number of UN conventions and declarations (on the Rights of Indigenous 7 A Peoples, the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressi- Göttingen Studies in ons and the World Heritage Conventions) can be understood as instruments of Cultural Property, Volume 7 international governance to promote democracy and social justice worldwide. In Indonesia (as in many other countries), these international agreements have encouraged the self-assertion of communities that had been oppressed and de- Adat and Indigeneity in Indonesia prived of their land, especially during the New Order regime (1966-1998). More than 2,000 communities in Indonesia who define themselves asmasyarakat adat Culture and Entitlements between or “indigenous peoples” had already joined the Indigenous Peoples’ Alliance of Heteronomy and Self-Ascription the Archipelago” (AMAN) by 2013. In their efforts to gain recognition and self- determination, these communities are supported by international donors and Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin (ed.) international as well as national NGOs by means of development programmes. In the definition of masyarakat adat, “culture” or adat plays an important role in the communities’ self-definition. Based on particular characteristics of their adat, the asset of their culture, they try to distinguish themselves from others in order to substantiate their claims for the restitution of their traditional rights and property (namely land and other natural resources) from the state. The authors of this volume investigate how differently structured communities - socially, po- litically and religiously - and associations reposition themselves vis-à-vis others, especially the state, not only by drawing on adat for achieving particular goals, but also dignity and a better future. and Indigeneity in Indonesia Adat Brigitta (ed.) Hauser-Schäublin ISBN: 978-3-86395-132-0 ISSN: 2190-8672 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin (ed.) Adat and Indigeneity in Indonesia This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License 3.0 “by-sa”, allowing you to download, distribute and print the document. Published in 2013 by Universitätsverlag Göttingen as volume 7 in the series “Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property” Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin (ed.) Adat and Indigeneity in Indonesia Culture and Entitlements between Heteronomy and Self-Ascription Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property, Volume 7 Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2013 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. Printed with funding from the DFG Address of the Editor Prof. Dr. Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology University of Göttingen Theaterplatz 15 D-37073 Göttingen This work is protected by German Intellectual Property Right Law. It is also available as an Open Access version through the publisher’s homepage and the Online Catalogue of the State and University Library of Goettingen (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de). Users of the free online version are invited to read, download and distribute it. Set and layout: Stephanie Suon-Szabo, Serena Müller and Miriam Harjati Sanmukri English proofreading: Philip Saunders Cover picture: Rehearsing a traditional war dance, cakalele, Tobelo. Photo: Serena Müller 2012 © 2013 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de ISBN: 978-3-86395-132-0 ISSN: 2190-8672 „Göttinger Studien zu Cultural Property“ / “Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property” Reihenherausgeber Regina Bendix Kilian Bizer Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin Gerald Spindler Peter-Tobias Stoll Editorial Board Andreas Busch, Göttingen Rosemary Coombe, Toronto Ejan Mackaay, Montreal Dorothy Noyes, Columbus Achim Spiller, Göttingen Bernhard Tschofen, Tübingen Homepage http://gscp.cultural-property.org Table of Contents Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin Preface ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin Introduction. The Power of Indigeneity: Reparation, Readjustments and Repositioning ....................................................................... 5 Katja Göcke Indigenous Peoples in International Law ..............................................................................17 Maria Victoria Cabrera Ormaza From Protection to Participation? Shifting Perceptions towards Indigenous Peoples under International Law...................31 Yance Arizona and Erasmus Cahyadi The Revival of Indigenous Peoples: Contestations over a Special Legislation on Masyarakat Adat ............................................43 Stefanie Steinebach “Today we Occupy the Plantation – Tomorrow Jakarta”: Indigeneity, Land and Oil Palm Plantations in Jambi .........................................................63 Anna-Teresa Grumblies Being Wana, Becoming an “Indigenous People”. Experimenting with Indigeneity in Central Sulawesi ...........................................................81 Serena Müller Adat as a Means of Unification and its Contestation. The Case of North Halmahera ................................................................................................99 2 Table of Contents Miriam Harjati Sanmukri Mobilities of Indigeneity Intermediary NGOs and Indigenous Peoples in Indonesia ............................................ 115 Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin How Indigenous are the Balinese? From National Marginalisation to Provincial Domination .............................................. 133 Karin Klenke Whose Adat is it? Adat, Indigeneity and Social Stratification in Toraja ......................................................... 149 Fadjar I. Thufail Becoming Aristocrats: Keraton in the Politics of Adat................................................................................................ 167 Francesca Merlan From a Comparative Perspective: Epilogue ....................................................................... 185 References ................................................................................................................................ 201 Abbreviations........................................................................................................................... 231 Contributors ........................................................................................................................... 237 Preface Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin This volume presents the results of five years’ research on the processes of the propertisation of culture that have been carried out by the Research Unit 772 on The Constitution of Cultural Property (speaker: Regina Bendix), sponsored by the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft).1 Our research focused on the certification and heritisation of culture (nominations and listing of tangible and intangible UNESCO World Heritages) during the first three years. Since 2011, we have been investigating how “culture”, or more specifically adat (concepts of traditional ways of life and values), is shaped and deployed by various actors in Indonesia to define their identities, reclaim rights and property, and reposition themselves in the multi-ethnic state of Indonesia since the fall of the Suharto regime (1998). A workshop entitled “Adat between state governance and self-determined indigeneity in Indonesia” was held at Göttingen University in October 2011. The preliminary results of the most recent anthropological research on adat or rather on “indigeneity” in Indonesia were presented by scholars at this workshop, including our much-valued research fellow from Jakarta, Fadjar Ibnu Thufail, from the Göttingen projects, and also by a scholar from Bonn University. Since the struggles for recognition of a special adat particularly of “indigenous groups” in Indonesia can only be understood against 1 The research on which the chapter by Steinebach is based was carried out during a project within the Collaborative Research Centre 990, “Ecological and Socioeconomic Functions of Tropical Lowland Rainforest Transformation Systems (Sumatra, Indonesia)”, also based at Göttingen University. 4 Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin the background of international conventions and aid programmes for the promotion of indigenous peoples, two scholars from the International Law Department of Göttingen University (Katja Göcke and Maria Victoria Cabrera Ormaza) were invited, as well as the well-known Indonesian lawyer and indigenous peoples activist, Sandra Moniaga, to present their perspective on the issue of indigeneity. The present volume mirrors this anthropological-international law co-operation and exchange of views on indigeneity. We are grateful that two lawyers from Indonesia, Yance Arizona and Erasmus Cahyadi, wrote an insightful paper on the current state of affairs on a special law on indigenous peoples in Indonesia. Francesca Merlan, the renowned anthropologist from the National University in Canberra and an expert on “indigeneity”, spent a month as a Fellow of the Research Unit at Göttingen in June 2013. We all benefitted tremendously from her lectures, the comments she gave on earlier versions of several chapters and her insights. She has written an Epilogue to the volume from an encompassing, comparative perspective. I would like to thank her for writing this important chapter, for her commitment and