The Shape of Herodotean Rhetoric International Studies in the History of Rhetoric Editors Laurent Pernot (Executive Editor, Strasbourg, France) Craig Kallendorf (College Station, U.S.A.) Advisory Board Bé Breij (Nijmegen, Netherlands) Rudong Chen (Perkin, China) Manfred Kraus (Tübingen, Germany) Gabriella Moretti (Trento, Italy) Luisa Angelica Puig Llano (Mexico City, Mexico) Christine Sutherland (Calgary, Canada) volume 6 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/rhet The Shape of Herodotean Rhetoric A Study of the Speeches in Herodotus’ Histories with Special Attention to Books 5–9 By Vasiliki Zali LEIDEN | BOSTON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zali, Vasiliki, author. The shape of Herodotean rhetoric : a study of the speeches in Herodotus’ Histories with special attention to books 5–9 / by Vasiliki Zali. pages cm — (International studies in the history of rhetoric) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27896-7 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-28358-9 (e-book) 1. Herodotus. History. 2. Rhetoric, Ancient. I. Title. II. Series: International studies in the history of rhetoric. D58.H473Z35 2014 930—dc23 2014032773 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1875-1148 isbn 978-90-04-27896-7 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28358-9 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations ix Note on Text and Translations x Introduction 1 PART 1 Architectonics of Speech 1 Allocation of Speech 37 1.1 Modes of Analysis 39 1.2 Greek vs. Greeks 52 1.3 Speech and Power/Authority 77 1.4 Greeks vs. Persians 97 PART 2 Speech and Competition 2 Debates 103 2.1 General Observations 106 2.2 Language 116 2.3 On the Cusp between Homer and Thucydides 121 2.4 Test Cases 127 PART 3 Speech and Typology 3 Alliance Speeches 171 3.1 Literary Tradition and Early Rhetorical Handbooks 172 3.2 Alliance Motifs in Herodotus 178 3.3 Test Cases 187 3.4 Persian Alliances: An Overview 233 vi Contents 4 Pre-Battle Speeches 237 4.1 The Genre of Pre-Battle Exhortation 238 4.2 Exhortation and Exhortatory Motifs in Literature and Rhetoric 242 4.3 Herodotean Harangues 245 4.4 Function of Exhortations: Case Studies 257 4.5 Harangues and Herodotean Narrative 300 Conclusion 303 Appendix 1 317 Appendix 2 319 Bibliography 327 Index of Passages Cited 354 General Index 373 Acknowledgements Many colleagues and friends helped in different but equally important ways to the completion of this book which arises out of my 2009 PhD thesis at University College London. It gives me great pleasure to have the opportunity to thank them at last. I owe the greatest thanks to Simon Hornblower, my primary PhD supervisor and most valuable advisor. During my PhD he corrected numerous drafts of individual chapters and the complete thesis, with an unfailing eye and unique patience. His scholarly expertise, his invaluable guidance and his construc- tive and challenging comments helped me to deeply appreciate Herodotus the artist and find novel and rewarding ways to explore the Histories. Simon’s open-mindedness, kindness of character, remarkable energy and inexhaust- ible enthusiasm have been a constant inspiration for me. I was taught a lot by his insistence on the correctness of language and expression as well as his attention to detail. His support, mentoring and encouragement, both during and after the PhD, have been priceless. The best proof of my gratitude and appreciation for him is the acknowledgement that he has been the most deci- sive factor of my academic development. Studying with him was a true honour. I am also very grateful to Chris Carey, my second PhD supervisor, who com- prehensively worked through several drafts of the thesis. Despite his immense workload, he generously sacrificed his limited free time to discuss with me various questions and problems. His critical eye and shrewd comments helped me to refine my arguments and saved me from vagueness and inconsistencies. Both during and after the completion of my PhD Chris has been a constant source of guidance and support. My examiners, Nick Lowe and Tim Rood, offered insightful feedback which I took into consideration in turning my thesis into this book. I owe a debt of gratitude to many others. Vassilis Lendakis supervised my Master’s Dissertation on intertextual links between Herodotus and Thucydides. Elton Barker, Leslie Goldmann, Adam Goldwyn, Charlotte Greenacre, Alan Griffiths, Ioannis Konstantakos, Ed Sanders, and Rafael Schiel all read several parts of the PhD thesis and provided useful comments in terms of either argument or language. I am equally thankful to all. I also want to thank Ita Hilton for undertaking the task of refining my language further when the book was in preparation. Finally, I owe a great thanks to Joe Skinner for helping to get hold of a book at the very last minute, Guendalina Taietti for patiently translating Italian with me, and especially to James Ford who generously offered to oversee the language of the viii Acknowledgements final manuscript. For any mistakes there may still remain at the level of both conception and expression I am solely responsible. I also want to express my gratitude to the editorial board of Brill’s International Studies in the History of Rhetoric series for accepting this book for publication, to the anonymous readers of Brill for their sharp suggestions, and to Tessel Jonquière, the Assistant Editor for Classical Studies, for being so efficient. Some parts of this book have already been published in some form and I would like to acknowledge with grateful thanks the following journals for allowing me to reprint or recycle material: Electra (‘Agamemnon in Herodotus and Thucydides: exploring the historical uses of a mythological paradigm’, Electra 1 [2011]: 61–98) and GRBS (‘Themistocles’ exhortation before Salamis: On Herodotus 8.83’, GRBS 53 [2013]: 461–85). In addition, I am deeply indebted to the A. G. Leventis Foundation and UCL (Alumni Scholarship) for their financial support during my PhD. A sincere thanks from the bottom of my heart goes to the people who sup- ported me on the personal side from the very start of my PhD to the comple- tion of this book: Alexandros Androulidakis, Alysha Braithwaite, John Galvin, Antigone Gavriel, Sylvia Georgiadou, Skevi Georgiou, Nikolina Hadjigiorgi, Maria Kanellou, Eleni Katsae, Dimitra Kokkini, and Sofia Stamelou. Above all, I feel the need to thank my family, my mother Orsalia, my sisters Nitsa and Mary, my aunt Iphigeneia, and my partner Rafael, who have been a source of unfailing emotional support and love over all these years. This book is dedicated to them and to the memory of my father. Abbreviations Abbreviations for journal titles follow those of L’Année Philologique. Abbreviations for Greek and Latin authors and works are usually those listed in OCD4, pp. xxvii–liii. In addition to these, the following abbreviations are used: BE J. Robert and L. Robert, Bulletin Épigraphique in RÉG 86 (1973) D–K H. Diels and W. Kranz (eds.), Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, vols. I–III (Berlin 1951–526) FGE D. L. Page (ed.), Further Greek Epigrams (Cambridge 1981) FGrHist F. Jacoby (ed.), Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin 1923–) Hude C. Hude, Herodoti Historiae (Oxford 19273) LGPN II M. J. Osborne and S. G. Byrne (eds.), Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, vol. II: Attica (Oxford 1994) LGPN III.A P. M. Fraser and E. Matthews (eds.), Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, vol. III.A: The Peloponnese, Western Greece, Sicily and Magna Graecia (Oxford 1997) L–P E. Lobel and D. Page (eds.), Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta (Oxford 1955) LSJ H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, rev. by H. S. Jones, With a Revised Supplement (Oxford 19969) OCD4 S. Hornblower, A. Spawforth and E. Eidinow (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford 20124) PMG D. L. Page (ed.), Poetae Melici Graeci (Oxford 1962) Powell J. E. Powell, A Lexicon to Herodotus (Cambridge 1938) RE A. Pauly, G. Wissowa and W. Kroll (eds.), Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart 1893–1980) Spengel L. Spengel (ed.), Rhetores Graeci, vol. II (Leipzig 1854) Stein H. Stein (ed.), Herodotus (Berlin 19016) TGF A. Nauck (ed.), Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (Leipzig 1856) Usener/ H. Usener and L. Radermacher (eds.), Dionysii Halicarnasei Radermacher quae exstant, vol. VI: Opusculorum volumen secundum (Stuttgart and Leipzig 1997) W M. L. West (ed.), Iambi et Elegi Graeci ante Alexandrum can- tati, vols. I–II (Oxford 1989–19922) Note on Text and Translations I cite Herodotus by the Oxford Classical Text (OCT) of C. Hude. Translations of Herodotus are based on those of A. D. Godley (Loeb), A. de Sélincourt as revised by J. Marincola (Penguin Classics) and R. Waterfield (Oxford World’s Classics). When I found the existing translations unsatisfactory, I offered my own adapted version. In translating Greek proper names, both personal and geographical, I mostly follow Latinized spelling, e.g.