomienda system 160 Pasyon 292 288 environment in Philippines 138–140, debt slaves 192 and maritime connections 142–144, 159–164, deer 23, 195–196, 222, 226, 233 17–20 206–209, 258–261 Demak 107, 133, 140, 155 physical changes 4 prohibition of 246 derhaka 76, 102 and polities 60–61 Protestant missionizing 188, Desawarnana 80, 100, 104, 111 Estado da India 134, 233 263, 312 devaraja 65–68, 165–168 eunuchs 198, 231, 275 and Spanish colonialism dhamma, 93 missions to Europe 222–224 159–164, 208–209, dhammaraja, the Just King 50 evangelism see Christianity 258–260, 294, 308 Dhammazedi, King 116–117 in Vietnam 232–233, 332 Dieng Plateau temples 78 family see kinship chu nom (southern script) 74 Dinh Bo Linh 73 Fa Ngum, King 72, 122 Chulia traders 189–190, 238, 252 Dipanegara, Prince 37, 292, 298, Faxian 17 Cirebon shipwreck 33 304–305, 343 Felipe, Crown Prince 137 climate 4, 22–23 disease 35, 138–139, 243–244, female authority/rulers 15, cloves 110–111, 196–197, 240 312 52–53, 87–88, 90, 115–117, coastal polities 29, 39, see also Doctrine of the Elders 198–199, 255 individual polities/seaports see Theravada Buddhism female inheritance rights 125 Cochin China see Dang Trong Dominicans 160, 232, 294 fertility cult, 55, 105, 106 228, 276 Dong Hoi 228 firearms/cannon 74, 97–98, Coedès, George 2–3 Dong Son drums 27 110–111, 152–153, 169, 229 Coen, Jan Pieterszoon 210 Drake, Francis 166–167 Flores 111, 212, 215, 242, 263 coffee 240, 257, 302, 304 dry-rice agriculture ,36, 38, forced labor 161–162, see also coins see currency 61–62 see also wet-rice corvée colonialism 6–7, 9, 160, 258–261 dugong 25 forest clearance 24, 37, 65, 79, 286 Confucianism 4, 57, 74, 91–92, Dutch influence 285, forest dwellers, see also Orang 125, 177, 230–232, 235, see also VOC Asli 29–30, 37, 58–59, 288, 326 Dutch United East India 71–72, 104, 149–150, Constantinople 85 see Rum Company see VOC 199–200, 258, 292, 294–295 copper deposits 25, 241 founder-figures 45 Cordillera 108, 138, 150, 162, eaglewood 23, 126, 196 Franciscans 160, 209, 232 195 see aloeswood Coromandel Coast 97, 189, 218 early modern, use of term 5–8 gaharu, see also aloeswood 23 corvée labor 192, 206, 219–220, early modern world, features of Galleon Trade 6, 137–138, 142, 227, 245, 271, 276, 287, 337–341 307 303–307, 315, 321 early polities 35–39 Gayo people 95 Cotabato 260–261 Earth Goddess 58, 218–219 geography, and distinctiveness cotton 109, 114, 195, 218, East India Company see EIC 14–17 240–241, 255, 302, 306 Eastern Lesser Sundas 110–111 Gia Long, King 287–288, 296, cowry shell currency 34–35, eastern Seram 262, 313 328–329 64 EIC (East India Company) 187, Giri, Sultan 203 Cultivation System 305 199, 238–239, 251, 261, Glass Palace Chronicle 64–65 currency 34–35, 64, 66, 90, 222, 267, 288, 299–300 Goa 134, 138 277, 292 Eighty-Years War 185 gold 104, 108, 150, 161–162, 201, Ekathotsarot, King 221–222 209, 240–241, 296, 299 Daendels, Marshal Herman elephants gold and silver flowers see bunga Willem 303, 305 battle elephants 67, 97–98 mas dan perak Dai Nam 331 hunting of 241 Gorom archipelago 313

index 357

Gowa 163–164, 211–214, 234, Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) River, Johor 178, 199–200, 242, 248, 311 35–36, 40, 61–62, 113–114, 252–253, 298–299 Guangzhou 32, 190, 239, 261, 273 286–287, 340 see also Riau Guanyin 230 irrigation 3, 36–37, 39, 45, 65, Jolo 162–163, 309 Gujarat 20, 31, 59, 87, 89, 152, 78, 99, 113–114, 124, 154, 189, 198 158, 168, 195, 286, 291, 302, Kachin 113–114, 315 gunpowder 74, 97–98, 110–111 315 Kaicili Nuku 310–311 Gunung Agung 158 Iskandar Muda, Sultan 197–198 Kaicili Sibori 215 Islam 4–5, 59–60, 85, 87–88, Kaladan River 61, 114 Ha Tien 190, 273–274, 277 94–95, 106–107, 109–110, Kalang forest dwellers 37, 243, Hadhrami Arabs 300 198–199, 292 257 Haji, Raja 298–299 Chinese 255 Kalyani River 93 Hall, D.G.E. 2 and Christianity 246–247 Kambujadesa 65–68 Halmahera 110, 262–263, 311 competition for followers kamma 58, 266 Halong Bay 19–20 247, 298 Kandy Tooth Relic 57, 145, 169 Hamengkubuwana I, Sultan 257 holy war 247, 298 Karaeng Bayo 211 Hamengkubuwana II, Sultan 303 increased cohesion 300–301 Karangasem 205 Hamengkubuwana III, Sultan 304 Muslim law 141–142 Karen 63, 113–114, 289, 315 Hamzah Fansuri 156 spread of 140–142, 151, 155, karma, see also kamma 50 Hanoi 73, 123, 328, 330 158, 166, 179, 204–205, Kartasura 256 Hasanuddin, King 158 257 Kauthara see Cham hat people see black Portuguese Suﬁsm 59, 94, 106, 140, 156, Kecil, Raja 248, 252 Hayam Wuruk 80 198, 203 Kedah 198, 299–301, 324–325 head-hunting, head-hunters 160, Syaﬁ’i Islamic law 59 Kedah, Sultan of 253, 299 292 ummah 94–95, 140 Kediri 106–107 highland groups see uplands/ Islamic coins 35 Kei islands 313 highlands Islamic Wars (Gowa) 211–212 Kelantan 229, 299, 324–325 Hikayat Hang Tuah 140–141 Island Southeast Asia 2–3, 5, 10, Kengtung 64, 146, 264 Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai 95 36–40, 99–112, 197–216, Kerinci bark manuscripts 86 Hinduism 4, 17, 50, 54 234, 298–313, 332–333, 340 Kerinci people 77 calendar system 92 compared to Mainland Khmer 67–68, 73, 78, 92, 98, castes 79, 220 Southeast Asia 290–293 176, 225–227, 274 Indra 176–177 see also Central, Eastern, see also Angkor Shiva 54, 65, 80 Northern, Western Khorat plateau 175, 225, 319, 323 Vishnu 50, 54, 63, 66–67 Archipelagos kingship, views of 49–51, 52, 63, Ho Xuan Huong 289 isolated tribes see Suku Terasing 67, 72, 94, 119, 141, Hoi An 177, 230–231 ivory hunting 195–196 202–203, 247, 266 Holland see VOC kinship 31–32, 47, 52–53, 71, 81, honey/wax collection 26–27 Jailolo 111–112 101, 108, 111, 128, 135, 150, Hong Duc Code 124 Jambi 77, 200–201, 245, 159, 164–165, 188, 221 Hormuz 134 251–252 Kolkata 317–318 Hsinbyushin, King 268–269 Japan, cultural/commercial links Konbaung dynasty 239, 137, 149, 173, 186, 266–268, 279, 287–288, 341 I Sangkilang 311 194–195, 222, 226, Kota Cina 20 Ibn Battuta 15, 33, 38–39, 59–60, 230–231, 240 Koxinga, 210 see also Zheng 80 Japara 155 Chenggong Igorot 195, 209, 243, 258 Jarai 241–242 Krakatau 36–37 Ilocanos 249–250, 258, 290, Jatakas 14, 241, 246 Krungthep see Bangkok 308–309 Java 3, 14–16, 30, 33, 37–38, 77, Kudarat, Sultan 209–210, 260 Imam Ridjali 191–192 104–107, 155, 202–205, Kudus 140 India 253–258, 291, 301–305, Kupang 263, 312 merchants 29–30 338, 341 Kyanzittha, King 50, 63 trade links 88–89, 189–190, Mongol invasion of 17 Kyaukse River district 61–62 218 Jayavarman II, 65–68 Indrapura see Cham Jayavarman VII 67 La Galigo 112 Ingalaga, Senapati 156 Jesuits 160, 209–210, 232, 260, lacquer 30, 148–149, 226 intermarriage 31–32, 47–48, 307 Lan Na 71–72, 93, 99, 118–120, 51–53, 230–231, 240–241, Jin dynasty 49 133, 170–171, 174–175, 252–253, 300 Johor Bahru 300 194, 227, 323

358 index

Lan Sang 72, 120–122, 127–128, Madura 28, 79–80, 99, 104, Mangkunegaran 257 133, 146, 169–171, 202–204, 254–255, 280, 304 Mangrai, King 71–72 227–228 Magellan, Ferdinand 137–138, mangroves 23, 73, 128 land below the winds 14 142, 159, 167 Manila Land of Gold 14, 25 Magindanao 162–164, 209–210, Binondo sector 162 languages 27–28, 35, 38, 87, 102, 260–261, 293, 309–310, 312 capture of 159–160, 162 227 Maha Bandula, General 317–318 Maynilad 137 Lao 34, 64, 70–72, 113, 175–176, Mahabodhi temple 93 Parian compound 162 188, 196, 218, 225, 227, 239, Mahamuni Buddha statue 171, Manipur 267, 317–319 246, 272, 289, 319, 323, 329 220, 314 Mansur Syah, Sultan 102–103 Larantuka 215 Mahayana Buddhism 4, 54–55, manuscripts 86 Law of Civil Hierarchy 118 63, 74, 147, 272, 288 mapping see cartography Law of Military and Provincial Mahazedi pagoda 169 marine Hierarchies 118 Mahmud Syah, Sultan of Johor archaeology 30, 32 Le Duy Mat, Prince 250, 275–276 200 biodiversity 25–26 Le dynasty 124, 178, 228, 275 Mahmud Syah, Sultan of Johor- products 29 Le Loi 123–124, 126 Riau 298 maritime Le Thanh Tong 124, 126–128, Mahmud Syah, Sultan of Melaka connections 17–20 150, 176–177 103 and environmental factors Le Van Duyet 289–290, 324, 331 mainland centralization 286–290 17–20 leaders, distinguishing Mainland Southeast Asia 2–3, law 101 characteristics of 47, 50, 52, 10, 113–128, 167–178, linkages 27–28 121, 128, 166, 175, 248, 250 216–234, 264–279, 314–332 prohibition 190 Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de compared to Island Southeast raiding 292–293 137–138, 147, 159–160 Asia 290–293 silk road 19–20 Lesser Sunda Islands 262, 312 Majapahit 46, 75, 95, 100, marriage alliances 31–32, 47–48, Lieberman, Victor 8, 337 104–107, 128, 133, 154–155 51–53, 230–231 Lieu Hanh, female deity 147, Makassar 49, 112, 194–195, martaban earthenware vessels 116 231, 277 211–212, 262, 312–313 Martaban (Mottama) 33, 116, Lifau 263 Dutch attack on 187 168, 264–265 Ligor see also Nakhon Si Malay traders in 313 Mataram 77–78, 156–157, 200, Thammarat 289–290 VOC and 187–188 202–205, 223, 234, 245, linga stones 55, 78, 97 Malay-Indonesian archipelago 248, 253–255, 341 Linh River 294, 328 291, 293 Mauryan dynasty 71–72 literacy 86, 155, 206, 340 Maldives, cowry shell currency Mazu 230 lithograph printing 292 34–35, 64 medicinal plants 24 localization Malong, Andres 207 Mekong River/Delta 35–36, 40, dynamics 10 Maluku 20, 27, 110–112, 138, 113, 128, 286–287, 323 of foreign concepts 53–60 164, 166, 197, 206, 210, 214, Melaka 85, 88–89, 94–95, 97–98, of religion 4, 57–58, 66, 91, 233, 261–262, 310, 343 100–101, 128, 133, 140, 119, 141, 170, 176, 198, Man Pa, King 171–172 199–200, 252, 340 285–286, 288, 292, 339 Manchu 186–187 see Qing Dutch/VOC invasion of 187, logging, see also Kalang 196 mandala polities 45–53, 99 199 Lombok 193, 205, 305 ethnic/diverse groups 48 Portuguese invasion of lontar palm 38 as family 51–53 133–134, 141, 144, Lovek 175–176, 225 female authority 15, 52–53 151–153, 166 Luzon (Lü-song) 108–109, 137, kinship relations 48, 51–53, Melaka fort 342 261 81 Melaka Straits 19, 29, 75, 85, Luçôes 138, 159 marriage alliances 47 87–89, 94–95, 98, 100–101, Luang Prabang 120–122, meaning of 46–47 128, 133, 140, 147, 149, 127–128, 146, 174, 228, persons of prowess 49–51 151–153, 189, 197, 271, 273, 323 preeminent lords 47–48 199–200, 212, 251–252, Lumad 163, 209 ritual oath-taking 47 294, 298–301, 340, 342 royal curses 47 men of prowess/merit Ma Huan 15, 23, 25, 38–39, 98, rulers 47–48, 51–53, 60–61, see persons of prowess/ 102 81 merit Mac Dang Dung, General 177 see also individual polities Mengwi 205 Mac dynasty 147, 177–178, 228 Mangkubumi (Sultan MEP (Missions Étrangères de mace 19, 79, 110, 151, 210 Hamengkubuwana I) 257 Paris) 232–233

index 359

merantau 103 mountain and hill people oaths mercenaries 135, 169, 171–173, see uplands/highlands Water of Allegiance 194, 221 229 Mpu Prapanca 80 see also royal curses mestiço (Port.) 135, 138, 188, 215 Mrauk-U 113–114, 171, 220 Oc Eo 17, 128 mestizo (Sp.) 139, 226, 259, Mughal India 133, 140, 171, 179, opium 306–309 189, 198, 220, 238–239 consumption of 238, 330 migration 4, 27–28, 240–241, Munsyi Abdullah 292, 342 growing of 219 255, 275, 286 Musi River 75–76 trade in 238, 255, 261, 303, min-laung 219–220, 248, 265, Myanmar 2–3 310 314, 316 border wars with China 71, 115 Opium War 330–331 see also charismatic leaders British relations with Orang Asli (original people, Minangkabau 77, 103–104, 195, 317–319 forest-dwellers) 29, 200, 198–199, 201, 251–252, 301 Burmese alphabet 316 292 Putri Jamilan, Queen 252 and Chin wives 289 Orang Laut (sea people) 29, 101, Ming dynasty 33, 85–87, 89–90, control of people 287 149–150, 200, 211–213, 92, 95, 97, 100–101, 105, dominance 239 241–242, 252, 292, 108–109, 114–115, 119, Hindu calendar system 92 294–295, 299 123–124, 186–187, 190 Mongol invasion of 16 original people see Orang Asli Ming Shi-lu 86–87, 97–98 precious stones 24–25 Ottoman empire 85, 133, Minh Huong 331 and VOC 189 152–153, 238 Minh Mang 288, 315, 330–332 Oudong 225, 274 mining 24 naga 67 expansion 240–244 Naicili Boki Raja, Queen Mother Padang 199, 251 iron ore deposits 120 166 Padang Lawas 20, 55 see also tin Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor) Padri Wars 301 missionaries 160, 272, 289 Pagan (Bagan) 16, 46, 58, 62–65, see also Christianity Nalanda 44 93, 114, 245 mobility 3, 6, 36, 76, 99, 135, Nan 71 Pajajaran 105, 158 142, 149, 190, 192–195, Nanhai 14 Pajang 156–157 208, 234, 242, 245, 277, 312, Nanyang 19 Pakubuwana I, King 253–254, 322, 337–338 Narai, King 222–224, 246, 256 modernity 6, 9 269–271, 320 Pakubuwana II, King 256–257 modernization 6 Naresuan, King 172–173, Pakubuwana III, King 257–258 Mogaung 114–115, 267 221–222, 225, 320 Palawan 30 Mohnyin 115, 168, 267 nat spirits, see also Thirty-Seven Palembang 75, 77, 100, 200–201, Moken sea people 29 Nats 63, 169 245, 251–252, 291, 301 money/monetization natural disasters Pampanga, 161 see currency and economic recovery 275 Panay 249, 258 Mong Mao 115, 267 supernatural interpretation Panduranga 3, 127–128, 229, 329 Mong Mit 115, 267 of 249, 255, 265, 277, Pangasinan 207 Mongol invasions 16–17, 19, 64, 285–286, 304, 306 Papuan islands 27, 165–166, 263, 71, 74, 89–90 weather patterns and 293, 310 monks, monkhood (sangha) calamities 249 see also Birdshead Peninsula see Buddhism 57, 58, 66, 76, Netherlands see VOC Pararaton 104, 107 92, 116, 273 Nghe An 249–250 Parian 162 Monsoon Asia 2 Nguyen 177–178, 193, 225, Pasai 87–88, 152 monsoon wars 328 228–231, 275–276, pasisir 106 monsoon winds 2, 18–19, 22–23, 278–279, 326, 328, 341 Pasyon 292 39 Nguyen Phuc Anh, Prince 279, Patani 95, 153, 201, 221, 299, Moors 133–134 287, 325–328 301, 319, 324, 340 Mount Bromo 106 Nihonmachi 222 Pattimura 312 Mount Kulen 65–68 Nine Wali (Wali Sanga) 106, pearls 26, 108, 149, 309, 313 Mount Mayon 36–37 156, 158, 203 Pegu (Bago) 64, 116–117, 133, Mount Merapi 36–37, 77–78, Nuku, Raja 343 149, 167–169, 171, 173, 203, 255, 304 Nuruddin al-Raniri 198–199 194, 198, 216–218, Mount Meru 65 Nusatenggara Timur, see also 264–265, 269, 271, 279, 351 Mount Popa 61–62 Eastern Lesser Sundas 22–23, Penang 285, 299, 304, 322, 324 Mount Taal 249 99, 110, 214–216, 262, 312 pepper 158–159, 200, 240, 253, Mount Tambora 36–37, 285–286 nutmeg 110–111, 196–197 257, 305–306

360 index

pepper (cont.) Portugal rebellions 147, 171, 202, 207, cultivation of 98–99, 104, see also black Portuguese 217, 242, 249, 262, 273, 276, 150, 152–153, 194, 233, empire building 133–140 289, 306, 312, 331 241, 251, 299 Estado da India 134, 233 Recollect Franciscans 160, 209 trade in 118, 158, 195, invasion of Melaka 133–134, Reconquest (Reconquista) 198–201, 204, 251–253, 141, 144, 151–153, 166 133–134 300, 302 mercenaries 135, 171–173 Red River 3, 72–73, 113, 127, Perak 198, 252–253, 324 Portuguese disease 138 232, 275–276, 286–287, 340 persons of prowess/merit 49–51, Prambanan 78 Reid, Anthony 7–8 120, 247–252, 265, Prasat Thong, King 194, 222 religion see individual religions 269–270, 272, 311 Prey Nokor (Saigon) 225 religious domains 91–95 see also charismatic leaders; principalia (elite Filipinos) 206 religious relationships 179 min-laung printing 292 religious transition 94–95 Phaulkon, Constantine 223–224 Prome 116, 168, 217 religious/political expression Phaya Kaeo, King 174 prophecies 50, 93, 120, 248, 54 Philippine tarsier (primate) 21 265–266, 271 royal authority 287 Philippines 2–3 Pyu people 61–62 Rembang 243 biodiversity 21 Restored Taungoo dynasty 197, Catholic Church 307 Qing dynasty 5, 186–187, 190, 216–220, 234, 264–266, 271 centralized authority 290 210, 224, 238–239, 243, see also Taungoo ethnic diversity 290 268, 285, 295, 320, 326, Rhodes, Alexandre de 232 Filipino friars 308–309 328–329 Riau 241, 253, 298–299, gold miners 208–209 Quang Nam 127 see also Johor Moro raids 249 Quang Trung Emperor 326 rice cultivation see dry rice, wet Spanish colonization rice 159–164, 206–210, Rafﬂes, Lady Olivia 297 river systems 3, 40, 61–62 258–261, 306 Rafﬂes, Sir Thomas Stamford 73, see also individual rivers tobacco 306–307 296, 300, 303, 305, 342–343 Rote 263 traders 138 raiding, 51, 109, 115–117, Royal Batavian Society of Arts Phnom Penh 122, 175, 226, 165–166, 249, 312 and Sciences 343 324 see also slavery royal curses 47, 76 Phra Bang (Royal Buddha capture of people 51, 109, Royal Patronage 133–134, 232 Image) 72, 120 127–128, 165–166 Royal Philippine Company 307 picis coins, see also currency Ilanun, 293, 309 rulers 47–48, 51–53, 60–61, 81, 34–35, 90 Magindanao, 310 102, 115–117, 165 Pigafetta, Antonio 27, 138 Manipuri, 216, 262 see also female authority Pigneau de Béhaine, Pierre Moro raids 249 treason to the ruler 76 327–328, 330 Shan 113 tributary lords 170–171 pirates 18, 308, 311–313, 328 Sulu, 291, 298, 310, Rum 85, 140–141, 238 see also raiding, Sulu see also pirates Rumphius, G.E. 196 Pires, Tomé 86–87, 95, 100, rainfall 2, 15, 22–23, 77, 315, 336 Ryukyu 44, 87, 103, 118, 186, 102–103, 111, 126–127, 155 Raja Muda 252, 298 231 plantation agriculture expansion Rakhine (Arakan) 113–114, 145, 240–244 168–169, 171, 193, 218, sacred geography 55 Po Nagar 230 220, 314, 318–319 Safavid dynasty Persia 133, 238 Po Saut, King 229–230 Ram Kamhaeng 68–70 sago 14, 23, 38, 75, 110, 165, 313 polities Rama I, King 14, 251–252, 295, Sahul shelf 21 coastal 29 319–321, 325–326 Saifuddin, Sultan 215, 262 early 35–39 Rama II, King 321–324 Saigon 225, 229, 274, 279, 328, and environment 60–61 Rama III, King 323–325 330 and rulers 47–48, 51–53, Rama IV, King 70 sailing routes 27 60–61, 81, 102 Ramakien 321 Chinese western sea routes sizes of 46 Ramaññadesa 114, 116, 265 20, 147, 231 see also individual people/ Ramathibodi I, King 117–118 Sakti, Raja (holy king) 202 polities Ramayana 14, 268 salt 275, 24, 33–34, 38, 126, 148, Polo, Marco 19, 59, 64, 78, 87–88 Ratu Adil, see also charismatic 159, 163, 231, 255 population 35, 37–38, 101, leaders 304–305 Salween River 61–62 138–139, 286, 304, 307, Ratu Kidul 156, 202 Sama Bajau sea people 29, 337–338 Ratu Pakubuwana 255 211–213, 242, 309, 313

index 361

Sambal people see Zambales South Sulawesi 164, 194, 214, 352 Sunda Kelapa 156, 158 Samudra-Pasai 59 Southeast Asia Sunda 105, 156 sandalwood 22–23, 27, 197, 215, administrative centralization Sunda shelf/Sundaland 21 274, 311 340–341 Sunda Straits 251 Sangir island 293–294 definition of area 2–3, Surabaya 254–255 sappanwood 24, 118, 225, 273 336–337 Surakarta 301–302 Sasak 205, 305–306 Early Modern to Colonial Susuhunan 296, 305 Sattha I, King 175–176 period 341–343 Surapati 204, 254 savior king see charismatic exploitation of land/ Suriyavongsa, King 227–228 leaders resources 337 Suryavarman II, King 66–68 Savu 38, 263 features of 337–341 Suvarnabhumi 14, 25 saw-bwa 170, 267 human mobility 338 swidden cultivation, see also Sea people see Orang Laut historical periods 7 slash and burn agriculture Sejarah Melayu 52, 100, 102 population explosion 36, 195 Senapati Ingalaga 202 337–338 Syaikh al-Islam 197–198 Seram Laut 313 territorial consolidation Syeikh Yusuf of Makassar 204 Serat Centhini 302 340–341 Symes, Michael 288, 316, 343 Serat Yusuf 203 transfer of ideas/technologies syphilis 138–139 Shan 63–64, 71, 113–114, 120, 339 Syriam (Thanlyin) 169, 172, 216, 123, 146, 167, 169–170, Spain 264–265 174, 217, 219, 239, 264, colonization by 159–164, 266–267, 315 206–210, 258–261 Tabinshweti, King 167–169 Sharifuddin, Sultan 310 empire building 133–140 Tagalog 143, 290, 292 Shin Saw Bu, Queen 116–117 mestizos 139, 258–259 Tai people/polities 67–73, 113 shipbuilding 32–33, 96–97, 328 mundo hispánico 294 Taj al-Alam Safiyyat al-Din, lashed-lug 33 in the Philippines 206–210, Sultana 198–199 stitched plank shipbuilding 258–261 Taksin, King 272–274, 279, 287, 33 spices, see also clove, mace, 319 shipwrecks 33, 96, 148 nutmeg 19, 78–79, 85, 89, Talaud island 293–294 Shwedagon pagoda 116–117 102, 108, 110–111, 134, The Tale of Kieu 330 Shwemawdaw pagoda 116, 168 137, 149, 152, 165, Tallo, 164 see also Gowa Shwezigon Pagoda 63 196–197, 240, 253, 263, 310 Tamil traders 252 Siak 252, 300 spirits 24, 26–27, 29, 53–54, 61, Tang dynasty 45, 73 Siam, 299, 314–315 63, 68, 74–75, 94, 97, 104, Tanimbar archipelago 313 see also Ayutthaya 125, 143, 146, 147, 169, 176, Taosug, 309 see also Sulu Silang, Diego 249–250, 260 197, 209–210, 230, 258, Taungoo dynasty 171 Silang, Gabriela 260 313, 330, 339 see also Restored Taungoo silk, introduction of 109 Sri Lanka 57, 92–93, 114, 116, Taungoo 116, 167–170, 173, 175, silk road 17 120, 145, 169, 174, 270, 317, 179–180, 197 maritime silk road 19–20 339 Tavoy (Dawei) 119, 264–265 Singapore 2–3 Srivijaya 16–17, 44, 46, 56–57, tax 34, 40, 51, 65–66, 78, 116, early trading port 77 59–60, 75–78, 80, 100, 252 124, 133, 170, 195, 217, 241, free trade port 285 stick-lac 149 255, 258, 275, 277, 287, 303, Singasari 77 sugar 233, 240, 321, 323 308, 315, 319, 323–324, Sipsongpanna 72, 170–171, 295 mills 240, 256, 305 326, 329 Sittang River 61 plantations 158 Tay Son 278–279, 287, 325–328 slash and burn agriculture, see Sukhothai 46, 68–70, 118 teak 23, 241, 243, 300 also swidden cultivation 36, Suku Terasing, 29 see also Orang technological change 95–99 113–114, 195 Asli Temple of 90,000 Buddhas slavery/slave trade, see also Sulawesi 214, 234, 311–312 171–172 raiding 192–195, 233–234, Sulayman the Magnificent, Tenasserim (Tanintharyi) 119, 292–293, 309, 312–313, 338 Sultan 152–153 264–265, 318–319 smallpox 138, 139, 243–244, 312, sulphur 110–111 Tengger 106, 253–254, 302, 304 314, 330 Sulu 108–109, 163–164, 210, Teochiu 272–273 Solo River 38 261, 293, 309 Terengganu 299, 319, 324–325 Solor-Timor archipelagoes 263 Sunan Gunung Jati 158 Terengganu Stone 60 Song dynasty 44, 73, 92 Sunan Kalijaga 140 Ternate 21, 37, 110–112, 163, Northern Song dynasty 19 Sunan Kudus 140 166–167, 206, 215, 260, Southern Song dynasty 19 Sunan Kuning 256 262–263, 310–312

362 index

textiles 30–31, 38, 88, 102, 110, Treaty of Amity and Commerce dominance of 239 118, 147, 152, 188, 198, 201, 301, 324–325 ﬁrearms 74 210, 218, 221 Treaty of Bungaya 213–215, 311 geographic environment and Thai Duc, Emperor 279 Treaty of Giyanti 257–258, development 72–73 Thang Long 73–74, 123, 301–302 Mongol invasion of 16 176–178, 326 Treaty of Tordesillas 85, 129, overlords 73 Thaton 62 133–134, 137 warfare 74–75 Thien (Zen) meditation 74 Treaty of Yandabo 267, 318–319 Vijaya see Cham Thirty-Seven Nats 63 Treatise on Victorious Warfare village-based water management Thonburi 273 172 78 Three-Seals Law 321 Trenggana, Sultan 155–156, 158 village wars 304 Three Worlds Cosmology Trinh 177–178, 193, 228–229, Visayas 261, 290, 310 (Traibhumikatha) 319 275–276 VOC (Dutch United East India Tidore 21, 37, 110–112, tripang 26, 101, 239, 241, 309 Company) 164–167, 215, 262, 310–312 Trunajaya, Prince Raden Bandanese, massacre of 210 Tilokarat, King 120 203–204, 214, 248 Batavia, headquarters of 202, Timor 32, 89, 110–111, 142, 165, tsunami 249 220 188, 197, 210, 215, 247, 263, Twelve Warlords 73 Chinese and 190, 255 312 collapse of 291, 302 tin 25, 34, 252, 321 U Thong 117–118 compromise with indigenous Tingkir, Joko 156 Ujung Salang 292, 315 customs 188, 291, 296 Tipitaka (Pali)/Tripitaka(Skt) United East India Company extermination of clove and 50, 58, 93, 171, 316, 320 see VOC nutmeg trees 197, tobacco 306–307 uplands/highlands 263 Tokugawa shogunate 186 in island Southeast Asia 25, founding of 187 Tondano War 312 37–38, 40, 104, 106, in mainland Southeast Asia Tonkin 229, 232 see Dang 108–109, 150, 160, 162, 226, 228–229, 279 Ngaoi 195, 199–200, 204–205, involvement in Maluku 210, Tonle Sap 65–66, 122 207–209, 214, 234, 243, 214, 261–262, 310 Topasses see black Portuguese 251, 257–258, 260, 302, involvement in Timor 247, Toraja 214 304 263, 312 trade 29–35 in mainland Southeast Asia Manila, attack on 185 with China 44, 89–90 3–4, 24, 36, 39, 45, 59, Melaka, conquest of, 199 cultural coherence 38–39 64, 67–68, 70–74, 81, 89, monopoly strategy 187, 200, diversity of 87–88 99, 113–115, 117, 119, 213, 218, 233, 253, 256, and Europe 179 123, 125, 147, 150, 169, 285, 306 with India 88–89 173, 178, 186, 218–219, plantation crops and 240, and intermarriage 31–32 231, 234, 241–243, 250, 252, 292 mutual respect 38–39 266–267, 272, 275, relations with Aceh 198 and rivers 35–36 277–278, 280, 287, relations with Johor-Riau and shipbuilding 32–33 289–290, 315, 329, 199, 253, 298 and violent disputes 38–39 340 relations with Makassar 201, and weapons acquisition 51 upstream-downstream 38, 75, 203, 213, 262, 311 see also EIC, VOC 114, 116, 123, 128, 163, 200, relations with Mataram trade expansion 87–90 252, 261 291–292, 202, 248, 253 trade networks 39, 81 seapower of 233, 187, 189 trade routes vagamundos 258 slave trade 192, 205, 293 land 17 van Diemen, Anthony 226 trade in deerskin 196, 226; and monsoon winds 18–19 Van Don seaports 19–20, 74, in tortoiseshell 190; and ocean currents 19 127 in teak 196, 243 sea 17–18 Vanburi, King 121–122 volcanoes 36–37, 77–78, 106, trading relationships 4 Vasco da Gama 129 249, 255, 285–286, 304 Trailok, King 118–119 Vientiane 175, 227, 273, 323 Tran dynasty 3, 74–75 Viet people 72–73 Wahabi 285, 292, 300 treaties Vietnam 2–3 Wajo 262 Anglo-Dutch 293–294, 301, Buddhism in 57 Wali Sanga see Nine Wali 342 Chinese culture 74–75 106–107 Dutch 285, 293–294 Christianity 232–233 Wang Dayuan 20, 23, 26, 28, 32, monopoly 251–252 as Dai Co Viet 44, 73 37, 80

index 363

warfare whale/whales 25, 156, 230 Yogyakarta, Sultan of 296 between polities 150 white elephants see elephants Yongle, Emperor 89–90, 92 and capture of people 51, wives, authority of 15, 52–53 yoni stones 78 109 Wolters, O.W. 46–47 Yuan dynasty 16, 20, 74, Water of Allegiance see oaths women, see also female authority 89–90 water management 78 abuse 72 Yunnan water wheels 195 gender roles 5, 8, 15, 60, 193, boundary with Myanmar wax 26, 29, 47, 79, 108, 148, 161, 208, 288 244, 294 163, 226, 258 polygamy 248 trade links 215, 313 weapons, weaponry 24, 47, queens 225, 52, 198 50–51, 67, 97–98, 109, 118, royal women 101, 172, 270 Zambales 160, 207 123, 126, 153, 157, 167, 178, wives 127, 151, 153, 221, 240, Zamboanga fort 163, 209–210, 187, 221, 231–232, 258, 270, 289 260, 293 272, 277 Zhao Rugua 29–30 weaving,177, 58, 162 Xavier, Francis 166–167 Zheng Chenggong187 see also weavers see Koxinga western maritime route 230–231 Yangon 267, 314–315 Zheng He, Admiral 15, 89–90, Western Ocean directions 20 Yijing 76 98, 105 wet-rice agriculture 3, 36, 38, 40, Yodaya Yazawin 268, 270–271 Zhou Daguan 31, 67–68, 98 64–65, 79, 99, 104, Yogyakarta 291, 301–302, Zhuang people 67–68 113–114, 192, 195, 286 304–305