Proceedings ofthe Danish Institute at Athens VI Edited by Erik Hallager and Sine Riisager Athens 2009 © Copyright The Danish Institute at Athens, Athens 2009 Proceedings ofthe Danish Institute at Athens Volume VI General Editor: Erik Hallager. Graphic design: Erik Hallager. Printed at Narayana Press, Denmark Printed in Denmark on permanent paper conforming to ANSI Z 39.48-1992 The publication was sponsored by: NQRDEA FONDEN ISSN: 1108-149X ISBN: 978-87-7934-522-5 Distributed by: AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS Langelandsgade 177 DK-8200 Arhus N www.unipress.dk Gazelle Book Services Ltd. White Cross Mills, Hightown Lancaster LAI 4XS, England www.gazellebooks.com The David Brown Book Company (DBBC) P.O. Box 511 Oakville, CT 06779, USA www.davidbrownbookco.u k Cover illustration: Reconstruction ofthe city ofKalydon Graphics by: Mikkel Mayerhofer The early Sanctuary ofthe Argive Heraion and its external relations (8th— early 6th century bc). Conclusions* Ingrid Strom Introduction to visit King's College Library at Cambridge and the then Since Anthony Snodgrass in 1977 pointed to the modern archivist, Mrs. J. Cox, for helping me in my studies monumental temple building for the patron deity of Charles Waldstein's note books. I want to thank the Board of the Danish Institute at Athens for granting me several stays as an essential criterion for the emergent city-state,1 at the Institute and the staff of the Institute for much valuable this criterion has been almost unanimously accept help. Also, I want to thank the librarians of Nordic Library, ed2 and the Greek Geometric and early Archaic Athens, and of the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut, Athen, sanctuaries generally considered as founded and as well as the former librarian of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, mag. art. Claus Gronne, for continuous help. from the beginning organized from the settlements, With the following colleagues I have had fruitful discussions, to which they later definitely belonged. Expanding for which I thank them: Ph.D. Rune Frederiksen, Athens; and diversifying these views, Francois de Polignac professor Vincent Gabrielsen, University of Copenhagen; brought other aspects into the discussion, seeing and Helle Horsnaes and John Lund, keepers of the National the early "extra-urban" sanctuaries3 in Greece as Museum ofDenmark. Finally, I want to thank Valdemar Liesk Hansen for technical assistance and David Fenner for revising established by their neighbouring settlements in my English manuscript. order to demarcate the frontiers of the territories 1Snodgrass 1977, 25—6. of the city-state.4 The hypothesis has been taken 2IS I, 200, note 179 and cf. e.g. Coldstream 2003, 407; Polignac up by several scholars;'' albeit refuted by others and, 2003, 46; Hansen 2004, 130. 3 Since it is so generally used, I keep to the term of "extra- in my opinion, correctly.6 Although later modify urban", although I find it anachronistic as regards the early ing some of his ideas, Polignac apparently contin sanctuaries. ues to regard the monumentalization of the Ar 4 Polignac 1984, 41—92 (on the Argive Heraion, in particular, give Heraion around 700 bc as an expression of 41-6). Argos' supremacy over the whole of Argolis7 and 5 Cf e.g, 179; Morgan 1990, 11-2 and Morgan 1994, 94: Morgan & Whitelaw 1991, 84-6; Schachter 1992. 45; Sinn sees the first monumental temple buildings as one 1996; Holscher 1998, 51-2; and Snodgrass 2006, 284. sign of "the emergence of the polis as a structured '•' Hall 1995 correctly observes that many of Polignac's political organization."8 Several scholars regard the references are to later sources. Malkin 1996 and Malkin 2002, Argive Heraion as originally a cult centre for all the 198—200, opposes Polignac's ideas and in particular those of the bipolar entity, a unity between central and extra-urban sanctuaries (Polignac 1995, 81-8, cf. below p. 126). Malkin expresses the view that the possible frontier function of *Earlier papers IS I—V. For photographs and permissionto publish the "extra-urban" sanctuaries in Greece was a gradually them I want to thank the National Archaeological Museum of introduced phenomenon of a later date, unconnected with Athens for Figs. 4 and 5; L'Ecole Francaised' Athenes for Fig. 9; the foundation ofthe sanctuaries. and dr. ChristopherPfaff,Directorofthe ArgiveHeraion project 7 Polignac 1995, 52—3 (on the Argive Heraion); and ofthe American School ofClassical Studies. Athens, for Fig. 3. Polignac 1998, 155. On pp. 157-58 Polignac analyses my I also want to thank professor Mazarakis-Ainian for permission paper, IS IV. to copy Fig. 8 from his publication, 1997. My thanks are due x Cf. above notes 4, 6 and 7. The quotation is from Polignac to the Danish Research Council for Humanities for a grant 2003, 49. The early Sanctuary of the Argive Heraion - conclusions 73 communities of the Argolide, some even as their in the occupation of the site from late LH IIIB.17 I common meeting place.9 have dated the earliest ceramic votives mentioned In an attempt to clarify the relations and in the publication to the Protogeometric period, interrelations between sanctuary and settlement in whereas the earliest published vases are Middle the Geometric and Archaic periods, during which Geometric II —with one exception.18 Although time the Greek city-states emerge and develop, I an uninterrupted continuity from the Mycenaean chose the Argive Heraion and the settlement/city- period may be the case for some Mainland Greek state of Argos (situated at a certain distance from sanctuaries,19 other important sanctuaries appear each other) as my main study object. I have been to present an actual hiatus after the Prehistoric working from the hypothesis that the monumental temple buildings might be a sign of a high degree of organization in the very sanctuaries, in which 9 Tomlinson 1972, 204 (a cult centre). However, Polignac they were erected, and should not be taken as an "a 1994, 12-3, and 1995, 37 and 1998, 156, and Hall 1995, 613, and others use "meeting place" or similar words; Polignac priori" evidence for an urban development of their unites his two opposite views by stating that the elite ofArgos respective surrounding or neighbouring settle "rapidly gained the upper hand". I discuss this problem below, ments.10 In a series of papers published during the pp. 129 and 132. years 1988—1998, I have analysed different aspects 10 Cf. IS I, 199-200. According to Hansen 2004, 130, the rise of the temple buildings and the emergence of the polis took ofthe early sanctuary ofthe Argive Heraion and its place simultaneously and were probably connected. However, external relations in the 8th —early 6th centuries bc, Hansen's time frame is wide, the 8th—6th centuries bc, and primarily on the basis ofarchaeological evidence." therefore disregards the many cultural influences and changes, In my first paper, on the Archaic monumental ar which took place in Greece during these three centuries; a chitecture ofthe sanctuary, I found that the Temple more detailed study ofchronology is required, before one can talk about simultaneity. Terrace and the Archaic Temple were constructed " IS I-IS V. around 700 bc and in the first half of the 7th cen 12 IS I, 177-8 and 191-3, cf. IS IV, 187-91 and IS V, 117, note tury bc, respectively.12 At this time there was no 376. comparable building activity in nearby Argos and 13 IS I, 198- 200. Morgan & Whitelaw 1991, 85, refer to the Kypseli construction, two walls of large stones, dated to the therefore no indication ofArgos being the initiator early 7th century bc. However, as pointed out, IS I, 198, in my ofthe building program and I concluded that it was opinion, the two low walls surrounding an open area cannot organized by the sanctuary, independently from the be compared with the building of the monumental Temple, contemporary settlement of Argos.13 I suggested a the earliest Doric temple, and the huge Temple Terrace at the ground-plan for the Archaic Temple differing from Argive Heraion. '4 Cf. Appendix, below pp. 134-41, where I am inclined to the one published by the American excavators. date the temple earlier within the stated period. In spite of criticism by some scholars, I wish to 15 The vast majority of the ceramic finds from Waldstein's maintain my conclusions regarding the architecture excavations are still unpublished, including the greater part of the Temple as well as its proposed absolute of the Geometric pottery (IS I, 173—6) and conclusions regarding the origin of the Argive Geometric pots at the chronology.14 Argive Heraion must await an adequate publication, cf. IS IV, Since the final publication ofthe pottery from the 90, note 358. early Argive Heraion excavations is still regrettably 16 IS II, IV and V (bronze studies) and IS III (obeloi). lacking,'31 basedmy further studieson the Geometric 'I withdraw my references to LH IIIC pottery from the and Archaic Greek bronzes in the sanctuary aswell as Argive Heraion, IS I, 174, which have not been accepted, cf. Billot 1997, 13, and notes 25-7 with references to several on contemporary bronze imports, and, in a Congress scholars. paper, I examined obeloi of pre- or protomonetary 1H IS I, 175—6, not generally accepted, but cf. references below value, including the informative finds at the Argive notes 26-7. Apart from a Protogeometric Laconian fragment, Heraion."' My conclusions up until now, can be Caskey 1952, 175, No. 69, pi. 50 (observation by Coulson, 1985, 49 and note 72), the earliest published pottery from the summarized as follows: sanctuary is MG II, cf Courbin 1966, 565. The very sparse publications ofthe early pottery 19 The Apollo Abai sanctuary at Kalapodi (formerly identified from the Argive Heraion seem to point to a lacuna with the Apollo-Artemis sanctuary cf AR 2006-2007, 41).