Tree Planting in Indonesia: Trends, Impacts and Directions
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CHAPTER 3 JAMBI COMPARISONS: REMAKING THE LAND USE MAP IN A SMALL SUMATRAN PROVINCE In this chapter we will examine the extent to which Jambi 3) the higher foothills and slopes of the Barisan tree planting follows the patterns discovered in West Mountains in the west (including the fertile volcanic Kalimantan. The analysis will be less detailed, valley of Kerinci), together with other hilly zones, concentrating particularly on areas where emphases are especially along the northern and southern borders different. Initial fieldwork was carried out in Jambi in with Riau and South Sumatra. November 1997 with a follow-up to seek further information in February 1998. Many of the forested hills and mountains are now officially included in conservation areas, such as the Regions, Population Change and the huge Kerinci Seblat National Park (Taman Nasional Smallholder Economy Kerinci Seblat, TNKS) which covers parts of four provinces, the Gunung Tigapuluh Protected Forest along Described not long ago as still an agricultural frontier the Riau border and the smaller Gunung Duabelas (Rice 1989), Jambi is characterised by three very distinct Biosphere Reserve, which lies entirely within the regions (see Map 3.1): province. In terms of tree planting, the coconut/wet rice 1) the marshy coast with large areas of peat forest, system established almost a century ago by Banjarese especially in the Berbak National Park; and later Buginese immigrants dominates the coast, 2) an intermediate flat-to-gently rolling region of rather merging westwards into an extensive district where poor soils, now with only isolated forest remnants1; smallholder rubber is still the most important land use, and but is increasingly being replaced by oil palm. Logging Map 3.1. Jambi Locations È r e iv R KUALATUNGKAL l RIAU ka g n u T TANJUNG JABUNG GUNUNG TIGAPULUH NATIONAL PARK BERBAK T È ra n BUNGO TEBO NATIONAL s Tebingtinggi S uma PARK tera È Rimbobujang B at È Merlung ang ha SUMATERA BARAT È MUARABUNGO ri È H e r JAMBI ig Riv È h Muarabuat w a y È Lubukpauh BATANGHARI N GUNUNG DUABELAS 0102030Km BIOSPHERE r KERINCI SEBLAT RESERVE e v NATIONAL PARK È i BANGKO R LAKE KERINCI Tembesi PROVINCIAL BOUNDARY KABUPATEN BOUNDARY SAROLANGUN - BANGKO NATIONAL PARKS BENGKULU SUMATERA SELATAN 32 CIFOR Occasional Paper No.18: Tree Planting in Indonesia: Trends, Impacts and Directions Map 3.2. Batang Hari regency vegetation, 1986 Riv er i ar h ng ta Bata a ng hari B R iver River i s e b m e JAMBI LOWLAND FOREST T SAME BUT LOGGED OVER SECONDARY, DERIVED TYPES MAINLY SCRUBBY MOSAIC, RUBBER PLANTATIONS, SMALLHOLDERS & SECONDARY GROWTH ORCHARDS, COCONUTS, OFTEN MIXED WITH PADDY FIELDS MOSAIC OF DRYLAND RICE FOOD CROPS (SHIFTING CULTIFATION) & SECONDARY GROWTH N RUBBER PLANTATION GRASSLAND OR SHRUB SAVANNAS 0102030Km TALL PEAT SWAMP FOREST AS ABOVE, LOGGED OVER SECONDARY SHRUBBY TYPES LOW PEAT SWAMP FOREST ON THICK PEAT, INCLUDING POLE FOREST Source: Laumonier et.al Central Sumatera concessions continue to operate in some of the upland central plains and uplands. Current transmigrants production forests, while HTIs are reforesting parts of (mainly from Java) regularly form around 4% of the the logged-over sections. As in West Kalimantan, most population, although after five years they are no longer of the logged-over lowland and rolling hilly areas are counted separately, their villages coming under normal now subject to strong land use competition, with HTIs, administration. Special projects (Trans Swakarsa rubber-planting squatters and oil palm estates all vying Mandiri or TSM schemes), specifically allocate land to for control. The populous Kerinci valley, whose second generation migrants. The extensive inhabitants are ethnically different from the majority transmigration settlements thus provide long-standing Jambi Malays2, specialises in smallholder cinnamon and Javanese enclaves, though some families trace their coffee. New agroforestry schemes are in operation in ancestry further back, for example to the original tea the buffer zone of the TNKS, in an attempt to reduce plantation in Kerinci, which began importing Javanese encroachment on the park. labourers in 1918. It was estimated in 1985 that almost 25% of the population originated outside Jambi (SUPAS Population growth has been rapid in Jambi over the last 1985, quoted in Mubyarto et al. 1992: 32) and the four decades, with increased rates being consistently proportion may be greater today. The upgrading of the above and presently almost twice the national average. Trans-Sumatra Highway, which crosses the western In this aspect the province differs from West section of the province through the regency capitals of Kalimantan3, where population growth is slower. Bangko and Muara Bungo, has improved Jambis Although densities in both Jambi and its neighbour, Riau, accessibility to other parts of Sumatra and to Java. Large at around 40 per square kilometre, are the lowest in numbers of spontaneous migrants have arrived by this Sumatra, they are well above those in West Kalimantan. route, becoming squatters along logging roads or One reason for the recent population growth is the working as rubber tappers. As many of these settlers government-sponsored transmigrant intake. remain unrecorded in provincial statistics, population Transmigrant settlement began in the tidal swamps in growth rates in Jambi are probably higher than the 1967, then during the 1970s and 1980s moved to the official figures suggest (van Noordwijk et al. 1995). Lesley Potter and Justin Lee 33 Perennial tree crops, especially smallholder rubber trees. Although it is argued that this was a sensible (introduced in 1904), have long been more important strategy (Levang 1997), more recent PIR Trans schemes, than annual food crops in Jambi. One Dutch report noted associating private estates with transmigrant Djambi has been the leading residency in the exports smallholdings of rubber or oil palm, now regulate of native rubber, but is the most backward in practically behaviour more strictly. Transmigrant households must all other agricultural enterprises (Luytjes 1928: 27 also gradually repay the costs of crop establishment. trans.). A large proportion of the indigenous population While there has been much criticism of earlier food crop still owns extensive areas of rubber land, most of it the schemes, the move to estate-based PIR Trans settlements highly diverse jungle rubber, but with trees which are fitted both the World Banks recommendation and the old, often affected by termites or fungal disease and no Indonesian Governments decision to reduce spending longer very productive. Dependence on the daily harvest on transmigration. The private sector (and the settlers of rubber to meet basic purchased food requirements is themselves) was therefore encouraged to meet the costs nevertheless still high. With the exception of the Kerinci (Rice 1989; World Bank 1992). valley, land suitable for irrigated rice production in Jambi is quite limited. The Timber Industry, Forest and Land Classification Transmigration schemes established during the 1970s on Jambis poor soils quickly adopted mixed food and Recent information released by the provincial Forestry tree crop strategies. Schemes such as Rimbo Bujang Department (Table 3.1) shows a major decline in the (in Kab. Bungo Tebo established in 1975) provided 3 area designated as forest estate, when compared with ha of land for rubber and settlers were advised to plant earlier published figures. Since the early eighties, the tree crops as soon as possible (Meyer et al. 1978: 101). classification of forest area by function has divided the In World Bank-sponsored Batu Marta, across the border Indonesian forest into three major categories: protection, in South Sumatra, 1 ha of rubber per family was planted production and conversion forest. In 1990, 55% of the by a government estate (PTP), then allocated to the province was legally forest, compared with 72.5% in settlers after six years, when it was ready to tap. 1980 (Mubyarto et al. 1990; BPS Jambi 1996). Now Although initially quite ignorant of working rubber, the forest area has been further reduced to 42% of the settlers promptly abandoned their food crops, devoting total, or 2.1 million. ha. The category conversion forest all their energy to making as much money as possible has been dropped altogether, and production forest from the rubber, while at the same time overtapping the reduced by more than 150 000 ha between 1995 and Map 3.3. Jambi provincial land use plan R VE RI B JAMBI ATANG RI HA CITY RIVER I S BE EM T AREA FOR AGRICULTURAL & NON-AGRICULTURAL USE PRODUCTION FOREST LIMITED PRODUCTION FOREST PROTECTED FOREST - PEAT SWAMP N PETROLEUM MINING AREA 0102030Km BUKIT DUABELAS BIOSPHERE RESERVE BOTANICAL FOREST RESERVE BERBAK NATIONAL PARK DURIAN LUNCUK NATURE RESERVE Source: Map drawn 1996 by Cartography Lab. Geography Faculty, Universitas Gadjah Mada, from "Peta Rencana Struktur Tata Ruang Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Jambi, 1993" 34 CIFOR Occasional Paper No.18: Tree Planting in Indonesia: Trends, Impacts and Directions Table 3.1 Jambi land classification Land classification Area RTRWP % of total land Area of lands (ha) % of total (BAPPEDA) area (Min. For.) land area 1996 (ha) 1995 1997 1995 1997 I. Protected Areas a. Protected areas Protection forest 134 500 2.64 181 200 187 125 3.55 3.67 Peat areas 85 625 1.68 Beach and riverbank 286 940 5.63 b. Parks and Reserves National parks 545 000 10.68 602 900 617 890 11.82 12.12 Recreation parks 22 250 0.43 (included) 37 850 Research forests 3 400 0.07 “ 3 000 Nature reserves 22 800 0.45 “ 29 827 Mangrove areas 6 500 0.13 “ Total 1 107 015 21.71 784 100 875 692 15.37 17.17 II. Cultivated and human use areas a. Forest Prodn forest (perm) 870 500 17.06 1 429 245 870 500 28.02 17.06 Prodn forest (ltd) 450 200 8.83 (included) 405 200 (incl.) 7.94 *(Total prodn forest 1 320 700 25.89 1 429 245 1 275 700 28.02 25.01) *Conversion forest 454 466 8.91 Total forest estate 2 427 715 47.60 2 667 811 2 151 392 52.31 42.18 HPH Area 979 630 HTI Area 240 275 Total 1 219 905 b.