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The Status of Cantonese in the Education Policy of Hong Kong Kwai Sang Lee and Wai Mun Leung*
Lee and Leung Multilingual Education 2012, 2:2 http://www.multilingual-education.com/2/1/2 RESEARCH Open Access The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong Kwai Sang Lee and Wai Mun Leung* * Correspondence: waimun@ied. Abstract edu.hk Department of Chinese, The Hong After the handover of Hong Kong to China, a first-ever policy of “bi-literacy and Kong Institute of Education, Hong tri-lingualism” was put forward by the Special Administrative Region Government. Kong Under the trilingual policy, Cantonese, the most dominant local language, equally shares the official status with Putonghua and English only in name but not in spirit, as neither the promotion nor the funding approaches on Cantonese match its legal status. This paper reviews the status of Cantonese in Hong Kong under this policy with respect to the levels of government, education and curriculum, considers the consequences of neglecting Cantonese in the school curriculum, and discusses the importance of large-scale surveys for language policymaking. Keywords: the status of Cantonese, “bi-literacy and tri-lingualism” policy, language survey, Cantonese language education Background The adjustment of the language policy is a common phenomenon in post-colonial societies. It always results in raising the status of the regional vernacular, but the lan- guage of the ex-colonist still maintains a very strong influence on certain domains. Taking Singapore as an example, English became the dominant language in the work- place and families, and the local dialects were suppressed. It led to the degrading of both English and Chinese proficiency levels according to scholars’ evaluation (Goh 2009a, b). -
Cantonese Vs. Mandarin: a Summary
Cantonese vs. Mandarin: A summary JMFT October 21, 2015 This short essay is intended to summarise the similarities and differences between Cantonese and Mandarin. 1 Introduction The large geographical area that is referred to as `China'1 is home to many languages and dialects. Most of these languages are related, and fall under the umbrella term Hanyu (¡£), a term which is usually translated as `Chinese' and spoken of as though it were a unified language. In fact, there are hundreds of dialects and varieties of Chinese, which are not mutually intelligible. With 910 million speakers worldwide2, Mandarin is by far the most common dialect of Chinese. `Mandarin' or `guanhua' originally referred to the language of the mandarins, the government bureaucrats who were based in Beijing. This language was based on the Bejing dialect of Chinese. It was promoted by the Qing dynasty (1644{1912) and later the People's Republic (1949{) as the country's lingua franca, as part of efforts by these governments to establish political unity. Mandarin is now used by most people in China and Taiwan. 3 Mandarin itself consists of many subvarities which are not mutually intelligible. Cantonese (Yuetyu (£) is named after the city Canton, whose name is now transliterated as Guangdong. It is spoken in Hong Kong and Macau (with a combined population of around 8 million), and, owing to these cities' former colonial status, by many overseas Chinese. In the rest of China, Cantonese is relatively rare, but it is still sometimes spoken in Guangzhou. 2 History and etymology It is interesting to note that the Cantonese name for Cantonese, Yuetyu, means `language of the Yuet people'. -
Singapore Mandarin Chinese : Its Variations and Studies
This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Singapore Mandarin Chinese : its variations and studies Lin, Jingxia; Khoo, Yong Kang 2018 Lin, J., & Khoo, Y. K. (2018). Singapore Mandarin Chinese : its variations and studies. Chinese Language and Discourse, 9(2), 109‑135. doi:10.1075/cld.18007.lin https://hdl.handle.net/10356/136920 https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.18007.lin © 2018 John Benjamins Publishing Company. All rights reserved. This paper was published in Chinese Language and Discourse and is made available with permission of John Benjamins Publishing Company. Downloaded on 26 Sep 2021 00:28:12 SGT To appear in Chinese Language and Discourse (2018) Singapore Mandarin Chinese: Its Variations and Studies* Jingxia Lin and Yong Kang Khoo Nanyang Technological University Abstract Given the historical and linguistic contexts of Singapore, it is both theoretically and practically significant to study Singapore Mandarin (SM), an important member of Global Chinese. This paper aims to present a relatively comprehensive linguistic picture of SM by overviewing current studies, particularly on the variations that distinguish SM from other Mandarin varieties, and to serve as a reference for future studies on SM. This paper notes that (a) current studies have often provided general descriptions of the variations, but less on individual variations that may lead to more theoretical discussions; (b) the studies on SM are primarily based on the comparison with Mainland China Mandarin; (c) language contact has been taken as the major contributor of the variation in SM, whereas other factors are often neglected; and (d) corpora with SM data are comparatively less developed and the evaluation of data has remained largely in descriptive statistics. -
Mandarin Chinese As a Second Language: a Review of Literature Wesley A
The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors Honors Research Projects College Fall 2015 Mandarin Chinese as a Second Language: A Review of Literature Wesley A. Spencer The University Of Akron, [email protected] Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Follow this and additional works at: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, International and Intercultural Communication Commons, and the Modern Languages Commons Recommended Citation Spencer, Wesley A., "Mandarin Chinese as a Second Language: A Review of Literature" (2015). Honors Research Projects. 210. http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/210 This Honors Research Project is brought to you for free and open access by The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors College at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The nivU ersity of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Research Projects by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Running head: MANDARIN CHINESE AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 1 Mandarin Chinese as a Second Language: A Review of Literature Abstract Mandarin Chinese has become increasing prevalent in the modern world. Accordingly, research of Chinese as a second language has developed greatly over the past few decades. This paper reviews research on the difficulties of acquiring a second language in general and research that specifically details the difficulty of acquiring Chinese as a second language. -
Language Specific Peculiarities Document for Cantonese As
Language Specific Peculiarities Document for Cantonese as Spoken in the Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces of China 1. Dialects The name "Cantonese" is used either for all of the language varieties spoken in specific regions in the Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces of China and Hong Kong (i.e., the Yue dialects of Chinese), or as one particular variety referred to as the "Guangfu group" (Bauer & Benedict 1997). In instances where Cantonese is described as 'Cantonese "proper"' (i.e. used in the narrower sense), it refers to a variety of Cantonese that is spoken in the capital cities Guangzhou and Nanning, as well as in Hong Kong and Macau. This database includes Cantonese as spoken in the Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces of China only (i.e. not in Hong Kong); five dialect groups have been defined for Cantonese (see the following table)1. Three general principles have been used in defining these dialect groupings: (i) phonological variation, (ii) geographical variation, and (iii) lexical variation. With relation to phonological variation, although Cantonese is spoken in all of the regions listed in the table, there are differences in pronunciation. Differences in geographic locations also correlate with variations in lexical choice. Cultural differences are also correlated with linguistic differences, particularly in lexical choices. Area Cities (examples) Central Guangzhou, Conghua, Fogang (Shijiao), Guangdong Longmen, Zengcheng, Huaxian Group Northern Shaoguan, Qijiang, Lian Xian, Liannan, Guangdong Yangshan, Yingde, Taiping Group Northern -
China's Capacity to Manage Infectious Diseases
China’s Capacity to Manage Infectious Diseases CENTER FOR STRATEGIC & Global Implications CSIS INTERNATIONAL STUDIES A Report of the CSIS Freeman Chair in China Studies 1800 K Street | Washington, DC 20006 PROJECT DIRECTOR Tel: (202) 887-0200 | Fax: (202) 775-3199 Charles W. Freeman III E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.csis.org PROJECT EDITOR Xiaoqing Lu March 2009 ISBN 978-0-89206-580-6 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC & Ë|xHSKITCy065806zv*:+:!:+:! CSIS INTERNATIONAL STUDIES China’s Capacity to Manage Infectious Diseases Global Implications A Report of the CSIS Freeman Chair in China Studies PROJECT DIRECTOR Charles W. Freeman III PROJECT EDITOR Xiaoqing Lu March 2009 About CSIS In an era of ever-changing global opportunities and challenges, the Center for Strategic and Inter- national Studies (CSIS) provides strategic insights and practical policy solutions to decisionmak- ers. CSIS conducts research and analysis and develops policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke at the height of the Cold War, CSIS was dedicated to the simple but urgent goal of finding ways for America to survive as a nation and prosper as a people. Since 1962, CSIS has grown to become one of the world’s preeminent public policy institutions. Today, CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. More than 220 full-time staff and a large network of affiliated scholars focus their expertise on defense and security; on the world’s regions and the unique challenges inherent to them; and on the issues that know no boundary in an increasingly connected world. -
Borrowed Words from Japanese in Taiwan Min-Nan Dialect
International Journal of Language and Linguistics Vol. 3, No. 2; June 2016 The Difference between Taiwan Min-nan Dialect and Fujian Min-nan Dialect: Borrowed Words from Japanese in Taiwan Min-nan Dialect Ya-Lan Tang Department of English Tamkang University 11F., No.3, Ln. 65, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City 25151, Taiwan Abstract Southern Min dialect (also called Min-nan or Hokkien) in Taiwan is usually called ‘Taiwanese.’ Though there are many other dialects in Taiwan, such as Hakka, Mandarin, aboriginal languages, people speak Min-nan are the majority in Taiwan society. It becomes naturally to call Southern Min dialect as Taiwanese. Taiwanese Min-nan dialect though came from Mainland China; however, Min-nan dialect in Taiwan is a little different from Min-nan dialect in Fujian, China. Some words which are commonly used in Taiwanese Min-nan dialect do not see in Min- nan dialect in Fujian. In this paper the writer, choose some Taiwanese Min-nan words which are actually from Japanese as materials to discuss the difference between Taiwanese Min-nan dialect and Min-nan in Fujian. Key Words: Taiwanese Min-nan, Fujian Min-nan, borrowed words. 1. Introduction Taiwanese Min-nan has been used in Taiwan for hundreds of years, and it is now different from its origin language, Fujian Min-nan dialect. In order to clarify the difference between Taiwan Min-nan dialect and Min-nan dialect in Fujian, the first point to make is the identity of Taiwanese people themselves. Language and identity cannot be separated. Therefore, based on this point of view, this paper is going to discuss three questions below: 1. -
Global Chinese 2018; 4(2): 217–246
Global Chinese 2018; 4(2): 217–246 Don Snow*, Shen Senyao and Zhou Xiayun A short history of written Wu, Part II: Written Shanghainese https://doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2018-0011 Abstract: The recent publication of the novel Magnificent Flowers (Fan Hua 繁花) has attracted attention not only because of critical acclaim and market success, but also because of its use of Shanghainese. While Magnificent Flowers is the most notable recent book to make substantial use of Shanghainese, it is not alone, and the recent increase in the number of books that are written partially or even entirely in Shanghainese raises the question of whether written Shanghainese may develop a role in Chinese print culture, especially that of Shanghai and the surrounding region, similar to that attained by written Cantonese in and around Hong Kong. This study examines the history of written Shanghainese in print culture. Growing out of the older written Suzhounese tradition, during the early decades of the twentieth century a distinctly Shanghainese form of written Wu emerged in the print culture of Shanghai, and Shanghainese continued to play a role in Shanghai’s print culture through the twentieth century, albeit quite a modest one. In the first decade of the twenty-first century Shanghainese began to receive increased public attention and to play a greater role in Shanghai media, and since 2009 there has been an increase in the number of books and other kinds of texts that use Shanghainese and also the degree to which they use it. This study argues that in important ways this phenomenon does parallel the growing role played by written Cantonese in Hong Kong, but that it also differs in several critical regards. -
Taiwan's Language Curriculum and Policy: a Rhetorical Analysis of the DPP's Claims-Making
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2009 Taiwan's language curriculum and policy: A rhetorical analysis of the DPP's claims-making Yi-Hsuan Lee University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2009 Yi-Hsuan Lee Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Language and Literacy Education Commons Recommended Citation Lee, Yi-Hsuan, "Taiwan's language curriculum and policy: A rhetorical analysis of the DPP's claims- making" (2009). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 670. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/670 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TAIWAN'S LANGUAGE CURRICULUM AND POLICY: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DPP'S CLAIMS-MAKING A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Approved: Dr. Robert Boody, Committee Chair Dr. John Fritch, Committee Member Dr. Kent Sandstrom, Committee Member Dr. Kimberly Knesting, Committee Member Dr. Sarina Chen, Committee Member Yi-Hsuan Lee University of Northern Iowa December 2009 UMI Number: 3392894 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
Writing Taiwanese: the Development of Modern Written Taiwanese
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 89 January, 1999 Writing Taiwanese: The Development of Modern Written Taiwanese by Alvin Lin Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies. Sinographs (hanzi, also called tetragraphs [fangkuaizi]) and other unusual symbols should be kept to an absolute minimum. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
Mandarin Chinese Standards and Core Competencies
Cincinnati Hills Christian Academy Lower School Upper Elementary – Mandarin Chinese Scope and Sequence Vision: Students at CHCA, through the study of world languages, will appreciate the unlimited capabilities that God has given all people for glorifying and serving Him through language. They will recognize that “the body of Christ is made up of people of faith, of all nations, all languages, all races.” Consequently, the inherent desire to know and serve His people by putting into practice Christian values, like empathy, brotherhood and peace will ultimately reveal itself to students as a lifelong, self-motivated quest for knowledge of and service to God for communicating eternal Truth through the target language. By engaging in intercultural God- centered interaction and inquiry, students of Modern Languages will gain greater self- awareness, a critical perspective on their own culture in relation to other cultures, and the ability to discern universal truth. Students comprehend, analyze, and critique texts and media of excellence and demonstrate competence in listening, speaking, reading, and writing performances in Modern Languages, embracing many disciplines. Modern Language students will be encouraged to exercise initiative and leadership as well as to participate in cooperative learning and research. Students will be provided with educational opportunities beyond the school setting and will receive meaningful instruction, academic challenge and support. Standards and Core Competencies Students work to master the following overarching skills: • Communication • Cultural Awareness • Making Connections, Comparisons, and Community Relationships Grade 6 Topics: In this exploratory course, students develop basic listening, speaking, reading, writing and typing skills for Mandarin Chinese and develop an understanding of aspects of Chinese culture. -
Written Cantonese from a Folkloristic Viewpoint
From Dialect to Grapholect: Written Cantonese from a folkloristic Viewpoint Chin Wan-kan Hong Kong Policy Research Institute Ltd. Abstract Written Cantonese used to prevail in Cantonese opera scripts, pop song lyrics, comic books and other forms of folk literature in the Cantonese dialect areas of southern China. With the economic boom of the 1980s and the export of culture to mainland China, Hong Kongers tend to take pride in their cultural identity and Cantonese is enjoying a resurgence. This paper discusses the spread of written Cantonese in the new media from the point of view of language rights as the right to diversity in post-industrial Hong Kong. The new media and local patriotism: the rising status of written Cantonese in Hong Kong Written Cantonese, or Cantonese transcribed in Chinese characters for the sake of communication (and not merely transliteration), is nothing new in Hong Kong. The earliest traceable documents in Cantonese are the yue ou 粵言區 (Cantonese Folksongs) compiled in 1828 and the New Testament in Cantonese published in 1873 (Cheung, 1996). Written Cantonese can be recognized almost immediately by its locally invented Chinese characters which go with its distinct grammar and vocabulary. It used to prevail in Cantonese opera and traditional folk songs scripts, pop song lyrics, comic books, advertisement captions, popular newspapers and other forms of folk literature. Traditionally it appears in a text accompanied by standard Chinese either with or without quotation marks. In 1990's Hong Kong a new type of written Cantonese is advocated by popular newspapers, trendy magazines and political journals. Contrary to its traditional folkish image, the new written Cantonese is a virtual transcription of the spoken language of the local urban people, with a growing number of locally coined Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics 2,2 (1997); pp.