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Ideals and Pragmatism in Greek Military Thought 490-338 Bc
Roel Konijnendijk IDEALS AND PRAGMATISM IN GREEK MILITARY THOUGHT 490-338 BC PhD Thesis – Ancient History – UCL I, Roel Konijnendijk, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Thesis Abstract This thesis examines the principles that defined the military thinking of the Classical Greek city-states. Its focus is on tactical thought: Greek conceptions of the means, methods, and purpose of engaging the enemy in battle. Through an analysis of historical accounts of battles and campaigns, accompanied by a parallel study of surviving military treatises from the period, it draws a new picture of the tactical options that were available, and of the ideals that lay behind them. It has long been argued that Greek tactics were deliberately primitive, restricted by conventions that prescribed the correct way to fight a battle and limited the extent to which victory could be exploited. Recent reinterpretations of the nature of Greek warfare cast doubt on this view, prompting a reassessment of tactical thought – a subject that revisionist scholars have not yet treated in detail. This study shows that practically all the assumptions of the traditional model are wrong. Tactical thought was constrained chiefly by the extreme vulnerability of the hoplite phalanx, its total lack of training, and the general’s limited capacity for command and control on the battlefield. Greek commanders, however, did not let any moral rules get in the way of possible solutions to these problems. Battle was meant to create an opportunity for the wholesale destruction of the enemy, and any available means were deployed towards that goal. -
318136 Vol1.Pdf
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The nature and development of Roman Corinth to the end of the Antonine period Thesis How to cite: Walbank, Mary Elizabeth Hoskins (1987). The nature and development of Roman Corinth to the end of the Antonine period. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1986 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000de1f Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk THE NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN CORINTH TO THE END OF THE ANTONINE PERIOD Mary Elizabeth Hoskins Walbank, B.A., M.A. Thesis submitted to the Open University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy AvrPr'lor5 1\lJt'\'\bC(: HDK' 303 . :Datrt or 6ubMlsslon; ;(0'''' October R~C, Classics, Faculty of Arts ~ata of- Aw'drc\: 7J}'v\ Januatj 19<97 October 1986 COPYRIGHT DECLARATION This thesis is an unpublished typescript and copyright is held by the author. Photocopy; ng ; sperm; tted on ly wi th the v/ri tten consent of the author. No quotation from this thesis or information derived from it may be published without the written consent of the author. i ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is two-fold: first, to examine and re-assess the material remains of Roman Corinth in the light 'of modern scholarship; secondly, to use this evidence, in combination with the literary sources, and thus to define, more clearly than has been done hitherto, both the nature of the original foundation and the way in which it developed. -
Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 132 (2000) 295–311
ALASTAR H. JACKSON ARGOS’ VICTORY OVER CORINTH argeioi aneyen toi diWi ton ?orinyoyen aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 132 (2000) 295–311 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 295 ARGOS’ VICTORY OVER CORINTH* argeioi aneyen toi diWi ton ?orinyoyen 1. Introduction This paper is best introduced by the following summary. It concerns a victory of Argos over Corinth in the late sixth or very early fifth century B.C., a battle to which little attention has been paid because it is not mentioned by any ancient historical writer such as Herodotus. Instead our evidence on it comes mainly in the form of Argos’ dedicatory inscriptions on captured Corinthian armour that she offered in thanks for his help in it to Zeus at Olympia, where excavators and others have found some of it . The evidence of this inscribed armour is first set in its archaeological context (section 2). This shows that the battle must have taken place some time between c. 530 and the mid 490s B.C. The historical evidence is then reviewed (section 3) and among other matters is shown to be consistent with this dating. Next the very important evidence of the inscriptions themselves is discussed (section 4). Special attention is paid to the striking variety of styles of Argive scripts used in them. They are illustrated by facsimiles in Figures I to III and tabulated with details in section 4. From all this evidence it is concluded in section 5, that Corinth’s hoplites could well have suffered substantial loss in the battle. There would probably have been serious repercussions in Corinth and beyond. -
An Ancient Fort on Mount Oneion
AN ANCIENT FORT ON MOUNT ONEION (PLATES 23-27) N additionto the mighty citadel of Acrocorinthand the Long Walls linking the city to its western port of Lechaion, ancient Corinth possessed another effective barrier to movement through the Isthmos in the long finger of Mount Oneion. Rising to a maximum height of 584 m. above sea-level, the rocky spine of this mountain extends for about seven kilometers on an east-west line which forms the southern boundary of the Corinthian Isthmos.' At its western end it is separated from Acro- corinth by a narrow but level pass which carries the Leukon river, the Peloponnesian railway, and the modern highway to Argos. At its eastern extremity Oneion drops steeply down to the sea and ends in a stubby promontory, the ancient Chersonesos, which marks the northern limit of the bay of Galataki and has at its base the Baths of Helen.2 The ancient port of Kenchreai on the Saronic Gulf lies a little more than a kilometer to the north. At the base of Chersonesos, below the steeply rising rocks of Mount Oneion, passed an important ancient road leading south from the Isthmos into the plain of Galataki, ancient Solygeia, and then to the hinterland of southeastern Corinthia, where the modern villages of Vlasseika, Katakali, and Sophiko are located. In wartime the road became a strategic artery; by following it around Mount Oneion and then turning westward past Solygeia, an invading army could easily make its way into the southern Corinthia, and thence to Argos, unhindered by either the defenses at the western end of Oneion or those of Acrocorinth and the Long Walls to Lechaion. -
Was Thebes Necessary? Contingency in Spatial Modelling∗
Was Thebes Necessary? Contingency in Spatial Modelling∗ Tim S. Evans 1;2;∗ and Ray J. Rivers 1;2 1Centre for Complexity Science, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K. 2Theoretical Physics, Physics Dept., Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K. Abstract When data is poor we resort to theory modelling. This is a two-step process. We have first to identify the appropriate type of model for the system under consid- eration and then to tailor it to the specifics of the case. To understand settlement formation, which is the concern of this paper, this not only involves choosing input parameter values such as site separations but also input functions which charac- terises the ease of travel between sites. Although the generic behaviour of the model is understood, the details are not. Different choices will necessarily lead to different outputs (for identical inputs). We can only proceed if choices that are `close' give outcomes are similar. Where there are local differences it suggests that there was no compelling reason for one outcome rather than the other. If these differences are important for the historic record we may interpret this as sensitivity to contin- gency. We re-examine the rise of Greek city states as first formulated by Rihll and Wilson in 1979, initially using the same `retail' gravity model. We suggest that, whereas cities like Athens owe their position to a combination of geography and proximity to other sites, the rise of Thebes is the most contingent, whose success reflects social forces outside the grasp of simple network modelling. -
Fortifications of Mount Oneion, Corinthia 329
hesperia 75 (2006) Fortifications of Pages 327–356 Mount Oneion, Corinthia ABSTRACT Recent investigations on the Isthmus of Corinth by the Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey (EKAS) have revealed a series of relatively humble fortifications situated along the ridge of Mt. Oneion, which forms the south- ern boundary of the Isthmus. These Late Classical–Early Hellenistic walls, along with a nearby series of later Venetian fortifications, were designed to block access to the south through several low passes. Controlling the passage of northern armies through the Isthmus to the Peloponnese was clearly a long-term strategic concern for diverse regional powers. The Isthmus of Corinth is one of the most strategically important regions in the eastern Mediterranean.1 It lies at the junction of the main north–south roads between central Greece and the Peloponnese and the sea routes be- tween the eastern and the western Mediterranean. The Corinthians, with their imposing citadel of Acrocorinth, traditionally controlled the Isthmus, which runs from the city’s western port of Lechaion to its eastern port at Kenchreai (Fig. 1). At numerous times, however, a foreign power such as Rome or Venice has sought to dominate this strategically significant corridor. The Isthmus is both a relatively fertile, flat agricultural area and the natural point of defense for the Peloponnese against any attack from the north.2 Only 7 km wide at its narrowest point, the Isthmus is cut today by the Corinth Canal and was crossed in antiquity by the Diolkos road. It is 1. We would especially like to thank also like to thank Ronald Stroud, thanks are due to the many members Daniel Pullen, codirector, and Thomas James Wiseman, and Merle Langdon of EKAS who trudged up and down Tartaron, field director, of the Eastern for advice and for reading earlier the steep paths of Oneion in hot and Korinthia Archaeological Survey drafts of the article. -
Proceedings Ofthe Danish Institute at Athens VI
Proceedings ofthe Danish Institute at Athens VI Edited by Erik Hallager and Sine Riisager Athens 2009 © Copyright The Danish Institute at Athens, Athens 2009 Proceedings ofthe Danish Institute at Athens Volume VI General Editor: Erik Hallager. Graphic design: Erik Hallager. Printed at Narayana Press, Denmark Printed in Denmark on permanent paper conforming to ANSI Z 39.48-1992 The publication was sponsored by: NQRDEA FONDEN ISSN: 1108-149X ISBN: 978-87-7934-522-5 Distributed by: AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS Langelandsgade 177 DK-8200 Arhus N www.unipress.dk Gazelle Book Services Ltd. White Cross Mills, Hightown Lancaster LAI 4XS, England www.gazellebooks.com The David Brown Book Company (DBBC) P.O. Box 511 Oakville, CT 06779, USA www.davidbrownbookco.u k Cover illustration: Reconstruction ofthe city ofKalydon Graphics by: Mikkel Mayerhofer The early Sanctuary ofthe Argive Heraion and its external relations (8th— early 6th century bc). Conclusions* Ingrid Strom Introduction to visit King's College Library at Cambridge and the then Since Anthony Snodgrass in 1977 pointed to the modern archivist, Mrs. J. Cox, for helping me in my studies monumental temple building for the patron deity of Charles Waldstein's note books. I want to thank the Board of the Danish Institute at Athens for granting me several stays as an essential criterion for the emergent city-state,1 at the Institute and the staff of the Institute for much valuable this criterion has been almost unanimously accept help. Also, I want to thank the librarians of Nordic Library, ed2 and the Greek Geometric and early Archaic Athens, and of the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut, Athen, sanctuaries generally considered as founded and as well as the former librarian of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, mag. -
The Funeral Oration and Democratic Ideology in The
Praise, Past and Ponytails: The Funeral Oration and Democratic Ideology in the Parabasis of Aristophanes’ Knights Abstract: In the parabasis of Knights, Aristophanes makes his chorus of aristocratic horsemen echo the democratic discourse in funeral orations in order to exhibit the hypocrisy of this social class. However, this attack upon the aristocracy is mainly a means of attacking the democratic leader Cleon, since the chorus tries to inscribe itself and its merits into the democratic past of the polis, thereby silencing the actual military merits of Cleon. Abstracto: En la parábasis de Los Caballeros, Aristófanes recurre al coro de caballeros aristocráticos para reproducir el discurso democrático de las oraciones fúnebres y así exponer la hipocresía de dicha clase social. Sin embargo, el ataque a la aristocracia sirve principalmente de herramienta para atacar al líder democrático Cleón, ya que el coro intenta inscribirse, junto con sus méritos, en el pasado democrático de la polis, silenciando así los incuestionables logros militares de Cleón. Keywords: Aristophanes, Chorus, Knights CV: Marcel Lysgaard Lech, Associate professor at University of Southern Denmark. PhD entitled The Dance of Fiction: Cognition and Choral Performance in Aristophanes’ Knights 247-610 at the university of Copenhagen in 2011. 1 Hippês or Knights was staged in 424 BC. As the title suggests, Aristophanes has for his chorus chosen the aristocracy, metonymically represented by the cavalry that in the comic (and to some extend elsewhere too) world represented a luxurious lifestyle and a cowardly manner of fighting.1 Nonetheless, the Athenians were, of course, not always loathing their cavalry; in fact the polis spend a vast amount of recourses on the corps,2 which did play a minor part in the defence of Attica and retaliation raids on the Peloponnese during the first decade of the hippic force’s reformation. -
Sustainability Report 2014 Vision to Be a Leading Oil Refiner and Oil Products Marketing Enterprise in Greece and the Wider Region
SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2014 VISION To be a leading oil refiner and oil products marketing enterprise in Greece and the wider region. CORPORATE MISSION To conduct our business operations so as to To meet our customers’ needs responsibly To function reliably, swiftly and flexibly increase the company’s corporate value for and effectively, while expanding our in our relationships with our people, the benefit of all stakeholders -shareholders, share in the domestic market. customers, suppliers, and the general personnel, customers, suppliers, associates public, by making use of practices that and partners, as well as the local and greater demonstrate responsibility and integrity, community- applying technological and as well as respect for people and the commercial innovations. environment. Sustainability Report 2014 STRATEGIC GOALS Maximising the profitability Maximisation and optimisation of Striving for the highest standards of the refinery and overall financial sales, by effectively marketing the of Health and Safety, Environmental performance. refinery products and exploiting protection and Quality, through the opportunities in our three markets application of technical, operational (domestic, aviation-marine and organisational innovations and bunkering, and export), improvements to the refinery. for achieving the best possible profitability. OUR VALUES 1 2 Efficiency Responsibility towards • Achieving set targets. • Providing a safe, stimulating and • Our personnel. • Creating value for reciprocal workplace. • Our shareholders. shareholders -
Ilaria Orsi: Didascalie Figure
Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch Year : 2014 Le développement de l'espace de culte en Grèce centrale et dans le Péloponnèse entre l'Helladique Récent HIB et le Géométrique Récent Orsi Ilaria Orsi Ilaria, 2014, Le développement de l'espace de culte en Grèce centrale et dans le Péloponnèse entre l'Helladique Récent HIB et le Géométrique Récent Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_0D66A26FF3E54 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. -
Sustainability Report 2019
SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2019 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2019 OUR COMMITMENT REGARDING THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS [ 2 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2019 VISION OUR VALUES OUR PRINCIPLES To be a leading oil refiner and oil products marketing enterprise in 1 RESPECT FOR OUR PEOPLE Greece and the wider region. INTEGRITY We recognise the value of our people • Respect for laws and regulations. and we promote their personal • Applying business ethics and the development, while offering competitive CORPORATE MISSION principles of corporate governance. terms of employment, within a working • Honest and open communication. environment of respect and mutual trust. TO CONDUCT our business operations • Credibility and respectability in all kinds We respect human and labour rights and so as to increase the company’s of business relations. give priority to workplace Health and corporate value for the benefit of all Safety assurance. stakeholders -shareholders, personnel, customers, suppliers, associates and partners, as well as the local 2 and greater community- applying EFFICIENCY RESPECT FOR technological and commercial THE ENVIRONMENT innovations. • Achieving set targets. We recognise the value of our natural • Creating value for shareholders and TO MEET our customers’ needs environment and the necessity for society. responsibly and effectively, while sustainable development and commit • Servicing customers’ needs. expanding our share in the domestic ourselves to the implementation of • Providing a safe, stimulating and market. effective operational procedures and reciprocal workplace. technology for its protection. • Continuous improvement and TO FUNCTION reliably, swiftly and promotion of learning and innovation. flexibly in our relationship with employees, customers, suppliers, and the general public, by making TRANSPARENCY use of practices that demonstrate 3 We operate professionally and responsibility and integrity, as SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY responsibly, strictly implementing well as respect for people and the the principles of business ethics and environment. -
A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of at the University of Otago, Dunedin
Thucydides' Corinthians: an examination of Corinth in Thucydides' account of the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War Nicholas McKenzie A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 2010 ABSTRACT This thesis examines Thucydides‟ presentation of the Corinthians in his account of the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. It discusses how and where Thucydides manipulates his description of events in order to stress the impression of Corinthian belligerence as a cause of the war, and highlights how this presentation allows Thucydides to present Athenian actions in a positive light, by making them appear as reactions to Corinthian intransigence. This thesis also examines the background to the conflict and discusses how the Athenians can be seen as largely responsible for creating the tension between Athens and Corinth because of their desire for the natural resources of the west, which resulted in a policy aimed at controlling strategic locations along the Corinthian Gulf. Finally, the Corinthian navy is examined from two perspectives: Thucydides‟ presentation of it in action; and what the reality of Corinthian naval strength was at the time of the war‟s outbreak. This section discusses how the less professional nature of the Corinthian navy allowed Thucydides to exaggerate certain weaknesses in order to make the Athenian navy appear even more superior than it already was. Ultimately, this thesis shows how a closer and more critical examination of Thucydides‟ presentation of Corinth helps us to understand better the complex background to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Patricia Hannah.