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Historia Del Conocimiento De Las Lenguas Autóctonas De Bolivia

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Historia Del Conocimiento De Las Lenguas Autóctonas De Bolivia Historia del conocimiento de las lenguas autóctonas de Bolivia Hans van den Berg* Originalmente pensé titular esta contribución a la obra Lenguas de Bolivia ‘Historia del estudio de las len- guas autóctonas de Bolivia’. Sin embargo, pronto después de haber iniciado la investigación al respecto, me di cuenta de que el término ‘estudio’ podría ser entendido como referente exclusivamente a una ocupación teórica con estas lenguas. Por eso, opté por el término ‘conocimiento’, para distinguir entre lo práctico, lo teórico y lo literario dentro de lo que se abarca al hablar de una lengua. 1. Hacia una definición del número de lenguas de Bolivia La Copia de Curatos,1 un documento de fines del siglo XVI que presenta la lista de curatos y doctrinas que por entonces existían dentro de la diócesis de La Plata, indica la lengua o las lenguas autóctonas de los Andes que se hablaba en cada uno de ellos. Son cuatro: el aimara, el quechua, el puquina y el uruquilla. La lengua aimara resulta ser la más hablada, con tal que el compositor de la lista pudo decir al final de la misma: “La lengua general de casi todo este obispado es la aymara” (Anónimo de Charcas 1982: 190),2 lengua que por entonces se hablaba todavía preponderantemente también en los actuales departamentos de Potosí, Cochabamba y Chuquisaca, donde la lengua quechua después ha llegado a ser la principal. La lengua puquina pertenecía a las por entonces llamadas ‘lenguas generales’, pero se extinguió a comienzos del siglo XVII. Esta lengua se hablaba principalmente en curatos de la ciudad de Potosí,3 de la región noroccidental del lago Titicaca y en los antiguos partidos de Omasuyos y Larecaja del norte de La Paz. Uruquilla debe ser entendida como una pequeña familia de lenguas emparentadas, de las cuales la lengua uru debe haber sido la más importante. Según la Copia, se la hablaba, junto con la aimara, en la región de Zepita, en la actual república del Perú, y en los Lipes, los Aullagas y los pueblos de Paria, en los actuales departamentos bolivianos de Oruro y Potosí. * Hans van den Berg es doctor en Teología (Misionología) por la Universidad de Münster, Alemania. Fue Vice-Rector Regional de la Universidad Católica Boliviana en la Unidad Académica de Cochabamba de 1992 a 2002, donde fundó la Biblioteca Etno- lógica Boliviana “Fray Antonio de la Calancha”. Luego fue Rector Nacional de la Universidad Católica Boliviana “San Pablo” de 2005 a 2013. 1 ‘Copia de los curatos y doctrinas que se proveen por el patronazgo en este obispado de La Plata, y en qué lenguas han de ser instituidos a los doctrinantes para mejor predicar el euangelio de Jesuchristo y su doctrina christiana’, en Cerrón-Palomino (1982). Para un extenso estudio de este documento, ver Torero (1987). 2 La lista presenta 92 curatos o doctrinas donde se habla solamente el aimara, 3 de sólo quechua, 1 de sólo puquina, 1 de sólo español, 30 de quechua y aimara, 13 de aimara, quechua y puquina, 7 de aimara y puquina y 4 de aimara y uruquilla. Hace falta observar que la lista está numerada de 1 a 140. Sin embargo, cuatro curatos no llevan número y en siete casos se indica que se trata de dos curatos. De esta manera, de hecho, se llega a un número total de 151. 3 Esto significa que puquinas eran también reclutados para la mita de Potosí. xyz 80 LENGuas DE BOLIVIA La lengua uru se extinguió prácticamente a mediados del siglo XX. No se conocía todavía con nombre propia la lengua de los habitantes del pueblo de Santa Ana de Chipaya como una de las lenguas del grupo uruquilla.4 De hecho, el estudio tanto de la lengua uru como de la lengua chipaya ha sido iniciado por el alemán Max Uhle en los años 90 del siglo XIX.5 Una sexta lengua de los Andes bolivianos es la lengua kallawaya, que fue hablada hasta hace poco en la provincia Bautista Saavedra del departamento de La Paz. La primera mención de esta lengua hizo el presbítero boliviano Luis Soria Lens en 1954, al publicar un pequeño vocabulario de la misma (Soria Lenz 1954). Un año después, Enrique Oblitas Poblete, que durante muchos años fue juez en la región de los kallawayas, presentó a su vez datos sobre esta lengua (Oblitas Poblete 1955). En el año 1785 se publicó en Cesena, Italia, la obra Catalogo delle lingue conosciute e noticia della loro affi- nitá, e diversitá del jesuita español Lorenzo de Hervás y Panduro (1735-1809).6 El autor, por lo que respecta a la presentación de las lenguas de las tierras bajas de lo que hoy es Bolivia, había recibido su información principalmente de jesuitas que habían trabajado en las misiones que la Compañía de Jesús había fundado en esas tierras y que, después de haber sido expulsados de su campo de trabajo misionero, en el año 1768, se habían establecido en el norte de Italia. Entre ellos se destacó el padre Joaquín Camaño, oriundo de La Rioja del Tucumán, misionero de Chiquitos, con quien Hervás mantuvo una intensa correspondencia en la década de los ’80 del siglo XVIII. Es la obra de Hervás la primera en la que encontramos presentadas la mayoría de las lenguas autóctonas que conocemos hasta la actualidad y, además un gran número de lenguas que ya se habían extinguido por entonces o que se han extinguido más tarde. En el primer volumen de la obra de Hervás, dedicado a las lenguas y naciones americanas, los datos sobre las lenguas de las tierras bajas de Bolivia, se encuentran en el segundo y en el cuarto capítulo. El ca- pítulo segundo está dedicado a las “lenguas que se hablan en el Paraguay y en varios países del Brasil”. Este capítulo incluye la Chiquitanía y el Gran Chaco. Hervás presenta primero extensamente la lengua guaraní y menciona, al tratar de esta lengua, como dialectos de la misma la lengua chiriguana y la lengua guaraya: “Del idioma guaraní son dialectos con gran afinidad dos lenguas de los indios, que antes del descubrimiento de la América, habitaban en ciertos países lejanos de los que la nación guaraní ocupa. Los dichos indios se llaman guarayos y chiriguanos” (Hervás 1800: 142-143). Luego presenta a los chaneses: “La población llamada San Juan de Porongos he puesto en el número de las poblaciones chiriguanas, porque se llama chiriguana por todos, aunque realmente no lo es, y por esto los chiriguanos a los individuos de ella llaman chanás o chanés” (Hervás 1800: 146). De un pequeño informe del naturalista Tadeo Haenke, del año 1798, sabemos que había pueblos chaneses a lo largo del río Parapetí y que las misiones de Ingue e Iti, en la cordillera de Incahuasi eran de nación chanese. La lengua chiquita, “célebre por su artificio, y más famosa por sus ilustres misio- nes llamadas comúnmente de los chiquitos”, tiene, según Hervás, “a lo menos cuatro dialectos conocidos, y se duda del quinto dialecto” (Hervás 1800: 158). Estos dialectos se llamaban: tao, “que es el más universal” (Hervás 1800: 158), piñoco, manaci, penoqui y lengua. En “los países de los chiquitos”, se hablaba también la lengua parací y la lengua zamuca, de la cual Hervás presenta tres dialectos: zamuco, caipotorade y morotoco. Por lo que respecta al Gran Chaco, son mencionadas por Hervás las lenguas de los matacos, chulupíes y tobas. Las demás lenguas de las tierras bajas de Bolivia son presentadas en el cuarto capítulo de la obra de Hervás, titulado “Lenguas de naciones del Perú”. En primer lugar está la lengua moja, de la que Hervás dice que “tiene varios dialectos” (Hervás 1800: 248), mencionando, empero, de éstos solamente dos. “Uno de los dialectos más conocido es la lengua baure. Se había creído por algunos misioneros, que también era dialecto 4 La existencia de este pueblo está registrada ya en un documento de 1575 que se encuentra en el archivo de la Casa de la Moneda de Potosí (A.C.M. Caja Real, libro 444) y que fue descubierto por Nathan Wachtel (1990: 589, nota a pie de página 1): “Para la doctrina de la ciudad de cacares de chuquicota y villa de badajoz de curaguara y san salvador de sacari pueblos de los aymaraes carangas y para el pueblo de santana de chipaya y maraya de los uros”. 5 En el Instituto Iberoamericano de Berlín se encuentran dos importantes manuscritos de Uhle, a saber Grundzüge einer Uro- Grammatik (1894) y Vorbereitetes Uro Vocabular (1895). 6 Tomo XVII de su majestuosa obra Idea dell’Universo. Una versión española de este tomo fue editada en Madrid en el año 1800: Catálogo de las lenguas de las naciones conocidas, y numeración, división, y clases de estas según la diversidad de sus idiomas y dialectos. En lo que sigue citaremos de esta edición Volumen I: Lenguas y naciones americanas. Historia DEL conocimiento DE LAS LENGuas autÓctonas DE BOLIVIA 81 mojo la lengua paicone, mas ya se sabe que ésta no tiene afinidad alguna con labaure , y consiguientemente no es dialecto mojo” (Hervás 1800: 248). “La lengua ticomeri se pone por los misioneros entre los dialectos mojos” (Hervás 1800: 248). En las misiones de Santa Rosa del Iténez y de San Miguel, ambas perdidas en el año 1742, “se hablaba la lengua mure” (moré) (Hervás 1800: 247). Luego Hervás menciona las lenguas mo- bima, pacabari (¿pacahuara?), cabini (¿cavina o cavineña?), chumana (¿chimane?), cayubaba, itonama y canisiana (canichana), indicando las misiones en las cuales eran habladas. Éstas en cuanto a lenguas que se han seguido hablando hasta en nuestros tiempos.
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