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The University of Chicago on Non-Culminating Accomplishments in Mandarin a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Division

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The University of Chicago on Non-Culminating Accomplishments in Mandarin a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Division THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ON NON-CULMINATING ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN MANDARIN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS BY ANQI ZHANG CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2018 Copyright c 2018 by Anqi Zhang All Rights Reserved This dissertation is dedicated to God. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . vii LIST OF TABLES . viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ix ABSTRACT . x 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background . .3 1.1.1 Accomplishment Predicate . .3 1.1.2 Krifka . 11 1.1.3 Comparing Dowty's and Krifka's Theories of Accomplishments . 15 1.2 The Problem of Non-Culminating Accomplishment . 16 1.3 General Structure of This Dissertation . 20 2 PREVIOUS STUDIES AND GENERAL QUESTIONS . 22 2.1 Introduction . 22 2.2 Previous Studies . 22 2.2.1 Referential Properties and Total Affectedness: Singh (1991, 1998) . 23 2.2.2 Imperfectivity Built in the Stem: Koenig and Muansuwan (2000) . 28 2.2.3 Bar-El et al. (2004) . 32 2.2.4 Tatevosov and Ivanov (2009) . 35 2.2.5 Problems with Previous Analyses . 40 2.3 General Questions and Strategies . 43 2.3.1 General Questions . 43 2.3.2 Working Hypothesis . 45 2.4 Conclusion . 50 3 DIAGNOSTICS FOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS . 52 3.1 Introduction . 52 3.2 Defining Telicity . 54 3.3 Developing Predicate Type Diagnostics Cross-Linguistically . 56 3.4 Tests for Mandarin Predicate Types . 61 3.4.1 Two Counterparts of the For-Test . 62 3.4.2 The Equivalent of In Test . 66 3.4.3 The Progressive Test with Zai ...................... 69 3.4.4 The Culmination Entailment . 70 3.4.5 The Almost Test ............................. 71 3.4.6 the Negation test . 73 3.4.7 Summarizing the Results . 76 3.5 Conclusion . 78 iv 4 THE PERFECTIVE ASPECT IN MANDARIN . 79 4.1 Previous Studies on the meaning of le ...................... 81 4.1.1 Two Component-Theory: Smith (1994, 1997) . 84 4.1.2 Distinguished Phase: Klein et al. (2000) . 86 4.1.3 Compositional Semantics: Lin (2000, 2003) . 88 4.1.4 Summary of Previous Analyses . 92 4.2 Arguments Against the Imperfective Uses of Le ................ 93 4.2.1 Tham (2013) . 93 4.2.2 No Inceptive Reading for Activity Verbs . 95 4.2.3 No Non-Culminating Reading for Every Accomplishment . 98 4.2.4 Summary of the Arguments . 100 4.3 Semantics of the Perfective Le .......................... 101 4.4 The Semantics of the Stative Verbs in Mandarin . 101 4.4.1 Analyzing Stative Verbs in Mandarin . 104 4.4.2 Tests . 105 4.4.3 Analysis . 109 4.5 The Typology of the Perfective . 110 4.6 Conclusion . 113 5 THE SEMANTICS OF `BREAK' AND `FIX' IN MANDARIN . 114 5.1 Background and Data . 116 5.1.1 Morphology of Bare and Resultative Compound Transitive Verbs . 117 5.1.2 Culminating Reading Patterns for Bare vs. Resultative Compound . 119 5.1.3 Morpho-Syntax of Transitives and Intransitives . 124 5.1.4 Culmination Entailment Patterns the Intransitive MMFPs . 128 5.2 Motivation for Analysis . 131 5.2.1 Agentivity, Causation and Non-Culmination . 132 5.2.2 Affectedness . 133 5.2.3 Manner/Result Complementarity . 136 5.3 Analysis . 138 5.3.1 Bare Transitives and Intransitives . 138 5.3.2 Resultative Verbal Compounds and Accomplishment Structure . 141 5.3.3 The Resultative Morpheme vs. the Completive Morpheme . 144 5.4 Comparison with Previous Analyses . 145 5.4.1 Comparison with Koenig and Muansuwan (2000) . 147 5.4.2 Comparison with Tatevosov and Ivanov (2009) . 148 5.5 Pragmatics Component . 150 5.6 Conclusion . 151 6 THE SEMANTICS OF DEGREE ACHIEVEMENTS IN MANDARIN . 153 6.1 Introduction . 153 6.2 Data . 157 6.2.1 Culmination Readings and Transitive-Intransitive Alternations . 161 6.2.2 Variable Telicity in the Intransitives . 166 6.3 Previous Analyses . 172 v 6.3.1 Lin (2004a) . 173 6.3.2 Kennedy and Levin (2008) . 178 6.4 Analysis . 181 6.5 Conclusion . 188 7 CONSUMPTION VERBS . 190 7.1 Introduction . 190 7.2 Background . 191 7.2.1 Singh's Analysis of Hindi non-culminating Reading . 193 7.2.2 Previous Analyses in Mandarin . 195 7.2.3 Defining Referentiality . 196 7.3 Data for Consumption Verbs in Mandarin . 202 7.3.1 Indefinite NPs . 202 7.3.2 Definite NPs . 204 7.4 Analysis . 208 7.4.1 Semantics of Noun Phrases in Mandarin . 209 7.4.2 Semantic Composition with the Referential NP . 216 7.4.3 Semantic Composition with the Non-Referential NP . 220 7.4.4 Comparison with English Consumption Verbs . 222 7.4.5 Summary of Analysis . 223 7.5 Comparison with Previous Analyses . 224 7.5.1 Comparison with Singh (1991, 1998) . 224 7.5.2 Comparison with Soh and Kuo (2005) . 225 7.5.3 Comparison with Koenig and Chief (2007) . 228 7.6 Conclusion . 229 8 CONCLUSION . 231 8.1 The Overall Picture . 231 8.1.1 Global Factors . 233 8.1.2 Speculation of Cross-Linguistic Patterns . 234 8.2 Looking Ahead . 236 8.3 Conclusion . 237 REFERENCES . 238 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 A Complete Join Semi-Lattice without Bottom Elements . 13 5.1 Schema for an Accomplishment with an Agent . 142 5.2 MMFP Representation . 149 7.1 The Lattice of Ge Pingguo `cl Apples' . 209 7.2 The Lattice of Wan Pingguo `Bowl (of) Apples or Apple Stuff' . 210 7.3 A Bottomless Lattice for Shui `Water' . 213 vii LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Vendler's Verbal Classes from Dowty (1979, 54) . .4 2.1 Different Non-Culminating Accomplishment Patterns . 49 3.1 Summary of the Test Results . 77 4.1 The \Perfective" Cross-Linguistically . 111 4.2 The \Perfective" Cross-Linguistically Revised . 112 5.1 Mandarin Transitive and Intransitive MMFP . 125 6.1 Chinese Degree Achievement Morphology . 158.
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