DOCSLIB.ORG

A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of at the University of Otago, Dunedin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of at the University of Otago, Dunedin Thucydides' Corinthians: an examination of Corinth in Thucydides' account of the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War Nicholas McKenzie A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 2010 ABSTRACT This thesis examines Thucydides‟ presentation of the Corinthians in his account of the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. It discusses how and where Thucydides manipulates his description of events in order to stress the impression of Corinthian belligerence as a cause of the war, and highlights how this presentation allows Thucydides to present Athenian actions in a positive light, by making them appear as reactions to Corinthian intransigence. This thesis also examines the background to the conflict and discusses how the Athenians can be seen as largely responsible for creating the tension between Athens and Corinth because of their desire for the natural resources of the west, which resulted in a policy aimed at controlling strategic locations along the Corinthian Gulf. Finally, the Corinthian navy is examined from two perspectives: Thucydides‟ presentation of it in action; and what the reality of Corinthian naval strength was at the time of the war‟s outbreak. This section discusses how the less professional nature of the Corinthian navy allowed Thucydides to exaggerate certain weaknesses in order to make the Athenian navy appear even more superior than it already was. Ultimately, this thesis shows how a closer and more critical examination of Thucydides‟ presentation of Corinth helps us to understand better the complex background to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Patricia Hannah. It was a great privilege to study under Dr Hannah, who, somehow, can make even the most difficult Thucydidean issue seem relatively straightforward. The friendly and relaxed manner she went about helping me in my work is very much appreciated and I have benefited greatly from her guidance. I would also like to thank the other members of the Classics department at Otago for their support. In particular, I would like to acknowledge Dr Andrew Collins, Dr John Walsh (now University of Guelph), and Thomas Köntges for their various pieces of help and advice. A special mention must also go to Dean Alexander who went through the journey with me and was a good friend throughout. To my flatmates over the past couple of years, Sam, Rob, James, Hamish, Sarah and Jess, thanks for reminding me that there is a world outside of Classics, and for always being prepared to “chew the cud.” Finally, a special thanks to my parents and sister. Although they neither know anything about, nor care about Classics, they were always prepared to listen, and I would not have been able to complete this thesis without their support. This thesis is dedicated to them. iii CONTENTS Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Abbreviations v Introduction 1 Chapter One: The Corinthians‟ Role in the Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War 6 Chapter Two: Corinth‟s Relations with Athens through the Fifth Century 57 Chapter Three: The Corinthian Navy 93 Conclusion 122 Maps: 128 1. Greece 129 2. The Isthmus Region 130 3. The Corinthian Gulf 131 4. Sicily and Italy 131 Bibliography 132 iv ABBREVIATIONS IG Inscriptiones Graecae OCD3 Simon Hornblower and A. Spawforth. eds. 2003. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Revised Third Edition. Oxford. SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum TLG Thesaurus Linguae Graecae v INTRODUCTION The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was fought between two alliances led by the “superpowers” of fifth century Greece: Athens and Sparta. According to the contemporary historian Thucydides, this war was the greatest disturbance in the history of the Hellenes, affecting more cities and more people than any previous conflict (1.1.1-2; 1.23.1-3). The cause of this great conflict is a complex question. Thucydides claims that the truest reason (a0lhqesta/thn pro/fasin) for the war was the Athenians becoming powerful and the fear this inspired in the Spartans (1.23.6). Yet, Thucydides also set out to give a detailed account of the complaints and disputes (ta_j ai0ti/aj ... kai_ ta_j diafora/j) which led to the Spartans declaring war on Athens (1.23.5). The most prominent polis in his record of these complaints and disputes is Corinth. The majority of scholars who discuss the causes of the Peloponnesian War tend to focus on whether Thucydides was right to attribute the Spartan fear of Athenian growth as the a0lhqesta/thn pro/fasin of the war.1 In doing so, many have questioned Thucydides‟ presentation of events and discussed at great length the complaints and disputes which he does not describe in any detail, especially those of the Megarians and Aeginetans, in an attempt to explain why Thucydides presented the outbreak of the war in the way he has. While the role of the Corinthians is rarely ignored, it is often not given the attention it deserves, and Thucydides‟ depiction of them as aggressive and warmongering is usually 1 Given the vast amount of literature on Thucydides and the causes of the Peloponnesian War I have decided not to include a literature review in this introduction. The views of the modern scholars will become apparent in the body of this thesis, especially in the footnotes. 1 followed by modern scholars.2 Few have paused to examine critically Thucydides‟ negative presentation of the Corinthians.3 The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether, and if so, how and where, Thucydides has deliberately manipulated his narrative in order to emphasise the negative impression of the Corinthians. By doing so, it is hoped that a more balanced interpretation of Corinthian actions in the events leading to the war can be reached. Chapter one will offer a detailed discussion of Corinthian actions in Thucydides‟ account of the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. The first section of this chapter will discuss the Corinthian dispute with Corcyra, which Thucydides presents as the first ai0ti/a of the war. It will attempt to show that the Corinthians were not simply acting irrationally in their dispute with Corcyra over Epidamnus, but that they had legitimate reasons for becoming involved in the conflict. Moreover, it will point out that the Corcyraeans were not free from blame in the affair. The attempted mediation by the Corcyraeans at Corinth will be highlighted as an example of Thucydides attempting to portray the Corinthians as excessively belligerent and responsible for the eventual involvement of the Athenians. The debate between the Corinthians and Corcyraeans at Athens will also be discussed, in order to show how the Corinthians attempted to warn the Athenians that an alliance with Corcyra would be a breach of the “spirit” of the Thirty Years Peace, and could lead to war. This section will then move on to describe how Thucydides presents the Corinthians as responsible for the collision between the Peloponnesian and Athenian ships at the battle of 2 Even Badian (1993) 125-62, who advanced the thesis that Thucydides deliberately misrepresented the Spartans in his account of the war’s outbreak, did not seem to consider the possibility that the Corinthians may also have suffered similar misrepresentation. 3 Salmon (1984) 281-305 is one scholar who has examined the Corinthian actions in some detail. However, in a book devoted to looking at the history of Corinth, he takes a surprisingly Atheno-centric view of the causes of the war. 2 Sybota. Particular attention will be placed on Thucydides‟ description of the aftermath of the battle, and how he manages to deflect attention from Athenian aggressiveness by creating drama to his narrative and through focussing his account on the actions of the Corinthians. The second section of chapter one will discuss Thucydides‟ description of the Potidaean revolt. It will focus on how Thucydides cleverly turns Corinthian anger over the Athenian involvement at Sybota into a motivating factor for the Potidaeans to revolt. This section will also note that the Athenians were acting more aggressively in the north Aegean prior to the war than what Thucydides‟ narrative would imply. The final section of this chapter will discuss how Thucydides treats the Corinthians as the catalyst for the eventual involvement of the Spartans in the escalating conflict, thereby sealing the impression of Corinthian responsibility for the war. Chapter two will examine the relationship between the Corinthians and Athenians through the fifth century. This is essential to the discussion because it shows how the Athenians can be seen as largely responsible for creating the tension between Corinth and Athens prior to the war. In particular, this chapter will discuss whether the growing Athenian interest in the natural resources of Sicily and Italy played a significant role in bringing the two poleis into conflict. It will also examine the possibility that the Athenians were highly motivated in securing key strategic locations along the Corinthian Gulf during the fifth century, as a result of their interest in the resources of the west. This chapter will then discuss the Megarian decree in order to highlight how the Athenians used economic pressure on Megara in an attempt to force them to rejoin their empire, which would give the Athenians access to both sides of the Isthmus. Finally, this chapter will briefly examine the archaeological evidence from Corinth to see if the Athenians were placing economic pressure on the Corinthians like they were on the Megarians. 3 The third and final chapter will focus on the Corinthian navy, since Thucydides places great importance on naval matters in his narrative of the war‟s outbreak. Moreover, it seems to be another area where Thucydides shapes his narrative to misrepresent the Corinthians.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Herodotus, Xerxes and the Persian Wars IAN PLANT, DEPARTMENT of ANCIENT HISTORY
    Herodotus, Xerxes and the Persian Wars IAN PLANT, DEPARTMENT OF ANCIENT HISTORY Xerxes: Xerxes’ tomb at Naqsh-i-Rustam Herodotus: 2nd century AD: found in Egypt. A Roman copy of a Greek original from the first half of the 4th century BC. Met. Museum New York 91.8 History looking at the evidence • Our understanding of the past filtered through our present • What happened? • Why did it happen? • How can we know? • Key focus is on information • Critical collection of information (what is relevant?) • Critical evaluation of information (what is reliable?) • Critical questioning of information (what questions need to be asked?) • These are essential transferable skills in the Information Age • Let’s look at some examples from Herodotus’ history of the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC • Is the evidence from: ― Primary sources: original sources; close to origin of information. ― Secondary sources: sources which cite, comment on or build upon primary sources. ― Tertiary source: cites only secondary sources; does not look at primary sources. • Is it the evidence : ― Reliable; relevant ― Have I analysed it critically? Herodotus: the problem… Succession of Xerxes 7.3 While Darius delayed making his decision [about his successor], it chanced that at this time Demaratus son of Ariston had come up to Susa, in voluntary exile from Lacedaemonia after he had lost the kingship of Sparta. [2] Learning of the contention between the sons of Darius, this man, as the story goes, came and advised Xerxes to add this to what he said: that he had been born when Darius was already king and ruler of Persia, but Artobazanes when Darius was yet a subject; [3] therefore it was neither reasonable nor just that anyone should have the royal privilege before him.
    [Show full text]
  • Greece Day 1: Departure from US Paul’S Stay
    First Class 8 Day Package Greece Day 1: Departure from US Paul’s stay. Another important stop is a visit to Diolkos where we Today we embark on our Journey to the lands of ancient treasures view the paved trackway which enabled boats to be moved over - and Christian history with an overnight flight to Athens. Prepare land across the Isthmus of Corinth and served as a life line for yourself for a life-changing experience. Get some rest on the Corinth. This shortcut allowed ancient vessels to avoid the long flight…Tomorrow you will be walking where the apostles walked! and dangerous circumnavigation of the Peloponnese peninsula. Before returning to Athens, we will visit Cenchreae, the ancient Day 2: Arrive Athens port region of Corinth. Acts 18:18 states the Apostle Paul stopped We arrive in Athens and check into our hotel. You will have the re - at Cenchreae during his second missionary journey, where he had mainder of the day free to relax or take a stroll along the streets of his hair cut to fulfill a vow. Athens to enjoy the flavor of the city. This evening our group will enjoy the first of many delectable European style dinners. Day 4: City of Athens Following breakfast this morning we tour Athens, the foundation Day 3: Ancient Corinth & Cenchreae of democracy. We visit the Acropolis, the Parthenon, and Erec - We depart Athens this morning and travel west with a rest stop theum before viewing Athens atop Mars Hill where Paul stood and and photos at the Corinth Canal.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideals and Pragmatism in Greek Military Thought 490-338 Bc
    Roel Konijnendijk IDEALS AND PRAGMATISM IN GREEK MILITARY THOUGHT 490-338 BC PhD Thesis – Ancient History – UCL I, Roel Konijnendijk, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Thesis Abstract This thesis examines the principles that defined the military thinking of the Classical Greek city-states. Its focus is on tactical thought: Greek conceptions of the means, methods, and purpose of engaging the enemy in battle. Through an analysis of historical accounts of battles and campaigns, accompanied by a parallel study of surviving military treatises from the period, it draws a new picture of the tactical options that were available, and of the ideals that lay behind them. It has long been argued that Greek tactics were deliberately primitive, restricted by conventions that prescribed the correct way to fight a battle and limited the extent to which victory could be exploited. Recent reinterpretations of the nature of Greek warfare cast doubt on this view, prompting a reassessment of tactical thought – a subject that revisionist scholars have not yet treated in detail. This study shows that practically all the assumptions of the traditional model are wrong. Tactical thought was constrained chiefly by the extreme vulnerability of the hoplite phalanx, its total lack of training, and the general’s limited capacity for command and control on the battlefield. Greek commanders, however, did not let any moral rules get in the way of possible solutions to these problems. Battle was meant to create an opportunity for the wholesale destruction of the enemy, and any available means were deployed towards that goal.
    [Show full text]
  • 318136 Vol1.Pdf
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The nature and development of Roman Corinth to the end of the Antonine period Thesis How to cite: Walbank, Mary Elizabeth Hoskins (1987). The nature and development of Roman Corinth to the end of the Antonine period. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1986 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000de1f Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk THE NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN CORINTH TO THE END OF THE ANTONINE PERIOD Mary Elizabeth Hoskins Walbank, B.A., M.A. Thesis submitted to the Open University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy AvrPr'lor5 1\lJt'\'\bC(: HDK' 303 . :Datrt or 6ubMlsslon; ;(0'''' October R~C, Classics, Faculty of Arts ~ata of- Aw'drc\: 7J}'v\ Januatj 19<97 October 1986 COPYRIGHT DECLARATION This thesis is an unpublished typescript and copyright is held by the author. Photocopy; ng ; sperm; tted on ly wi th the v/ri tten consent of the author. No quotation from this thesis or information derived from it may be published without the written consent of the author. i ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is two-fold: first, to examine and re-assess the material remains of Roman Corinth in the light 'of modern scholarship; secondly, to use this evidence, in combination with the literary sources, and thus to define, more clearly than has been done hitherto, both the nature of the original foundation and the way in which it developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Determining the Significance of Alliance Athologiesp in Bipolar Systems: a Case of the Peloponnesian War from 431-421 BCE
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2016 Determining the Significance of Alliance athologiesP in Bipolar Systems: A Case of the Peloponnesian War from 431-421 BCE Anthony Lee Meyer Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the International Relations Commons Repository Citation Meyer, Anthony Lee, "Determining the Significance of Alliance Pathologies in Bipolar Systems: A Case of the Peloponnesian War from 431-421 BCE" (2016). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1509. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1509 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DETERMINING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ALLIANCE PATHOLOGIES IN BIPOLAR SYSTEMS: A CASE OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR FROM 431-421 BCE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By ANTHONY LEE ISAAC MEYER Dual B.A., Russian Language & Literature, International Studies, Ohio State University, 2007 2016 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ___April 29, 2016_________ I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Anthony Meyer ENTITLED Determining the Significance of Alliance Pathologies in Bipolar Systems: A Case of the Peloponnesian War from 431-421 BCE BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts. ____________________________ Liam Anderson, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Thucydides on the Outbreak of War
    THUCYDIDES ON THE OUTBREAK OF WAR by Seth N. Jaffe A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy Graduate Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Seth Nathan Jaffe (2012) Abstract Thucydides on the Outbreak of War By Seth N. Jaffe A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Political Science University of Toronto (2012) This project illuminates Thucydides’ political thought through a novel interpretation of the first book of the History of the Peloponnesian War. It explores how Thucydides reveals the human causes of war through the outbreak of a particular war, the Peloponnesian war. The primary claim is that Thucydides intends the breakdown of the Thirty Years’ Peace between Athens and the Peloponnesians, which inaugurates the great Peloponnesian war, to be understood by grasping how the characters of the Athenian and Spartan regimes contribute to the outbreak of the war and, crucially, how Athens and Sparta differently express human nature. In broad outline, the History’s first book reveals how the regime characters of Athens and Sparta inform their respective foreign policies, but also how the interaction between the two cities—informed by the distinctive necessities pressing upon them— causes the Hellenic status quo to tremble and fall. Throughout the first book, while never obscuring the specific events triggering war, Thucydides progressively develops and expands his original statement that it was Spartan fear of Athenian power that compelled the fighting. The study argues that necessity (or compulsion) is the bright thread that Thucydides uses to guide his reader through the episodes of the first book, from the immediate causes of the Peloponnesian war to the human causes of war, from the particular events to the History’s universal themes.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Declamation
    GREEK DECLAMATION D. A. RUSSELL READER IN CLASSICAL LITERATURE AND FELLOW Of ST JOHN’S COLLEGE, OXFORD CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON NEW YORK NEW ROCHELLE MELBOURNE SYDNEY Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge C32 IRP 32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA Contents 296 Beaconsfield Parade, Middle Park, Melbourne 3206, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1983 First published 1983 Preface vii Printed in Great Britain by the University Press, Cambridge i Evidence, definitions, origins i Library of Congress catalogue 83—7270 card number: 2 Sophistopolis, or the world of the British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Aristeus 21 Russell, D. A. Teachers and theories 40 Greek declamation. 3 I. Greek orations—History and criticism 4 Performers and occasions 74 I. Title Character and characters 87 888’. 0108 PA3263 ISBN 0 521 25780 8 6 Declamation and history io6 Bibliography 129 /iL Indexes 133 7r3 j UP v origins 20 Evidence, dfinitions, 2 Polybius,8’ when he criticizes the historian Timaeus for putting speeches into the mouths of his characters as though he was Sophistopolis, or the world of the ‘arguing a set case in a lesson’ and following text—book rules like his Aristeus a schoolboy. finally, there is the critic Demetrius: whatever and date, his examples reflect special knowledge of fourth— third-century writing, and nothing later. So the few quotations the that sound like declamation may tentatively be added here: at It ideo ego adulescentulos existimo in scholis stultissimos fieri quia man who accuses Aristides of absence from the naval battle his nihil cx his quae in usu habemus aut audiunt aut vident.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shape of Herodotean Rhetoric International Studies in the History of Rhetoric
    The Shape of Herodotean Rhetoric International Studies in the History of Rhetoric Editors Laurent Pernot (Executive Editor, Strasbourg, France) Craig Kallendorf (College Station, U.S.A.) Advisory Board Bé Breij (Nijmegen, Netherlands) Rudong Chen (Perkin, China) Manfred Kraus (Tübingen, Germany) Gabriella Moretti (Trento, Italy) Luisa Angelica Puig Llano (Mexico City, Mexico) Christine Sutherland (Calgary, Canada) volume 6 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/rhet The Shape of Herodotean Rhetoric A Study of the Speeches in Herodotus’ Histories with Special Attention to Books 5–9 By Vasiliki Zali LEIDEN | BOSTON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zali, Vasiliki, author. The shape of Herodotean rhetoric : a study of the speeches in Herodotus’ Histories with special attention to books 5–9 / by Vasiliki Zali. pages cm — (International studies in the history of rhetoric) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27896-7 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-28358-9 (e-book) 1. Herodotus. History. 2. Rhetoric, Ancient. I. Title. II. Series: International studies in the history of rhetoric. D58.H473Z35 2014 930—dc23 2014032773 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1875-1148 isbn 978-90-04-27896-7 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28358-9 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Philip II of Macedon: a Consideration of Books VII IX of Justin's Epitome of Pompeius Trogus
    Durham E-Theses Philip II of Macedon: a consideration of books VII IX of Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus Wade, J. S. How to cite: Wade, J. S. (1977) Philip II of Macedon: a consideration of books VII IX of Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10215/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. PHILIP II OF MACEDON: A CONSIDERATION OF BOOKS VII - IX OF JUSTIN* S EPITOME OF POMPEIUS TROGUS THESIS SUBMITTED IN APPLICATION FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS - by - J. S. WADE, B. A. DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM OCTOBER 1977 ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation is two-fold: firstly to examine the career and character of Philip II of Macedon as portrayed in Books VII - IX of Justin's epitome of the Historiae Phillppicae .of Pompeius Trqgus, and to consider to what extent Justin-Trogus (a composite name for the author of the views in the text of Justin) furnishes accurate historical fact, and to what extent he paints a one-sided interpretation of the events, and secondly to identify as far as possible Justin's principles of selection and compression as evidenced in Books VII - IX.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Greece - Moving Ships Over Land
    Ancient Greece - Moving Ships Over Land In ancient times, there was no waterway for sailors to easily reach Athens if they were traveling to and from Greece’s Ionian coast. A piece of land, called the Isthmus of Corinth, was “in the way.” Without a “shortcut,” across the Isthmus, ships would have to sail from the Ionian Sea to the Aegean Sea by rounding the Peloponnesian Peninsula. Not only was that a long sail, it was a dangerous one. Gale-force winds often trouble sailors at Cape Matapan and Cape Maleas (with its treacherous shoreline). So ... the ancients invented a way to help boats cross the Isthmus on land. They made a road - known as “The Diolkos” - which served as an overland passage between the relatively quiet waters of the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf. This image depicts what is left of the Diolkos (which today lies next to the Corinth Canal). We’re not exactly sure when it was first created, but ancient writers referred to it. Those writings reach-back to Aristophanes (at least) who lived between 446 BC and c. 386 BC. Scholars believe that his phrase “as fast as a Corinthian” referred to the Diolkos (and a Corinthian’s ability to swiftly move from Corinth to Athens via the overland passage). Ships carrying goods, or ships bound for war, could cross the Isthmus via the Diolkos. It measured somewhere between 3.7 to 5.3 miles (6 to 8.5 km) and likely remained in use from circa 600 BC to the middle of the first century AD.
    [Show full text]
  • Olympian Gods Tour Duration: 12 Days
    12 Olympian Gods Tour Duration: 12 days Suggested Itinerary 3 overnights in Athens 2 overnights in Porto Heli Zeus – Hera – Poseidon – Demeter – Athena – Apollo – Artemis – Ares – Aphrodite – 2 overnights in Delphi Hephaestus – Hermes – Dionysus 2 overnights in Kalambaka 2 overnights in Thessaloniki Sites and Places of Interest in Athens Acropolis of Athens The Acropolis, and the Parthenon in particular, is the most characteristic monument of the ancient Greek civilization. Put the best of science, art and New Acropolis Museum philosophy together in one creation and you have the definitive monument The new Acropolis Museum has a total area of human civilization. of 25,000 square meters, with exhibition space of over 14,000 square meters, ten UNESCO calls it the symbol of World times more than that of the old museum Heritage. The world calls it the Athenian on the Hill of the Acropolis. Acropolis! The Acropolis Museum is an archaeological museum focused on the findings of the archaeological site of the Acropolis of Athens. The museum was built to house every artifact found on the rock and on its feet, from the Greek Bronze Age to Roman and Byzantine Greece. It also lies on the archaeological site of Makrygianni and the ruins of a part of Roman and early Byzantine Athens. National Archaeological Museum of Athens The National Archaeological Museum of Athens is the largest archaeological museum in Greece and one of the most important museums in the world devoted to ancient Greek art. Its abundant collections, with more than 11,000 exhibits, provide a panorama of Greek civilization from the beginnings of Prehistory to Late Antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • Pausanias' Description of Greece
    BONN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY. PAUSANIAS' DESCRIPTION OF GREECE. PAUSANIAS' TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH \VITTI NOTES AXD IXDEX BY ARTHUR RICHARD SHILLETO, M.A., Soiiii'tinie Scholar of Trinity L'olltge, Cambridge. VOLUME IT. " ni <le Fnusnnias cst un homme (jui ne mnnquo ni de bon sens inoins a st-s tlioux." hnniie t'oi. inais i}iii rn>it ou au voudrait croire ( 'HAMTAiiNT. : ftEOROE BELL AND SONS. YOUK STIIKKT. COVKNT (iAKDKX. 188t). CHISWICK PRESS \ C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, CHANCEKV LANE. fA LC >. iV \Q V.2- CONTEXTS. PAGE Book VII. ACHAIA 1 VIII. ARCADIA .61 IX. BtEOTIA 151 -'19 X. PHOCIS . ERRATA. " " " Volume I. Page 8, line 37, for Atte read Attes." As vii. 17. 2<i. (Catullus' Aft is.) ' " Page 150, line '22, for Auxesias" read Anxesia." A.-> ii. 32. " " Page 165, lines 12, 17, 24, for Philhammon read " Philanimon.'' " " '' Page 191, line 4, for Tamagra read Tanagra." " " Pa ire 215, linu 35, for Ye now enter" read Enter ye now." ' " li I'aijf -J27, line 5, for the Little Iliad read The Little Iliad.'- " " " Page ^S9, line 18, for the Babylonians read Babylon.'' " 7 ' Volume II. Page 61, last line, for earth' read Earth." " Page 1)5, line 9, tor "Can-lira'" read Camirus." ' ; " " v 1'age 1 69, line 1 , for and read for. line 2, for "other kinds of flutes "read "other thites.'' ;< " " Page 201, line 9. for Lacenian read Laeonian." " " " line 10, for Chilon read Cliilo." As iii. 1H. Pago 264, " " ' Page 2G8, Note, for I iad read Iliad." PAUSANIAS. BOOK VII. ACIIAIA.
    [Show full text]