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. . . . .

Michael K. Madison II.

Peace in Palestine

...... through World Heritage

Promoting Peace via Global Conventions

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Peace in Palestine via the World Heritage Convention

Promoting Peace via Global Conventions

The Global Problem

"Throughout history, religious differences have divided men and women from their neighbors and have served as justification for some of humankind's bloodiest conflicts. In the modern world, it has become clear that people of all religions must bridge these differences and work together, to ensure our survival and realize the vision of peace that all faiths share."

-- H.R.H. Prince El-Hassan bin Talal, Jordan Moderator, WCRP Governing Board

Tolerance, Economic Growth and Fear

Global peace and harmony is not possible without religious tolerance. Unfortunately,

there is no instant microwavable solution. We can’t just add water and/or milk to the

current situation and hope that the world will ameliorate itself overnight. No. The world needs help. The problem is not the outliers; it is larger groups of people that need to change. Outliers will always be . The world needs religious-minded policymakers to take giant steps that lead to peace, but in a mutually beneficial way.

Indeed, peace for peace’s sake is not always enough incentive to all parties involved.

Therefore, if the conflict cannot be resolved by tolerance, then let it be resolved by greed as we find a way to help the countries involved to achieve a better economic position. If the conflict cannot be resolved by boosting the corresponding economies, then let it be resolved by fear as we convince the nations involved that one false move means it will be

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their country against the rest of the world and not just their “enemy of the day”.

Whatever the case may be, just let the conflict be resolved – and without bloodshed.

War on Cultural and Natural Heritage

The world is composed of a variety of cultures that could learn a great deal from one

another; nonetheless, the fact remains that without some form of global intervention most

disagreements will not be resolved. Although this is the basis for the United Nations

(UN), the organization at times seems very impotent, and often ignored. The UN must

emerge as a true global force that takes serious measures against iniquitous and

inharmonious actions. When global violations occur the UN must enforce strict global

laws or risk appearing powerless.

Whether it is humankind versus itself or humankind versus nature, the world is

constantly in a state of war and under the threat of new wars. And the casualties of such

conflict comprise more than the individual lives of men and women engaged in battle; it

includes surrounding buildings and sites of historical, archaeological, religious and

aesthetic value. It includes elements of both natural and cultural heritage. For this

reason, there is a constant need to protect the heritage of the world; and from this need

sprang forth an answer – the . “With 730 cultural and natural

sites already protected worldwide, the World Heritage Committee is working to make

sure that future generations can inherit the treasures of the . And yet, most sites face a variety of threats, particularly in today's environment. The preservation of this common heritage concerns us all.”1 This paper serves to nominate all Israeli and Palestinian holy

sites to become a part of the World Heritage Convention. Their induction would curb the

- 3 - surrounding violence, preserve the holy sites for future generations, and boost the economies of both regions.

World Heritage Sites

According to the World Heritage Convention, "cultural heritage" is a monument, group of buildings or site of historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological or anthropological value. "Natural heritage" designates outstanding physical, biological, and geological features; habitats of threatened plants or animal species and areas of value on scientific or aesthetic grounds or from the point of view of conservation.2 A few notable examples of sites that are on the World Heritage List are: The Great Wall, Taj

Mahal, , , and Yosemite National Park. Recently the of and its Walls was proposed to be added to the list by Jordan.

Palestine and

Indeed, modern day “Palestine” (West Bank and Gaza Strip) and Israel most certainly satisfies the “cultural heritage” definition. They are regions rich in cultural history and heritage that reaches back thousands of years. From ancient biblical times to present day,

Palestine has been and is a religious center to Muslims, Jews and Christians alike; as there are a number of sites that have significant value to Muslims, Jews and Christians – both individually and collectively. For example, the of the Rock is sacred to the

Muslims, the Western Wall of the Temple Mount is sacred to Jews and the of the

Holy Sepulchre is sacred to Christians; yet all three sites are within the Old City of

Jerusalem. For this reason many refer to Jerusalem as the “holiest city in the world”.

1 http://whc.unesco.org/nwhc/pages/sites/main.htm 2 http://whc.unesco.org/nwhc/pages/doc/dc_f1.htm

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Although the largest population of Muslims are in Asia ( 170M, Pakistan 136M,

Bangladesh 105 M, 103M and between 1.2 and 2.M in the UK), Islam’s holiest places are all in the Middle East; Jerusalem, Mecca and Medina. Furthermore, there are nearly one billion Roman Catholics and another 500 million Protestant members in the

world who consider Jerusalem to be a very important holy place for their Christian faith.

This is the place where Jesus ate the last supper, was crucified, buried, and rose from the

dead. Additionally, Jerusalem is indeed a holy place for the 12 million Jewish followers,

most of which live in Israel or the US.

In spite of the unanimous reverence attributed to Jerusalem, “the holiest city in the

world,” it has also been the home of some of the most bloodiest and gruesome acts of

violence, which continues to this day. The source of the Palestinian and Israeli conflict

stems from the fact that both parties believe that Jerusalem has been their own true capital since ancient times3. In an effort to put an end to the daily violent confrontations,

the United Nations drafted a proposal in November 1947 that would make Jerusalem an

international city. Palestinian authorities, as well as many other Arab States, rejected this

resolution, which left Jerusalem in a state of division even after the end of Israel’s War of

Independence in 1948. It wasn’t until 1967 that Israel captured all of Jerusalem, including the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and Golan Heights, which were the primary points of controversy. In 1980, against the verdict of the United Nations, Jerusalem was unified by Israeli Knesset. Then in 1988, the Palestine Liberation Organization declared

Jerusalem it’s capital. “In an editorial written by members of Yasser Arafat's Fateh party,

Jerusalem is said to be ‘legally an integral part of the Palestinian land occupied in 1967

- 5 - and from which Israel must withdraw,’ citing UN Security Council resolutions 242, 338,

and 252. The editorial calls on Palestinians to make control of Jerusalem a central aim of

the Palestinian independence effort.” 4 Needless to say, neither side is going to give up,

nor will they agree on a resolution that unifies Jerusalem while granting religious

privileges all groups. Consequently, proposals outlining a complete solution will never

work. Smaller gradual steps are necessary, and this is where the World Heritage

Committee may be able to help put an end to some of the violence. Focusing on select

sites, instead of total unification may prove to be more practical.

The Gradual Plan

Any plan involving peacekeeping is one that requires much thought. A nation that

does not want peace will do nothing to peace. Therefore, before any plan can give

way to peace, there must be mutual incentive. However, because religion is involved

oftentimes secular incentives are not enough. There is no question that both the

Palestinian and Israeli economies are in need of rebuilding due to their conflict.

However, is this enough to persuade both sides to put an end to their religious quarrel?

Are both parties willing to transcend generations of hatred and deep rooted religious

intolerance, in the name of mammon? Although, war has affected both economies in a

negative way, both Jewish and Muslim faiths proclaim that serving God and material

wealth are nemeses. Nonetheless, the benefit of economic healing is indeed very

enticing. In fact, “the opening sentence of the Peace Protocol of 1994 between

Israel and the PLO declares [that] ‘the two parties view the economic domain as one of

the cornerstones in their mutual relations with a view to enhance their interest in the

3 http://www.yale.edu/accords/jerusalem.html

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achievement of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace.’”5 Nevertheless, in order to give

stability to the economic incentive both Palestinians and Israelis need to feel that it is

indeed a lasting measure – and not a temporary means of recuperating from war, only to

fight again when the healing is over. That being said, increasing tourism could help both

sides, and inducting specific sites into the World Heritage List may curb the surrounding violence. However, deciding which sites should be inducted first could prove to be grueling, yet critical. One must understand the historic issues concerning each site, as

well as previous points of controversy. For example, a major sore point for Arab

Palestinians has been Jewish sites that are outside of Jerusalem inside of Palestinian

Authorities’ control. They protest this because Jews already have predominant control of

Jerusalem. Consequently, the first sites to become World Heritage members should be

those inside of the old city of Jerusalem.

The most important sites in Jerusalem are Dominus Flevit, Dome of the Rock, Church

of the Holy Sepulcher, Dormition Abbey, El-Aqsa Mosque, Garden of Gethsemane,

Garden Tomb, Room of the Last Supper, Temple Mount, Via Dolorosa, Western

(Wailing) Wall, and the Omar Mosque.6 And although one may argue that all of the

aforementioned religious sites should become World Heritage members, there is simply

no incentive for a governing body to give up a site that is entirely within their control,

except for the fact that the World Heritage Committee will allocate resources for protecting it. In the political climate of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict giving up

4 http://www.yale.edu/accords/jerusalem.html 5 For an in depth study on promoting peace through Palestinian and Israeli economies, see Jacob Gardener’s EDGE paper from 5/19/02, “Peace Pays in Palestine.” This is a quote from his paper, the internal quote came from Arnon, et al., 239.

- 7 - something within your control will most probably feel like giving up all one has, or

perhaps it can become a gesture of good faith. On the flip side, it seems logical that sites

that are important to both Jews and Muslims would be ideal candidates. However,

inducting these sites may be viewed as conceding, perhaps even offensive to consider.

The Dome of the Rock would be an example of such a site. “To the Jewish people it is

the Biblical Zion, the City of David, the site of Solomon's Temple and the eternal capital

of the Israelite nation. To Christians it is where the young Jesus impressed the sages at

the Jewish Temple, where he spent the last days of his ministry and where the Last

Supper, the Crucifixion and the Resurrection took place. Also greatly venerated by the

Muslims, it is where the prophet Muhammed ascended to heaven.”7 However, the fact

remains it is a site that was once one of the greatest Jewish Temples, it was torn down by

Romans, and then built upon by Muslims as a proclamation of religious superiority to

both the Jews and the Christians. To protect this site, when two Jewish temples and one

Christian temple had fallen would be a smack in the face of Israel. The best strategy

would be to either start with small sites that are deemed worthy by both sides and work

up to larger sites, or a significant site that is mutually beneficial. The perfect site location

would be the Temple Mount and the Western (Wailing) Wall. Both sides consider it to

be one of the most important locations. Its protection would be mutually beneficial and could lead to others being inducted into the World Heritage Committee as well.

6 The location of the sites can be viewed on the maps at the end of this section. A list of selected worldwide religious sites can be found in the appendix. 7 http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/domeof.html

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The More Powerful Message

Gradual peace sounds practical. It seems only logical that something as complicated as international conflict take time to be resolved. However, once an agreement has been reached, then there is no reason why the solution should be incrementally implemented and enforced. This only weakens the effective power of the UN. Therefore, I propose a

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more powerful alternative to the gradual approach. The best effective strategy in

promoting peace in the new Palestinian State is to simply declare the new boundaries and

induct every holy site within the new boundaries into the World Heritage. Moreover,

while the World Heritage Committee handles the physical protection of these religious

sites, the World Council of Religion for Peace should handle how the sites are managed

and handled for tourism to ensure that the sacredness of the site is not violated in any

way. This step is very essential, having an interfaith organization who understands the

religious culture behind the site can understand points of weakness regarding its

protection as well as the motivations any other group may have in wanting to destroy it.

Next, both the World Heritage Organization and the World Council of Religion for Peace will need the full support of the United Nations. With the United Nations general assembly actively enforcing the boundaries of the new Palestinian State, and the nations within the UN active support the decisions of the UN with military force; Palestine will be at peace once and for all. Furthermore, with the WCRP handling and monitoring the religious issues and the WHC handling the physical protection issues, and the UN handling the politics, the necessary breadth of knowledge and force is efficiently bridged.

World Heritage Organization procedure for Site Acceptance

In order to be included in the World Heritage Committee (WHC), the property must

be a monument, group of buildings or site as defined by the WHC guidelines. It must

also be of exceptional worldwide value. The specific guidelines and criteria can be found

in the Appendix. Natural properties can also be included in the WHC if it has natural

features, geological and formations and natural sites. The definitions and criteria for

inclusion can also be found in the Appendix. The application for inclusion must come

- 11 - from the country wanting protection for their sites. The WHC does not solicit or make

recommendations. The application must incorporate a detailed plan for how the sites are

controlled and keep from harm and danger. If no intervention is made to apply for protection for the religious and cultural sites in Palestine and Israel, no effort will most likely be made. For a site to remain on the list, countries have to take careful measures to protect their sites, report the condition of the site on a regular basis to the convention and alert the public to its heritage. If these rules are broken, the organization will remove the country’s site from the World Heritage List. Endangered sites are given more attention and emergency action and funds. If war breaks out around a site on the World

Heritage List, it is automatically added to the endangered list. After a site has been accepted into the organization, carpenters, stone masons, naturalists, archeologists, and palentologists work to preserve it.

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Appendix

Amritsar, India: Site of the Golden Temple (Sikhism). Axum, : Church of St. Mary of Zion (Ethiopian Orthodox), where the Ark of the Covenant is believed to be kept. Bethlehem, Israel: Birthplace of Jesus. Black Hills, : Sacred to the Lakota Indian tribe, who traditionally go on vision quests in the hills. Bodhi Gaya, India: Place where the Buddha reached enlightenment. Canterbury, England: Seat of the archbishop of Canterbury (Anglican). Czestochowa, : Chapel of Our Lady of Czestochowa, the Black Madonna of Poland. This painting is said to have been made by St. Luke. Dharamsala, India: Seat of the Dalai in exile (Tibetan ). Fatima, : Site of several visions of the Virgin Mary in 1917. A major pilgrimage site for Catholics. Ganges River, India: Sacred to Hindus (Mother Ganges is a Hindu goddess); immersion in the Ganges symbolizes spiritual purification. Haifa, Israel: World headquarters of the Baha'i faith. , : Seat of the patriarchate of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox). Jerusalem, Israel: Major holy site for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The Temple Mount compound is believed to be both the site of the First and Second Temples of Judaism and the place where redemption will occur when the Messiah arrives. The same area is also called Haram al-Sharif (The Noble Sanctuary) and has great significance to Muslims. Nearby is the Dome of the Rock, the spot from which Muhammad ascended into heaven. Just below Temple Mount is the Western Wall, a remnant of the Second Temple and the holiest site in Judaism, where Jews come to pray. The Wall is part of a larger wall that encloses the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa mosque. The al-Aqsa mosque, one of the holiest mosques in Islam, was originally the site toward which Muslims bowed to pray. The Holy Sepulchre, in which Jesus was buried, and from which he returned from the dead, is in the northwest corner of the Old City. Knock, Ireland: Pilgrimage site for Catholics where 15 people claimed to see a vision of the Virgin Mary, St. Joseph, and St. John the Evangelist in 1879. About 11/2 million pilgrims visit the site annually. Kusinara, India: Site of the Buddha's death. Lhasa, Tibet: , historical abode of the (). Loch Derg, Ireland: Site of St. Patrick's purgatory, pilgrimage destination; pilgrims walk barefoot around the lake, praying, like St. Patrick did. Lourdes, : In 1858, the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to St. Bernadette at Lourdes in seven visions. It is now a Catholic pilgrimage site with a spring that some believe has curative properties. , Nepal: Birthplace of the Buddha. Mecca, : The center of Islam and the birthplace of Muhammad, Mecca is the place toward which Muslims bow to pray five times a day. Mecca is the destination of the hajj, the pilgrimage which all Muslims who are financially and physically able must make in their lifetime. An estimated one million Muslims make the hajj annually. The focus of their worship is the Great Mosque at the center of Mecca. It encloses the Ka'aba, a small building that, according to the Qu'ran, was erected by Abraham and his son Ishmael. Medina, Saudi Arabia: Muhammad lived in Medina after escaping Mecca in A.D. 622; it is now a holy city that only Muslims may enter. Medjugorje, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Catholic pilgrimage site where many have claimed visions of the Virgin Mary.

• Mt. Athos, : Pilgrimage site for Eastern Orthodox males; site of many monasteries. • Mt. Fuji, Japan: Sacred to Buddhists and Shintos.

- 13 - • Mt. Tai Shan, : Sacred to Taoists and Buddhists, this mountain with many beautiful temples is thought to be a center of living energy. • Nazareth, Israel: Place where Jesus lived and began teaching. • Palitana, India: The most important pilgrimage site for Jains, Palitana boasts 863 temples on one mountain, Shatrunjaya Hill. • Salt Lake City, : World headquarters of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. • , : Medieval pilgrimage site; the pilgrimage route of Santiago de Compostela goes through France and Spain before ending up at the city's . Santiago is Saint James, who was martyred at Jerusalem c. A.D. 44. • , India: Place where the Buddha preached his first sermon in the deer park. • Sea of Galilee, Israel: Place where Jesus performed the miracle of the loaves and the fishes and preached the Sermon on the Mount. • Sri Pada (Adam's Peak), Sri Lanka: Sacred to some Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims, and Christians, the temple on the top of Adam's Peak contains a large footprint believed to belong to either the Buddha, Shiva, Adam, or St. Thomas. • Tepeyac, City, Mexico: Site of the appearance of the Virgin of Guadalupe to Juan Diego in 1531; now home to the Basilica of the Virgin, one of the most-visited churches in the world. • , : Place where the Holy Shroud of Turin (linen cloth believed to bear the visage of Jesus Christ) is housed. • Uluru (Ayer's Rock), : Sacred site of the aborigines of Australia. Now a major tourist attraction, though the aborigine people ask that tourists not climb the rock. • Varanasi, India: City on the banks of the Ganges River; those who die there reach instant enlightenment. • The Vatican: Seat of the papacy (Catholicism).

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WHC.2001/3 Jan 2001

PROPERTIES INSCRIBED ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST

UNESCO 1972

CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE

WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE

- 15 - The World Heritage List, the Operational Guidelines (in English and French), the text of the World Heritage Convention (in five languages), and other documents and information concerning World Heritage are available from the Secretariat :

UNESCO World Heritage Centre 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France

Tel: +33 (0)1 45 68 15 71 Fax: +33(0)1 45 68 55 70 E-mail : [email protected] http://www.unesco.org/whc/heritage.htm ftp://ftp.unesco.org/pub/world_heritage/heritage.doc (MS Word) ftp://ftp.unesco.org/pub/world_heritage/heritage.mdb (MS Access database)

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690 properties inscribed: 529 cultural sites, 138 natural sites and 23 mixed sites in 122 States Parties

Contracting State Party having 960 2000 C (ii) submitted the nomination of the Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the property in accordance with the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots Convention 1011 2000 C (ii)(iii)

AUSTRALIA Name of Property Kakadu National Park 147 1981-1987-1992 N (ii)(iii)(iv) C (i)(vi) N: Natural Property and / or C: Cultural Property 154 1981 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Willandra Lakes Region Id. No. Year of inscription Criteria167 1981 N (i) C (iii) Tasmanian Wilderness 181 rev 1982-1989 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) C (iii)(iv)(vi) Group Butrint 186 1982 N (iii)(iv) 570 rev 1992 C (iii) Central Eastern Reserves (Australia) 368 bis 1986-1994 (Note 9) N (i)(ii)(iv) ALGERIA Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park 447 rev 1987-1994 (Note 10) N (ii)(iii) C (v)(vi) Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad Wet Tropics of Queensland 102 1980 C (iii) 486 1988 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Tassili n'Ajjer Shark Bay, Western Australia 179 1982 N (ii)(iii) C (i)(iii) 578 1991 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) M'Zab Valley Fraser Island 188 1982 C (ii)(iii)(v) 630 1992 N (ii)(iii) Djémila Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh/ 191 1982 C (iii)(iv) Naracoorte) Tipasa 698 1994 N (i)(ii) 193 1982 C (iii)(iv) Heard and McDonald Islands Timgad 577 1997 N (i)(ii) 194 1982 C (ii)(iii)(iv) of Algiers 629 1997 N (i)(iii) 565 1992 C (ii)(v) Greater Blue Mountains Area 917 2000 N (ii)(iv) Los Glaciares 145 1981 N (ii)(iii) Historic Centre of the City of Iguazu National Park 784 1996 C (ii)(iv)(vi) 303 1984 N (iii)(iv) Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn , Río Pinturas 786 1996 C (i)(iv) 936 1999 C (iii) Hallstatt-Dachstein Salzkammergut Cultural Península Valdés Landscape 937 1999 N (iv) 806 1997 C (iii)(iv) Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks Semmering Railway 966 2000 N (i) 785 1998 C (ii)(iv) Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba City of – Historic Centre 995 2000 C (ii)(iv) 931 1999 C (ii)(iv) Cultural Landscape ARGENTINA and 970 2000 C (ii)(iv) Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Walled City of with the Shirvanshah's Palace Missoes (Brazil) and Maiden Tower 275-291 1983-1984 C (iv) 958 2000 C (iv)

ARMENIA Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat 777 bis 1996-2000 C (ii)(iv) 321 1985 C (iv) Monastery of and the Upper Azat Valley - 17 - Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia 322 1985 C (i)(ii)(vi) 309 1985 C (iv)(vi) The Sundarbans Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas 798 1997 N (ii)(iv) 334 1985 C (i)(iv) Iguaçu National Park 355 1986 N (iii)(iv) Brasilia Mir Complex 445 1987 C (i)(iv) 625 2000 C (ii)(iv) Serra da Capivara National Park 606 1991 C (iii) BELARUS and POLAND Historic Centre of São Luís 821 1997 C (iii)(iv)(v) Belovezhskaya Pushcha /Bialowieza Forest Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina 33-627 1979-1882 N (iii) 890 1999 C (ii)(iv) Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves 892 rev 1999 N (ii)(iv) Atlantic Forest Southeast Reserves Flemish Béguinages 893-894 rev 1999 N (ii)(iii)(iv) 855 1998 C (ii)(iii)(iv) Jaú National Park The Four Lifts on the Canal du Centre and their 998 2000 N (ii)(iv) Environs, La Louvière and Le Roeulx (Hainault) Pantanal Conservation Area 856 1998 C (iii)(iv) 999 2000 N (ii)(iii)(iv) Grand-Place, Brussels 857 1998 C (ii)(iv) Belfries of Flanders and Wallonia 943 1999 C (ii)(iv) Church Historic Centre of Brugge 42 1979 C (ii)(iii) 996 2000 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Rider Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta 43 1979 C (i)(iii) (Brussels) Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak 1005 2000 C (i)(ii)(iv) 44 1979 C (i)(iii)(iv) Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons) Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo 1006 2000 C (i)(iii)(iv) 45 1979 C (ii)(iii) Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai Ancient City of Nessebar 1009 2000 C (ii)(iv) 217 1983 C (iii)(iv) Monastery 216 1983 C (vi) Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System 219 1983 N (iv) 764 1996 N (ii)(iii)(iv) 225 1983 N (i)(ii)(iii) BENIN Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari Royal Palaces of Abomey 359 1985 C (i)(iii) 323 1985 C (iii)(iv) City of Potosí 668 1992 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 420 1987 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos CAMEROON 529 1990 C (iv)(v) Dja Faunal Reserve Historic City of 407 1987 N (ii)(iv) 566 1991 C (iv) Fuerte de Samaipata 883 1998 C (ii)(iii) CANADA Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site Tiwanaku Culture 4 1978 C (vi) 567 rev 2000 C (iii)(iv) Nahanni National Park Noel Kempff Mercado National Park 24 1978 N (ii)(iii) 967 2000 N (ii)(iv) Dinosaur Provincial Park 71 1979 N (i)(iii) BRAZIL SGaang Gwaii (Anthony Island) 157 1981 C (iii) Historic Town of Ouro Preto Head-Smashed-In Jump 124 1980 C (i)(iii) 158 1981 C (vi) Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda Buffalo National Park 189 1982 C (ii)(iv) - 18 -

256 1983 N (ii)(iii)(iv) Monastery, Lhasa Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks 707 bis 1994-2000 C (i)(iv)(vi) 304 1984 (note 1) N (i)(ii)(iii) Lushan National Park Historic District of Québec 778 1996 C (ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) 300 1985 C (iv)(vi) Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Gros Morne National Park Buddha Scenic Area 419 1987 N (i)(iii) 779 1996 N (iv) C (iv)(vi) Lunenburg Old Town of 741 1995 C (iv)(v) 811 1997 C (ii)(iv) Miguasha Park Ancient City of Ping Yao 686 rev 1999 N (i) 812 1997 C (ii)(iii)(iv) Classical Gardens of Suzhou CANADA and the UNITED STATES OF 813 bis 1997-2000 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v) AMERICA , an Imperial Garden in Beijing 880 1998 C (i)(ii)(iii) Kluane/Wrangell-St Elias/Glacier Bay/ : an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Tatshenshini-Alsek Beijing 72 bis rev 1979-1992-1994 (cf note 6) N (ii)(iii)(iv) 881 1998 C (i)(ii)(iii) Waterton Glacier International Peace Park Mount Wuyi 354 rev 1995 N (ii) (iii) 911 1999 N (iii)(iv) C (iii)(vi) CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 912 1999 C (i)(ii)(iii) Mount Qincheng and the Irrigation Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park System 475 1988 N (ii)(iv) 1001 2000 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Ancient Villages in Southern - and 1002 2000 C (iii)(iv)(v) Rapa Nui National Park 715 1995 C (i)(iii)(v) 1003 2000 C (i)(ii)(iii) Churches of Chiloé Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 971 2000 C (ii)(iii) 1004 2000 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)

CHINA Mount Taishan Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, 437 1987 N (iii) C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(vi) Cartagena The Great Wall 285 1984 C (iv)(vi) 438 1987 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) Los Katios National Park Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 711 1994 N (ii)(iv) 439 1987 C (iii)(iv) Historic Centre of 742 1995 C (iv)(v) 440 1987 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(vi) National Archaeological Park of Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 743 1995 C (iii) 441 1987 C (i)(iii)(iv)(vi) San Agustín Archaeological Park Peking Man Site at 744 1995 C (iii) 449 1987 C (iii)(vi) Mount 547 1990 N (iii)(iv) C (ii) Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Cocos Island National Park Area 820 1997 N (ii)(iv) 637 1992 N (iii) Area de Conservación Guanacaste Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area 928 1999 N (ii)(iv) 638 1992 N (iii) Scenic and Historic Interest Area COSTA RICA and PANAMA 640 1992 N (iii) Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves/La Chengde Amistad National Park 703 1994 C (ii)(iv) 205 - 552 1983 -1990 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Temple and Cemetery of , and the in CÔTE D'IVOIRE 704 1994 C (i)(iv)(vi) Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Taï National Park Mountains 195 1982 N (iii)(iv) 705 1994 C (i)(ii)(vi) Comoé National Park The Potala Palace and the Temple 227 1983 N (ii)(iv) - 19 - DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Old City of Virunga National Park 95 1979-1994 C (i)(iii)(iv) 63 1979 N (ii)(iii)(iv) Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian 136 1980 N (iii)(iv) 97 1979 C (ii)(iii)(iv) Kahuzi-Biega National Park Plitvice Lakes National Park 137 1980 N (iv) 98 bis 1979-2000 N (ii)(iii) Salonga National Park Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in 280 1984 N (ii)(iii) the Historic Centre of Porec Okapi Wildlife Reserve 809 1997 C (ii)(iii)(iv) 718 1996 N (iv) Historic City of 810 1997 C (ii)(iv) DENMARK Cathedral of St James in Šibenik 963 2000 C (i)(ii)(iv) Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church 697 1994 C (iii) CUBA Roskilde Cathedral 695 rev 1995 C (ii)(iv) Old and its Kronborg Castle 204 1982 C (iv)(v) 696 rev 2000 C (iv) Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios 460 1988 C (iv)(v) DOMINICA San Pedro de la Roca Castle, Santiago de Cuba 841 1997 C (iv)(v) Morne Trois Pitons National Park Viñales Valley 814 1997 N (i)(iv) 840 rev 1999 C (iv) Desembarco del Granma National Park 889 1999 N (i)(iii) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Colonial City of Plantations in the Southeast of Cuba 526 1990 C (ii)(iv)(vi) 1008 2000 C (iii)(iv) Galápagos Islands 1 1978 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 79 1980 C (iii)(vi) City of Painted Churches in the Troodos Region 2 1978 C (ii)(iv) 351 1985 C (ii)(iii)(iv) Sangay National Park Choirokoitia 260 1983 N (ii)(iii)(iv) 848 1998 C (ii)(iii)(iv) Historic Centre of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca CZECH REPUBLIC 863 1999 C (ii)(iv)(v) Historic Centre of 616 1992 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Historic Centre of Cesky Krumlov Memphis and its Necropolis - the Pyramid Fields 617 1992 C (iv) from Giza to Dahshur Historic Centre of Telc 86 1979 C (i)(iii)(vi) 621 1992 C (i)(iv) Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at 87 1979 C (i)(iii)(vi) Zelena Hora Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to 690 1994 C (iv) 88 1979 C (i)(iii)(vi) Kutná Hora: Historical Town Centre with the Islamic Church of St Barbara and the Cathedral of Our 89 1979 C (i)(v)(vi) Lady at Sedlec Abu Mena 732 1995 C (ii)(iv) 90 1979 C (iv) Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape 763 1996 C (i)(ii)(iv) Gardens and Castle at Kromeríz 860 1998 C (ii)(iv) Joya de Ceren Archaeological Site Holašovice Historical Village Reservation 675 1993 C (iii)(iv) 861 1998 C (ii)(iv) Litomyšl Castle ESTONIA 901 1999 C (ii)(iv) Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc Historic Centre (Old Town) of 859 rev 2000 C (i)(iv) 822 1997 C (ii)(iv)

- 20 -

ETHIOPIA Paris, Banks of the 600 1991 C (i)(ii)(iv) Simen National Park Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint- 9 1978 N (iii)(iv) Remi and Palace of Tau, Rock-hewn Churches, Lalibela 601 1991 C (i)(ii)(vi) 18 1978 C (i)(ii)(iii) Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region 635 1992 C (i)(iv) 19 1979 C (ii)(iii) Historic Centre of Lower Valley of the Awash 228 rev 1995 C (i)(ii)(iv) 10 1980 C (ii)(iii)(iv) Tiya 770 1996 C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) 12 1980 C (i)(iv) Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne Aksum 345 1997 C (ii)(iv) 15 1980 C (i)(iv) Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France Lower Valley of the Omo 868 1998 C (ii)(iv)(vi) 17 1980 C (iii)(iv) Historic Site of 872 1998 C (ii)(iv) FINLAND Jurisdiction of Saint-Emilion 932 1999 C (iii)(iv) The between Sully-sur-Loire and 582 1991 C (iv)(v) Chalonnes Fortress of 933 2000 (note 17) C (i)(ii)(iv) 583 1991 C (iv) Petäjävesi Old Church 584 1994 C (iv) FRANCE and SPAIN Groundwood and Board Mill Pyrénées - Mont Perdu 751 1996 C (iv) 773 bis 1997 - 1999 N (i)(iii) C (iii)(iv)(v) Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki 579 rev 1999 C (iii)(iv) FRANCE City-Museum Reserve of Mtskheta Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay 708 1994 C (iii)(iv) 80 1979 C (i)(iii)(vi) Bagrati Cathedral and Gelati Monastery 710 1994 C (iv) 81 1979 C (i)(ii)(iv) Upper Svaneti Palace and Park of Versailles 709 1996 C (iv)(v) 83 1979 C (i)(ii)(vi) Vézelay, Church and Hill 84 1979 C (i)(vi) Decorated Grottoes of the Vézère Valley 85 1979 C (i)(iii) 3 1978 C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) Palace and Park of Speyer Cathedral 160 1981 C (ii)(vi) 168 1981 C (ii) Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and 162 1981 C (i)(ii) Residence Square Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the 169 1981 C (i)(iv) "Triumphal Arch" of Orange Pilgrimage Church of Wies 163 1981 C (iii)(vi) 271 1983 C (i)(iii) Roman and Romanesque Monuments of of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl 164 1981 C (ii)(iv) 288 1984 C (ii)(iv) Cistercian St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at 165 1981 C (iv) Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans 187 rev 1985 C (i)(ii)(iii) 203 1982 C (i)(ii)(iv) Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and , Place de la Carrière and Place Church of Our Lady in d'Alliance in Nancy 367 1986 C (i)(iii)(iv)(vi) 229 1983 C (i)(iv) Hanseatic City of Lübeck Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe 272 rev 1987 C (iv) 230 1983 C (i)(iii) Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Cape Girolata, Cape , Scandola Nature 532 ter 1990 –1992 – 1999 (note 5) C (i)(ii)(iv) Reserve and the Piana Calanches in Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch 258 1983 N (ii)(iii)(iv) 515 rev 1991 C (iii)(iv) (Roman Aqueduct ) Mines of Rammelsberg and Historic Town of 344 1985 C (i)(iii)(iv) Goslar - Grande Ile 623 1992 C (i)(iv) 495 1988 C (i)(ii)(iv) Town of - 21 - 624 1993 C (ii)(iv) Archaeological Sites of and Maulbronn Monastery Complex 941 1999 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) 546 rev 1993 C (ii)(iv) Historic Centre (Chorá) with the Monastery of Collegiate Church, Castle, and Old Town of Saint John "the Theologian" and the Cave of the Quedlinburg Apocalypse on the Island of Pátmos 535 rev 1994 C (iv) 942 1999 C (iii)(iv)(vi) Völklingen Ironworks 687 1994 C (ii)(iv) Messel Pit Fossil Site 720 1995 N (i) National Park Cologne Cathedral 64 1979 N (ii)(iv) C (i)(iii)(iv) 292 rev 1996 C (i)(ii)(iv) Bauhaus and its Sites in and Dessau 65 1979 C (ii)(iii)(iv) 729 1996 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg 149 1981 C (i)(ii)(iv) 783 1996 C (iv)(vi) Classical Weimar GUINEA and CÔTE D’IVOIRE 846 1998 C (iii)(vi) Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve 896 1999 C (ii)(iv) 155 1981 N (ii)(iv) Wartburg Castle 897 1999 C (iii)(vi) HAITI Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz National History Park - , Sans Souci, 534 rev 2000 C (ii)(iv) Ramiers Monastic Island of Reichenau 180 1982 C (iv)(vi) 974 2000 C (iii)(iv)(vi)

GHANA Vatican City Forts and Castles, Volta Greater Accra, Central 286 1984 C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) and Western Regions 34 1979 C (vi) Ashanti Traditional Buildings 35 1980 C (v) Maya Site of Copan 129 1980 C (iv)(vi) GREECE Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve Temple of Apollo Epicurius at 196 1982 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 392 1986 C (i)(ii)(iii) Archaeological Site of 393 1987 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) , the Banks of the and the Buda Acropolis, Athens Castle Quarter 404 1987 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) 400 1987 C (ii)(iv) ollokö 454 1988 N (iii) C (i)(ii)(iv)(v)(vi) 401 rev 1987 C (v) Millenary Benedictine Monastery of Pannonhalma 455 1988 N (iii) C (i)(ii)(iv)(v) and its Natural Environment Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of 758 1996 C (iv)(vi) Thessalonika Hortobágy National Park 456 1988 C (i)(ii)(iv) 474 rev 1999 C (iv)(v) Archaeological Site of Pécs (Sopianae) Early Christian Cemetery 491 1988 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) 853 rev 2000 C (iii)(iv) Medieval City of 493 1988 C (ii)(iv)(v) HUNGARY and 511 1989 C (ii)(iii)(iv) Caves of the Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst Archaeological Site of Olympia 725-858 bis 1995-2000 N (i) 517 1989 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) INDIA 530 1990 C (ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) Monasteries of Daphni, Hossios Luckas and Nea Ajanta Caves Moni of 242 1983 C (i)(ii)(iii)(vi) 537 1990 C (i)(iv) Ellora Caves and Heraion of 243 1983 C (i)(iii)(vi) 595 1992 C (ii)(iii) Agra Fort Archaeological Site of 251 1983 C (iii) 780 1996 C (i)(iii) Taj Mahal - 22 -

252 1983 C (i) IRELAND Sun Temple, Konarak 246 1984 C (i)(iii)(vi) Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Boyne 249 1984 C (i)(ii)(iii)(vi) 659 1993 C (i)(iii)(iv) Kaziranga National Park Skellig Michael 337 1985 N (ii)(iv) 757 1996 C (iii)(iv) Manas Wildlife Sanctuary 338 1985 N (ii)(iii)(iv) ITALY Keoladeo National Park 340 1985 N (iv) Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Churches and Convents of Goa 94 1979 C (iii)(vi) 234 1986 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria Khajuraho Group of Monuments delle Grazie with "The Last Supper" by Leonardo 240 1986 C (i)(iii) da Vinci Group of Monuments at Hampi 93 1980 C (i)(ii) 241 1986 C (i)(iii)(iv) Historic Centre of Fatehpur Sikri 174 1982 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) 255 1986 C (ii)(iii)(iv) and its Lagoon Group of Monuments at Pattadakal 394 1987 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(vi) 239 rev 1987 C (iii)(iv) Piazza del Duomo, Pisa Elephanta Caves 395 1987 C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) 244 rev 1987 C (i)(iii) Historic Centre of Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur 550 1990 C (i)(iii)(iv) 250 rev 1987 C (ii)(iii) I Sassi di Sundarbans National Park 670 1993 C (iii)(iv)(v) 452 1987 N (ii)(iv) City of and the Palladian Villas of the Nanda Devi National Park Veneto 335 1988 N (iii)(iv) 712 bis 1994-1996 C (i)(ii) Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Historic Centre of 524 1989 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) 717 1995 C (i)(ii)(iv) Humayun's Tomb, Delhi Historic Centre of 232 1993 C (ii)(iv) 726 1995 C (ii)(iv) Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi Crespi d'Adda 233 1993 C (iv) 730 1995 C (iv)(v) Darjeeling Himalayan Railway , City of the and its Po Delta 944 1999 C (ii)(iv) 733 1995 - 1999 (note 15) C (ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(vi) Castel del Monte 398 rev 1996 C (i)(ii)(iii) INDONESIA The trulli of Temple Compounds 787 1996 C (iii)(iv)(v) 592 1991 C (i)(ii)(vi) Early Christian Monuments of Ujung Kulon National Park 788 1996 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 608 1991 N (iii)(iv) Historic Centre of the City of National Park 789 1996 C (i)(ii)(iv) 609 1991 N (iii)(iv) 18th-Century Royal Palace at with the Temple Compounds Park, the , and the San 642 1991 C (i)(iv) Leucio Complex Early Man Site 549 1997 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 593 1996 C (iii)(vi) Residences of the Royal House of Savoy Lorentz National Park 823 1997 C (i)(ii)(iv)(v) 955 1999 N (i)(ii)(iv) Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), 824 1997 C (ii)(iii) , islamic Republic of Portovenere, , and the Islands (, and ) Tchogha Zanbil 826 1997 C (ii)(iv)(v) 113 1979 C (iii)(iv) Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, 114 1979 C (i)(iii)(vi) 827 1997 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Meidan Emam, Esfahan Archaeological Areas of Pompei, , 115 1979 C (i)(v)(vi) and 829 1997 C (iii)(iv)(v) IRAQ Costiera Amalfitana Hatra 830 1997 C (ii)(iv)(v) 277 rev 1985 C (ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) Archaeological Area of Agrigento 831 1997 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) - 23 - 326 1985 C (i)(iii)(iv) 832 1997 C (i)(ii)(iii) Quseir Amra di Barumini 327 1985 C (i)(iii)(iv) 833 1997 C (i)(iii)(iv) Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica KENYA of 825 1998 C (iii)(iv)(vi) Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest Historic Centre of 800 1997 N (ii)(iii) 828 1998 C (ii)(iv) Sibiloi/Central Island National Parks and National Park with the 801 1997 N (i)(iv) Archeological sites of and , and the LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 842 1998 C (iii)(iv) Villa Adriana (Tivoli) Town of 479 rev 1995 C (ii)(iv)(v) 907 1999 C (i)(ii)(iii) City of 797 rev 2000 C (ii)(iv) LATVIA Isole Eolie () Historic Centre of 908 2000 N (i) 852 1997 C (i)(ii) , the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites 990 2000 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) LEBANON Anjar ITALY and the HOLY SEE 293 1984 C (iii)(iv) (each according to its jurisdiction) 294 1984 C (i)(iv) Historic Centre of , the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial 295 1984 C (iii)(iv)(vi) Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura Tyre 91-91 bis 1980-1990 (note 3) C (i)(ii)(iii)(vi) 299 1984 C (iii)(vi) Ouadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of JAPAN the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab) 850 1998 C (iii)(iv) Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area 660 1993 C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) Himeji-jo LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA 661 1993 C (i)(iv) Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna Yakushima 183 1982 C (i)(ii)(iii) 662 1993 N (ii)(iii) Archaeological Site of Sabratha Shirakami-Sanchi 184 1982 C (iii) 663 1993 N (ii) Archaeological Site of Cyrene Historic Monuments of Ancient (Kyoto, Uji 190 1982 C (ii)(iii)(vi) and Otsu Cities) Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus 688 1994 C (ii)(iv) 287 1985 C (iii) Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama Old Town of Ghadamès 734 1995 C (iv)(v) 362 1986 C (v) Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome) 775 1996 C (vi) Itsukushima Shinto Shrine 776 1996 C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) Historic Centre Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara 541 1994 C (ii)(iv) 870 1998 C (ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) LITHUANIA and the RUSSIAN FEDERATION Shrines and Temples of Nikko 913 1999 C (i)(iv)(vi) Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the 994 2000 C (v) Kingdom of Ryukyu 972 2000 C (ii)(iii)(vi) LUXEMBOURG

City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and JERUSALEM Fortifications (Site proposed by Jordan) 699 1994 C (iv) Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls 148 1981 C (ii)(iii)(vi) MACEDONIA, Former Yugoslav Republic of Ohrid Region with its Cultural and Historical JORDAN Aspect and its Natural Environment 99 1979-1980 (note 16) N (iii) C (i)(iii)(iv) - 24 -

MADAGASCAR 554 bis 1993 N (iv) Historic Centre of Zacatecas Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve 676 1993 C (ii)(iv) 494 rev 1990 N (iii)(iv) Rock Paintings of the Sierra de San Francisco 714 1993 C (i)(iii) MALAWI Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl Lake Malawi National Park 702 1994 C (ii)(iv) 289 1984 N (ii)(iii)(iv) Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal 791 1996 C (i)(ii)(iii) Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro 792 1996 C (ii)(iv) 1012 2000 N (ii)(iv) Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara Gunung Mulu National Park 815 1997 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 1013 2000 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes 560 rev 1998 C (iii)(iv) Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan 862 1998 C (ii)(iv) Old Towns of Djenné Historic Fortified Town of Campeche 116 rev 1988 C (iii)(iv) 895 1999 C (ii)(iv) Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco 119 rev 1988 C (ii)(iv)(v) 939 1999 C (iii)(iv) Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) 516 1989 N (iii) C (v) MOROCCO Medina of Fez MALTA 170 1981 C (ii)(v) Hal Saflieni Hypogeum Medina of 130 1980 C (iii) 331 1985 C (i)(ii)(iv)(v) City of of Ait-Ben-Haddou 131 1980 C (i)(vi) 444 1987 C (iv)(v) Megalithic Temples of Malta Historic City of Meknes 132 bis 1980-1992 (Note 7) C (iv) 793 1996 C (iv) Archaeological Site of Volubilis MAURITANIA 836 1997 C (ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin) Banc d'Arguin National Park 837 1997 C (ii)(iv)(v) 506 1989 N (ii)(iv) Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and MOZAMBIQUE Oualata 750 1996 C (iii)(iv)(v) Island of Mozambique 599 1991 C (iv)(vi) MEXICO NEPAL Sian Ka'an 410 1987 N (iii)(iv) Sagarmatha National Park Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of 120 1979 N (iii) 411 1987 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Kathmandu Valley Historic Centre of and Xochimilco 121 1979 C (iii)(iv)(vi) 412 1987 C (ii)(iii)(iv)(v) Royal Chitwan National Park Pre-Hispanic City of 284 1984 N (ii)(iii)(iv) 414 1987 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha Historic Centre of and Archaeological Site 666 1997 C (iii)(vi) of Monte Alban NETHERLANDS 415 1987 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Schokland and Surroundings Historic Centre of 739 1995 C (iii)(v) 416 1987 C (ii)(iv) Defence Line of Amsterdam Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines 759 1996 C (ii)(iv)(v) 482 1988 C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen - Itza 818 1997 C (i)(ii)(iv) 483 1988 C (i)(ii)(iii) Historic Area of , Inner City, and Historic Centre of Harbour, Netherlands Antilles 585 1991 C (ii)(iv)(vi) 819 1997 C (ii)(iv)(v) El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City Ir. D.F. Woudagemaal (D.F. Wouda Steam 631 1992 C (iii)(iv) Pumping Station) Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino 867 1998 C (i)(ii)(iv) - 25 - Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster Polder) PANAMA 899 1999 C (i)(ii)(iv) Rietveld Schröderhuis (Rietveld Schröder House) Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: 965 2000 C (i)(ii) Portobelo-San Lorenzo 135 1980 C (i)(iv) NEW ZEALAND Darien National Park 159 1981 N (ii)(iii)(iv) Te Wahipounamu - South West New Zealand Historic District of Panamá, with the Salón Bolivar 551 1990 (note 2) N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 790 1997 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Tongariro National Park 421 rev 1990-1993 N (ii)(iii) C (vi) PARAGUAY New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands 877 1998 N (ii)(iv) Jesuit Missions of La Santisima Trinidad de Parana and Jesus de Tavarangue 648 1993 C (iv) Ruins of León Viejo 613 rev 2000 C (iii)(iv) City of Cuzco NIGER 273 1983 C (iii)(iv) Historic Sanctuary of Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves 274 1983 N (ii)(iii) C (i)(iii) 573 1991 N (ii)(iii)(iv) Chavin (Archaeological Site) W National Park of Niger 330 1985 C (iii) 749 1996 N (ii)(iv) Huascaran National Park 333 1985 N (ii)(iii) Archaeological Zone 366 1986 C (i)(iii) Sukur Cultural Landscape Manu National Park 938 1999 C (iii)(v)(vi) 402 1987 N (ii)(iv) Historic Centre of 500 bis 1988-1991 (note 8) C (iv) Urnes Stave Church 548 1990-1992 N (ii)(iii)(iv) C (iii) 58 1979 C (i)(ii)(iii) Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de Bryggen Jumana 59 1979 C (iii) 700 1994 C (i)(iii)(iv) Røros Historical Centre of the City of 55 1980 C (iii)(iv)(v) 1016 2000 C (i)(iv) Rock Drawings of Alta 352 1985 C (iii) Marine Park 653 1993 N (ii)(iii)(iv) Bahla Fort Churches of the Philippines 433 1987 C (iv) 677 1993 C (ii)(iv) Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras 434 1988 C (iii)(iv) 722 1995 C (iii)(iv)(v) Arabian Oryx Sanctuary Historic Town of 654 1994 N (iv) 502 rev 1999 C (ii)(iv) The Frankincense Trail Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park 1010 2000 C (iii)(iv) 652 rev 1999 N (iii)(iv) PAKISTAN POLAND Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro Cracow's Historic Centre 138 1980 C (ii)(iii) 29 1978 C (iv) Taxila Wieliczka Salt Mine 139 1980 C (iii)(vi) 32 1978 C (iv) Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring Auschwitz Concentration Camp City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol 31 1979 C (vi) 140 1980 C (iv) Historic Centre of Historical Monuments of Thatta 30 1980 C (ii)(vi) 143 1981 C (iii) Old City of Zamosc Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore 564 1992 C (iv) 171-172 1981 C (i)(ii)(iii) Medieval Town of Torun Rohtas Fort 835 1997 C (ii)(iv) 586 1997 C (ii)(iv) Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork 847 1997 C (ii)(iii)(iv) - 26 -

Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist RUSSIAN FEDERATION architectural and park landscape complex and pilgrimage park Historic Centre of and Related 905 1999 C (ii)(iv) Groups of Monuments 540 1990 (note 4) C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) PORTUGAL 544 1990 (note 4) C (i)(iv)(v) Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in and , the 545 1990 (note 4) C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) 206 1983 C (iv)(vi) Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Surroundings Belem in Lisbon 604 1992 C (ii)(iv)(vi) 263 1983 C (iii)(vi) Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the of Batalha Islands 264 1983 C (i)(ii) 632 1992 C (iv) Convent of Christ in Tomar White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal 265 1983 C (i)(vi) 633-644 1992 C (i)(ii)(iv) Historic Centre of Evora Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius 361 1986 C (ii)(iv) Lavra in Sergiev Posad Monastery of Alcobaça 657 1993 C (ii)(iv) 505 1989 C (i)(iv) Church of the , Cultural Landscape of Sintra 634 rev 1994 C (ii) 723 1995 C (ii)(iv)(v) Historic Centre of Oporto 719 1995 N (ii)(iii) 755 1996 C (iv) Prehistoric Rock-Art Sites in the Côa Valley 754 1996 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 866 1998 C (i)(iii) Laurisilva of 765 1996 N (i)(ii)(iii) 934 1999 N (ii)(iv) Golden Mountains of Altai 768 rev 1998 N (iv) REPUBLIC OF Western 900 1999 N (ii)(iv) Sokkuram Grotto and Pulguksa Temple Historic and Architectural Complex of the 736 1995 C (i)(iv) Kremlin Temple Changgyong P'ango, the 980 2000 C (ii)(iii)(iv) Depositories for the Ensemble of the Woodblocks 982 2000 C (i)(iv) 737 1995 C (iv)(vi) Chongmyo Shrine SAINT CHRISTOPHER AND NEVIS 738 1995 C (iv) Ch'angdokkung Palace Complex Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park 816 1997 C (ii)(iii)(iv) 910 1999 C (iii)(iv) Hwasong Fortress 817 1997 C (ii)(iii) SENEGAL Kyongju Historic Areas 976 2000 C (ii)(iii) Island of Gorée Koch'ang, Hwasun, and Kanghwa Dolmen Sites 26 1978 C (vi) 977 2000 C (iii) Niokolo-Koba National Park 153 1981 N (iv) Djoudj National Sanctuary 25 1981 N (iii)(iv) Danube Delta Island of Saint-Louis 588 1991 N (iii)(iv) 956 2000 C (ii)(iv) Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania 596 bis 1993 – 1999 (note 14) C (iv) SEYCHELLES Monastery of Horezu 597 1993 C (ii) Aldabra Atoll Churches of Moldavia 185 1982 N (ii)(iii)(iv) 598 1993 C (i)(iv) Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve Historic Centre of Sighisoara 261 1983 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 902 1999 C (iii)(v) SLOVAKIA Wooden Churches of Maramures Vlkolinec 904 1999 C (iv) 622 rev 1993 C (iv)(v) Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains Banska Stiavnica 906 1999 C (ii)(iii)(iv) 618 rev 1993 C (iv)(v) Spissky Hrad and its Associated Cultural - 27 - Monuments Royal Monastery of Santa Maria de Guadalupe 620 rev 1993 C (iv) 665 1993 C (iv)(vi) Town Conservation Reserve Route of Santiago de Compostela 973 2000 C (iii)(iv) 669 1993 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Doñana National Park 685 1994 N (ii)(iii)(iv) Historic Walled Town of Cuenca Skocjan Caves 781 1996 C (ii)(v) 390 1986 N (ii)(iii) La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia 782 1996 C (i)(iv) SOLOMON ISLANDS 803 1997 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) East Rennell The Palau de la Música Catalana and the Hospital 854 1998 N (ii) de Sant Pau, 804 1997 C (i)(ii)(iv) SOUTH San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries Greater St Lucia Wetland Park 805 1997 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Rock-Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the 914 1999 N (ii)(iii)(iv) Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, , Iberian Peninsula 874 1998 C (iii) Kromdraai, and Environs University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de 915 1999 C (iii)(vi) Robben Island Henares 876 1998 C (ii)(iv)(vi) 916 1999 C (iii)(vi) uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park , and culture 417 rev 1999 N (ii)(iv) C (ii)(iii)(iv) 985 2000 N (iii)(iv) C (i)(iii) San Cristóbal de La Laguna 929 1999 C (ii)(iv) SPAIN Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco Historic Centre of Cordoba 875 rev 2000 C (ii)(iii) 313 bis 1984-1994 (note 11) C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Pameral of Elche , and Albayzin, 930 2000 C (ii)(v) 314 bis 1984-1994 (note 12) C (i)(iii)(iv) Roman Walls of 987 2000 C (iv) 316 1984 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid 988 2000 C (ii)(iv) 318 1984 C (i)(ii)(vi) Archaeological Site of Atapuerca Parque Güell, Palacio Güell and Casa Mila in 989 2000 C (iii)(v) Barcelona 320 1984 C (i)(ii)(iv) SRI LANKA Altamira Cave Sacred City of Anuradhapura 310 1985 C (i)(iii) Old Town of and its Aqueduct 200 1982 C (ii)(iii)(vi) Ancient City of Polonnaruwa 311 rev 1985 C (i)(iii)(iv) Monuments of and the Kingdom of the 201 1982 C (i)(iii)(vi) Ancient City of Sigiriya Asturias 202 1982 C (ii)(iii)(iv) 312 bis 1985 −1998 (note 13) C (i)(ii)(iv) Sinharaja Forest Reserve Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) 405 1988 N (ii)(iv) 347 1985 C (i)(ii)(vi) Sacred City of Kandy Old Town of Avila with its Extra-Muros Churches 450 1988 C (iv)(vi) 348 rev 1985 C (iii)(iv) Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications Mudejar Architecture of Teruel 451 1988 C (iv) 378 1986 C (iv) Golden Temple of Dambulla Historic City of Toledo 561 1991 C (i)(vi) 379 1986 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 380 1986 N (ii)(iii) SURINAME Old Town of Caceres Central Suriname Nature Reserve 384 1986 C (iii)(iv) 1017 2000 N (ii)(iv) Cathedral, Alcazar and Archivo de in 383 rev 1987 C (i)(ii)(iii)(vi) Old City of 381 rev 1988 C (i)(ii)(iv) Royal Domain of Drottningholm Poblet Monastery 559 1991 C (iv) 518 rev 1991 C (i)(iv) and Hovgården Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida 555 1993 C (iii)(iv) 664 1993 C (iii)(iv) - 28 -

556 rev 1993 C (iv) Medina of 498 1988 C (iii)(iv)(v) 557 rev 1994 C (i)(iii)(iv) Skogskyrkogården 499 1988 C (i)(ii)(iii)(v)(vi) 558 rev 1994 C (ii)(iv) / Thugga Hanseatic Town of 794 1997 C (ii)(iii) 731 1995 C (iv)(v) TURKEY 774 1996 N (i)(ii)(iii) C (iii)(v) Historic Areas of Istanbul Church Village of Gammelstad, Luleå 356 1985 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 762 1996 C (ii)(iv)(v) Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Naval Port of Cappadocia 871 1998 C (ii)(iv) 357 1985 N(iii) C(i)(iii)(v) Great Mosque and Hospital of Divrigi 898 2000 N (i) 358 1985 C (i)(iv) Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland Hattusha 968 2000 C (iv)(v) 377 1986 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Nemrut Dag 448 1987 C (i)(iii)(iv) Xanthos-Letoon Old City of Berne 484 1988 C (ii)(iii) 267 1983 C (iii) Hierapolis - Pamukkale Convent of St Gall 485 1988 N(iii) C(iii)(iv) 268 1983 C (ii)(iv) City of Safranbolu Benedictine Convent of St John at Müstair 614 1994 C (ii)(iv)(v) 269 1983 C (iii) Archaeological Site of Troy Three Castles, and Ramparts of 849 1998 C (ii)(iii)(vi) the Market-town of Bellinzone 884 2000 C (iv) SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC State Historical and Cultural Park “Ancient ” 886 1999 C (ii)(iii) Ancient City of 20 1979 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) Ancient City of Bosra 22 1980 C (i)(iii)(vi) Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Site of Palmyra 682 1994 N (iii)(iv) 23 1980 C (i)(ii)(iv) Rwenzori Mountains National Park Ancient City of 684 1994 N (iii)(iv) 21 1986 C (iii)(iv) Kiev: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Monastic Buildings, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Historic Towns 527 1990 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 574 1991 C (i)(iii) L'viv − the Ensemble of the Historic Centre Historic City of Ayutthaya and Associated Historic 865 1998 C (ii)(v) Towns 576 1991 C (iii) UNITED KINGDOM Thungyai - Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries 591 1991 N (ii)(iii)(iv) Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast Ban Chiang Archaeological Site 369 1986 N (i)(iii) 575 1992 C (iii) Durham Castle and Cathedral 370 1986 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Ironbridge 371 1986 C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) Medina of Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of 36 1979 C (ii)(iii)(v) Fountains Abbey Site of 372 1986 C (i)(iv) 37 1979 C (ii)(iii)(vi) Stonehenge, and Associated Sites Amphitheatre of El Jem 373 1986 C (i)(ii)(iii) 38 1979 C (iv)(vi) Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Ichkeul National Park Gwynedd 8 1980 N (iv) 374 1986 C (i)(iii)(iv) Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis St Kilda 332 1985-1986 C (iii) 387 1986 N (iii)(iv) Blenheim Palace - 29 - 425 1987 C (ii)(iv) La Fortaleza and San Juan Historic Site in Puerto City of Bath Rico 428 1987 C (i)(ii)(iv) 266 1983 C (vi) Hadrian's Wall Statue of Liberty 430 1987 C (ii)(iii)(iv) 307 1984 C (i)(vi) Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey and Yosemite National Park Saint Margaret's Church 308 1984 N (i)(ii)(iii) 426 1987 C (i)(ii)(iv) Chaco Culture National Historical Park Henderson Island 353 rev 1987 C (iii) 487 1988 N (iii)(iv) Monticello and University of Virginia in Tower of London Charlottesville 488 1988 C (ii)(iv) 442 1987 C (i)(iv)(vi) Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park St Martin's Church 409 1987 N (ii) 496 1988 C (i)(ii)(vi) Pueblo de Taos Old and New Towns of 492 rev 1992 C (iv) 728 1995 C (ii)(iv) Carlsbad Caverns National Park Gough Island Wildlife Reserve 721 1995 N (i)(iii) 740 1995 N (iii)(iv) Maritime Greenwich URUGUAY 795 1997 C (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) Heart of Neolithic Orkney Historic Quarter of the City of Colonia del 514 rev 1999 C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Sacramento Historic Town of St George and Related 747 1995 C (iv) Fortifications, Bermuda 983 2000 C (iv) UZBEKISTAN Blaenavon Industrial Landscape 984 2000 C (iii)(iv) Itchan Kala 543 1990 C (iii)(iv)(v) Historic Centre of UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 602 rev 1993 C (ii)(iv)(vi) Ngorongoro Conservation Area Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz 39 1979 N (ii)(iii)(iv) 885 2000 C (iii)(iv) Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara VENEZUELA 144 1981 C (iii) Serengeti National Park Coro and its Port 156 1981 N (iii)(iv) 658 1993 C (iv)(v) Selous Game Reserve Canaima National Park 199 1982 N (ii)(iv) 701 1994 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Kilimanjaro National Park Ciudad Universitaria de 403 1987 N (iii) 986 2000 C (i)(iv) Stone Town of Zanzibar VIET NAM 173 rev 2000 C (ii)(iii)(vi) Complex of Hué Monuments 678 1993 C (iii)(iv) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Ha Long Bay Mesa Verde 672 bis 1994 27 1978 C (iii) Yellowstone 28 1978 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Grand Canyon National Park 75 1979 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Everglades National Park 76 1979 N (i)(ii)(iv) Independence Hall 78 1979 C (vi) Redwood National Park 134 1980 N (ii)(iii) Mammoth Cave National Park 150 1981 N (i)(iii)(iv) Olympic National Park 151 1981 N (ii)(iii) Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site 198 1982 C (iii)(iv) Great Smoky Mountains National Park 259 1983 N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) - 30 -