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Perdagangan Lada Di Jambi Abad Xvi-Xviii Pepper Trading In

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Perdagangan Lada Di Jambi Abad Xvi-Xviii Pepper Trading In 3ERDAGA1GA1 /ADA D, JA0B, ABAD X9,-X9,,, 3E33ER TRAD,1G ,1 -A0B, FR20 THE 16TH T2 THE 18TH CE1T8RY Dedi Arman Balai Pelestarian 1ilai Budaya .epulauan Riau -ln. 3ramuka No. 7, Tanjungpinang deasutanmaNmur79#gmail.com Diterima tanggal 8 Januari 2018 Disetujui tanggal 28 Juni 2018 Abstract This paper discusses the trade of -ambi pepper covering production, production, transportation, marNeting from upstream to downstream and involved actors of the whole trade. Trade route is divided into two. First, from upstream production area Erought downstream (3ort of JamEi). Secondly, from upstream through alternative path to Muaro Tebo to Strait of Malacca through Indragiri and Kuala Tungkal. The traders involved the main producer of pepper in -ambi. 3roducers of pepper, 0inangkabau farmers living along the Batanghari River, and traders are 3ortuguese, Chinese, Dutch, and English, as well as the sultan and nobles of -ambi. The heyday of -amEi pepper trade did not last long as pepper farmers moved to plant other commodities, such as rice and cotton especially when the price of pepper fell in the world marNet. .eywords: trading, pepper, and -ambi Sultanate. AEstrak 1asNah ini membahas tentang perdagangan lada -amEi yang meliputi wilayah produksi, produNsi, transportasi, pemasaran dari hulu ke hilir dan aktor-aktor yang terliEat dari Neseluruhan perdagangan. -alur perdagangan dibagi dua, 3ertama, dari daerah produNsi di hulu diEawa ke hilir (3elaEuhan -ambi). .edua, dari hulu melalui Malur alternatif Ne 0uaro TeEo menuMu Selat 0alaNa melalui ,ndragiri dan .uala TungNal. Adapun pelaNu perdagangan melibatkan produsen utama lada di -amEi. 3rodusen lada, petani 0inangNabau yang tinggal di sepanjang Sungai Batanghari, dan pedagang adalah 3ortugis, Cina, Belanda, dan ,nggris, maupun sultan dan bangsawan -amEi. 0asa NeMayaan perdagangan lada -ambi tidaN Eertahan lama karena petani lada beralih menanam Nomoditas lain, seperti padi dan kapas terleEih NetiNa harga lada anjlok di pasaran dunia. .ata Nunci: perdagangan, lada, dan .esultanan -amEi. 81 82 Handep, 9ol. 1, No. 2, Juni 2018 : 81-106 A. 3ENDAH8/8A1 3ara penguasa -amEi memanfaatNan 3elayaran dan perdagangan rempah pertumEuhan perdagangan di 3erairan Sumatra adalah aspeN historis yang 0alaNa pada 1550-an hingga aNhir aEad relatif teraEaiNan oleh seMarawan. Ne-17, .esultanan -amEi melaNuNan Belum ada sebuah kaMian khusus yang perdagangan lada yang menguntung- membincangkan fenomena historis itu kan. 3ada awalnya dengan 3ortugis dan (Gusti Asnan, 2017: 1). .alau pun ada, seMak 1615 dengan dengan perusahaan pemEahasan aspeN rempah hanya dagang ,nggris dan Hindia Timur menjadi bagian dari aspeN dan fokus Belanda. Dalam perdagangan lada ini kaMian lain. 0enurut Gusti Asnan, tidaN Muga terliEat orang-orang Cina, 0elayu, diraguNan lagi, pelayaran dan 0aNassar dan -awa (Scholten, perdagangan rempah pernah menMadi 2008:43). Eagian penting dari seMarah Sumatra. Scholten mengutip Barbara :atson TidaN hanya itu, pelayaran dan Andaya menulis, pada tahun 1616, iEu perdagangan rempah Sumatra Nota -ambi sudah dipandang seEagai Eerpengaruh Eesar dalam Maringan pelaEuhan terNaya Nedua di Sumatra pelayaran dan perdagangan 1usantara setelah Aceh. 0enurut perNiraan dan jaringan global. .ompeni Hindia Timur Belanda /ada adalah salah satu komoditas (9ereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie perdagangan unggulan dari wilayah atau 92C), Nesultanan meraih 1usantara, Nhususnya Sumatra. Neuntungan 30-35 persen dari lada yang 3ermintaan aNan lada di pasar Eropa terMual. -amEi Eerperan aNtif dalam dan Timur Tengah Eegitu tinggi percaturan politik internasional daerah membuat daerah-daerah penghasil lada itu. Tahun 1670-an NeperNasaannya dapat menaiNNan harga Mual dan wilayah seEanding dengan tetangga sekaligus produksinya meluas. 3encarian rempah musuhnya, 3alemEang dan -ohor memEuat para penMelaMah Eropa (Scholten, 2008: 44). mengarungi lautan pada aEad Ne-16. Di -amEi, lada dihasilNan oleh /ada memiliki banyaN fungsi, seperti daerah hulu -amEi seperti TanMung, EumEu masaNan, pengawet, oEat- .uamang, Sumai, 0uara Tembesi, dan obatan dan diambil minyaNnya untuk daerah lainnya di 9,, .oto. Daerah- wewangian serta dapat digunaNan daerah ini secara politiN lebih dikuasai sebagai alat tukar layaNnya uang. 3ada 0inangkabau ketimbang -ambi. -alur saat ini lada banyaN digunaNan sebagai perdagangan lada di -ambi tidak hanya EumEu masaNan. 3eningNatan dari hulu Ne hilir -amEi, tapi Muga permintaan lada EerNaitan dengan memiliki Malur alternatif. /ada dari hulu munculnya NeEiasaan hidup sehat dan 0inangNaEau diNirim Ne Selat (Masroh, 2014: 64). 0alaNa melalui 0uaro .etalo yang Salah satu daerah penghasil lada di sering disebut dengan 0alaNa .ecil. Sumatra pada abad Ne-16 adalah -ambi. /ada kemudian dibawa lewat sungai ke 3erdagangan Lada di Jambi (Dedi Arman) 83 Sungai ,ndragiri dan menyeEerang ke Andaya (2016), Hidup Bersaudara, pantai timur Sumatra (/indayanti, et al., Sumatra Tenggara 3ada AEad X9,, dan 2001: 67). X9,,,. BuNu ini Madi ruMuNan utama TopiN ini menariN untuN diteliti penulis untuN mengamEarNan tipe karena dari begitu banyaknya wilayah masyaraNat -amEi yang terEagi atas penghasil lada di wilayah Sumatera, kelompok hulu dan hilir. .ondisi ini -amEi pernah menMadi pelaEuhan Muga Eerpengaruh pada perdagangan terbesar kedua di Sumatra setelah Aceh lada di -amEi. /ada ditanam di hulu dan dengan lada seEagai komoditas ekspor Eandar dagangnya di hilir atau di utama. Aktivitas perdagangan lada di 3elabuhan Jambi. -amEi tersebut mengalami pasang surut 0.A.3. 0eilinN Roelofsz (2016) dan persaingan monopoli perdagangan dalam bukunya 3erdagangan Asia yang menariN untuN diNaMi. Apalagi, 3engaruh Eropa di 1usantara Antara -ambi hanya berfungsi seEagai bandar 1500 dan SeNitar 1630 Muga dagang sebelum lada diekspor ke Cina, memaparkan adanya perdagangan lada Eropa, maupun diNirim Ne Banten. di -amEi mulanya diNendaliNan oleh Selain itu, perdagangan lada di -ambi 3ortugis ketimEang bangsa Eropa lain. yang mengalami Nemunduran dan 3ortugis yang paling duluan masuN bahkan menghilang sehingga NeMayaan- -ambi. 3ersaingan terMadi belaNangan nya di masa lalu nyaris tidaN ditemukan setelah Inggris dan Belanda datang. MeMaknya hingga sekarang. 3ersaingan terseEut EeraNhir dengan ArtiNel —3erdagangan /ada di terusirnya 3ortugis dari Jambi. -amEi AEad Ne-16 hingga 18“ ini adalah Buku /indayanti, -unaidi T. 1oor, pengemEangan dari tulisan pendeN yang dan 8Mang Hariadi (2013), -amEi penulis tulis di laman kaManglako.com Dalam SeMarah 1500-1942 menulis tanggal 11 SeptemEer 2017 dan tentang peruEahan pereNonomian diposting ulang di laman -amEi. 0ulai dari -amEi seEagai NeEudayaan.NemdiNEud.go.id/ pelaEuhan ekspor bagi produk daerah EpnENepri 13 SeptemEer 2017. pedalaman 0inangNaEau, seperti emas, BerEagai data yang didapatNan, lada, dan produk hutan -ambi sendiri ditampilNan, dan dibahas dalam artiNel dan komoditas karet dan kelapa sawit ini leEih luas dan lengkap dari yang setelah -amEi Eerada di Eawah ditampilNan di laman ini. NeNuasaan pemerintahan Nolonial TerNait pustaNa, EerdasarNan Belanda hingga belakangan ditemukan penelusuran penulis, belum ada buku minyak bumi. atau laporan penelitian yang mengkaMi Tulisan A.B. /apian ( 199 2 ) perdagangan lada di -amEi secara EerMudul -amEi Dalam -aringan spesifiN. 0esNipun demiNian, 3elayaran dan 3erdagangan 0asa perdagangan lada di -amEi telah Awal telah mengupas perdagangan di disinggung dalam EuNu BarEara :atson -amEi pada masa zaman pra-seMarah, 84 Handep, 9ol. 1, No. 2, Juni 2018 : 81-106 zaman SriwiMaya hingga munculnya terhadap imigrasi dari 0inangkaEau Belanda melalui 92C di -ambi. Dalam yang memEeriNan warna NeaneNa- tulisan ini adanya perdagangan lada di ragaman penduduk -ambi. -amEi yang mendorong Nedatangan 3ustaNa lain yang Nhusus orang 0aNassar, -awa dan daerah membahas kaitan perdagangan lada di lainnya ke -ambi untuk berdagang. -amEi dan perantau Ne -ambi adalah Adanya perdagangan lada di -ambi Harmoni .ehidupan di 3rovinsi Multi pada abad X9,-X9,, ditulis Anastasia Etnis: Studi .asus ,ntegrasi Antara :iwiN Swastiwi (2010) dalam EuNunya 3enduduN 3endatang dan 3enduduN -ambi Dalam /intasan SeMarah Melayu Asli di -amEi Narya /indayanti, (Abad ,-X9,I). Swastiwi menyeEutNan, :itrianto dan ZulTayyim (2010). Mauh seEelum Nedatangan Belanda 0ereNa menyampaiNan Eahwa tahun 1615, -amEi sudah menMadi perdagangan lada merupaNan salah satu penghasil utama lada, emas, pinang, faNtor utama pendatang, diantaranya gaharu, getah alam merah, getah orang 0inangNaEau, Bugis, Arab, Cina, Mernang, dan getah Melutung. 0enginjaN dan suNu-suNu lainnya di Indonesia awal aEad Ne-17, -amEi ramai hiMrah ke -ambi. dikunjungi pedagang dari Cina, ,ndia, :illiam 0arsden (2013) dalam 3arsi, AraE, 3ortugis, ,nggris dan EuNu SeMarah Sumatra Muga menulis Belanda. 3edagang ,nggris dan 3ortugis produksi flora Sumatra seEagai duluan datang, tapi tidaN diizinNan Nomoditas perdagangan. 0enurut membuka kantor dagangnya di -ambi. 0arsden, Nomoditas yang paling Sama dengan Euku yang lain, informasi penting dan Eerlimpah dari semua tentang perdagangan lada menMadi Nomoditas perdagangan di Sumatra Eagian Necil dari Neseluruhan EuNu. adalah lada. 1amun, ia lebih EanyaN Tidak diMelaskan secara panjang lebar memEahas soal teNnis Eudidaya lada mengenai aktivitas perdagangan lada, dan Eeragam Menisnya. Selain itu, ia Muga termasuk daerah-daerah penghasil lada memEahas perdagangan yang dilaNuNan dan jalur perdagangan lada di Jambi. East ,ndia Company (E,C), Nantor Dalam bukunya, Elsbeth /ocher- dagang ,nggris. Scholten (2008), .esultanan
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