DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 2 Test Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 2 Test Review Unit III, Modules 9-13 Test Review • See also the Unit III notes and pages 76-122 • About 45 m.c., plus two essays; one on brain functioning, the other review concepts from previous units. • Some practice questions are embedded in this presentation • Other practice questions are available at the textbook website and in the textbook after each module. Neuron Order of a transmission: dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse (see arrow below) Neural Communication Neurons, 80 Neural Communication • (a)Dendrite – the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the (b)cell body • (c)Axon – the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands • Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath – a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons – makes possible vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses, – Damage to can lead to Multiple sclerosis Neural Communication • Action Potential – a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon; DEPOLARIZED – generated by the movement of positively charges atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane • Threshold – the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse Action Potential A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. Practice question • Multiple sclerosis is a disease that is most directly associated with the degeneration of: a. the myelin sheath. b. the pituitary gland. c. endorphins. d. dendrites. Myelin Sheath – a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons – makes possible vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses, – Damage to can lead to Multiple sclerosis Sensory neurons • 1. Shoulder receptors detected the squeeze • Sensory neurons carried the info to your spinal cord • Sensory Neurons carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS. Sensory Neuron (Bipolar) Interneurons • carried the information to your brain • Interneurons in your brain interpreted the info: “Hey someone squeezed my shoulder!” • Interneurons connect the other two neurons Interneuron Neuron (Unipolar) Motor neurons • carried the command for your hand to squeeze the shoulder of the person in front of you. • Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands. Motor Neuron (Multipolar) Kinds of neurons and their location • Interneurons – Central Nervous System (CNS) neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs • Motor Neurons in the peripheral nervous system – carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands – Skeletal Nervous System – the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles Kinds of Neurons, 62 Sensory Neurons carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS. Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect the two neurons. Interneuron Neuron Sensory Neuron (Unipolar) (Bipolar) Motor Neuron (Multipolar) Refractory Period & Pumps, 56 Refractory Period: After a neuron fires an action potential it pauses for a short period to recharge itself to fire again. Sodium-Potassium Pumps: Sodium-potassium pumps pump positive ions out from the inside of the neuron, making them ready for another action potential. Threshold, 56 Threshold: Each neuron receives depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents from many neurons. When the depolarizing current (positive ions) minus the hyperpolarizing current (negative ions) exceed minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential. Action Potential, 55 A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. Action Potential Properties All-or-None Response: When the depolarizing current exceeds the threshold, a neuron will fire. If the depolarizing current fails to exceed the threshold, a neuron will not fire. Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon. Parts of a Neuron Cell Body: Life support center of the neuron. Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons. Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons. Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons. Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers released into synapse Reuptake: Prozac effects prevention of for serotonin Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action. Antidepressant drugs and serotonin, Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake Can lead to neurogenesis: new brain cells. Agonists (see 82) Botox as an antagonist, 83 A poison (botulin) is injected into the face to block the working of ACh and relaxing the facial muscles. Re-injections are needed. http://test.selfinnovations.com/sc/images/crowsBefore.gif Curare: an antagonist • Curare acts only at muscular synapses and NOT at the synapses of the central nervous system (curare does not cross the blood-brain barrier), • Thus, a victim of curare poisoning may be aware of what is happening until the very end. • The victim can feel the paralysis progressing but is quickly unable to move, call out or gesture. • If artificial respiration is performed throughout, the victim usually recovers without ill effects. How it affects the body • Death from curare is caused by paralysis of the respiratory muscles. • The alkaloid curare molecule mimics the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE by binding to its receptor at muscle synapses. ACTS AS AN ANTAGONIST. • This prevents nerves from stimulating muscle contraction. • Paralysis sets in gradually, because curare must compete for receptor binding sites before occupying them Practice question • Botox injections smooth facial wrinkles because botulin is a(n): a. ACh antagonist. b. dopamine antagonist. c. ACh agonist. d. dopamine agonist. Agonists and antagonists, 59 • These are NOT neurotransmitters • Agonists mimic (act like) the action of neurotransmitters • Example: nicotine mimics Ach • Antagonists block the action of neurotransmitters • Example: curare blocks Ach (leading to paralysis of muscles) Practice question • A drug that blocks the reuptake of a particular neurotransmitter is called a(n): a. opiate. b. antagonist. c. glutamate. d. agonist. Motor neurons (CNS) • carried the command for your hand to squeeze the shoulder of the person in front of you. • Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS (brain and spinal column) to muscles and glands. Motor Neuron (Multipolar) An Examination of the effect of autonomic nervous system on heart rate • One set of nerves, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), is the fight or flight system, mobilizing your body. • Another set of nerves, the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) works to slow down the body’s resources Parasympathetic Sympathetic • Like a symphony: gets you excited Practice question • The peripheral nervous system consists of: a. association areas. b. the spinal cord. c. the reticular formation. d. sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons • carried the information to your brain • Interneurons in your brain interpreted the info: “Hey someone squeezed my shoulder!” • Interneurons connect the other two neurons Interneuron Neuron (Unipolar) Reflex • a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus Brain Sensory neuron (incoming information) Interneuron Motor neuron (outgoing information) Muscle Spinal cord Skin receptors Hormonal System • Endocrine System – the body’s “slow” chemical communication system – a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream Pituitary Gland Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance. Adrenal Glands, 91 Adrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla and the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism. Electroencephalogram (EEG), 95 – an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Photo/Researchers, PhotoAJ Inc. – these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp PET Scan, 68 PET (positron emission of National National Laboratories Courtesy Brookhaven tomography) Scan is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task. MRI Scan, 68 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH Practice question • Which of the following would be most useful for detecting the brain areas that are most active as a person performs mathematical calculations? a. a brain lesion b. an fMRI c. a PET scan d. a hemispherectomy Corpus callosum Cerebral cortex
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Signaling by Sensory Receptors
    Signaling by Sensory Receptors David Julius1 and Jeremy Nathans2 1Department of Physiology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158 2Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Correspondence: [email protected] and [email protected] SUMMARY Sensory systems detect small molecules, mechanical perturbations, or radiation via the activa- tion of receptor proteins and downstream signaling cascades in specialized sensory cells. In vertebrates, the two principal categories of sensory receptors are ion channels, which mediate mechanosensation, thermosensation, and acid and salt taste; and G-protein-coupled recep- tors (GPCRs), which mediate vision, olfaction, and sweet, bitter, and umami tastes. GPCR- based signaling in rods and cones illustrates the fundamental principles of rapid activation and inactivation, signal amplification, and gain control. Channel-based sensory systems illus- trate the integration of diverse modulatory signals at the receptor, as seen in the thermosen- sory/pain system, and the rapid response kinetics that are possible with direct mechanical gating of a channel. Comparisons of sensory receptor gene sequences reveal numerous exam- ples in which gene duplication and sequence divergence have created novel sensory specific- ities. This is the evolutionary basis for the observed diversity in temperature- and ligand- dependent gating among thermosensory channels, spectral tuning among visual pigments, and odorant binding among olfactory receptors. The coding of complex external stimuli by a limited number of sensory receptor types has led to the evolution of modality-specific and species-specific patterns of retention or loss of sensory information, a filtering operation that selectively emphasizes features in the stimulus that enhance survival in a particular ecological niche.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Processes in Sensory Cells: Current Advances
    J Comp Physiol A (2009) 195:1–19 DOI 10.1007/s00359-008-0389-0 REVIEW Primary processes in sensory cells: current advances Stephan Frings Received: 14 September 2008 / Revised: 25 October 2008 / Accepted: 25 October 2008 / Published online: 15 November 2008 © The Author(s) 2008. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract In the course of evolution, the strong and unre- INAD Inactivation no after-potential D mitting selective pressure on sensory performance has MEC Mechanosensitive channel-related protein driven the acuity of sensory organs to its physical limits. As OHC Outer hair cell a consequence, the study of primary sensory processes ORN Olfactory receptor neuron illustrates impressively how far a physiological function PDE Phosphodiesterase can be improved if the survival of a species depends on it. PDZ Domain postsynaptic density/discs-large/zonula Sensory cells that detect single-photons, single molecules, occludens domain mechanical motions on a nanometer scale, or incredibly TRP Channel transient receptor potential channel small Xuctuations of electromagnetic Welds have fascinated VNO Vomeronasal organ physiologists for a long time. It is a great challenge to understand the primary sensory processes on a molecular level. This review points out some important recent develop- Introduction ments in the search for primary processes in sensory cells that mediate touch perception, hearing, vision, taste, olfac- Sensory cells provide the central nervous system with vital tion, as well as the analysis of light polarization and the ori- information about the body and its environment. Each sen- entation in the Earth’s magnetic Weld. The data are screened sory cell detects speciWc stimuli using highly specialized for common transduction strategies and common transduc- structures which operate as sensors for adequate stimuli.
    [Show full text]
  • Specialized Cilia in Mammalian Sensory Systems
    Cells 2015, 4, 500-519; doi:10.3390/cells4030500 OPEN ACCESS cells ISSN 2073-4409 www.mdpi.com/journal/cells Review Specialized Cilia in Mammalian Sensory Systems Nathalie Falk, Marlene Lösl, Nadja Schröder and Andreas Gießl * Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; E-Mails: [email protected] (N.F.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (A.G.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-9131-85-28055; Fax: +49-9131-85-28060. Academic Editors: Gang Dong and William Tsang Received: 18 May 2015 / Accepted: 9 September 2015 / Published: 11 September 2015 Abstract: Cilia and flagella are highly conserved and important microtubule-based organelles that project from the surface of eukaryotic cells and act as antennae to sense extracellular signals. Moreover, cilia have emerged as key players in numerous physiological, developmental, and sensory processes such as hearing, olfaction, and photoreception. Genetic defects in ciliary proteins responsible for cilia formation, maintenance, or function underlie a wide array of human diseases like deafness, anosmia, and retinal degeneration in sensory systems. Impairment of more than one sensory organ results in numerous syndromic ciliary disorders like the autosomal recessive genetic diseases Bardet-Biedl and Usher syndrome. Here we describe the structure and distinct functional roles of cilia in sensory organs like the inner ear, the olfactory epithelium, and the retina of the mouse. The spectrum of ciliary function in fundamental cellular processes highlights the importance of elucidating ciliopathy-related proteins in order to find novel potential therapies.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • 36 | Sensory Systems 1109 36 | SENSORY SYSTEMS
    Chapter 36 | Sensory Systems 1109 36 | SENSORY SYSTEMS Figure 36.1 This shark uses its senses of sight, vibration (lateral-line system), and smell to hunt, but it also relies on its ability to sense the electric fields of prey, a sense not present in most land animals. (credit: modification of work by Hermanus Backpackers Hostel, South Africa) Chapter Outline 36.1: Sensory Processes 36.2: Somatosensation 36.3: Taste and Smell 36.4: Hearing and Vestibular Sensation 36.5: Vision Introduction In more advanced animals, the senses are constantly at work, making the animal aware of stimuli—such as light, or sound, or the presence of a chemical substance in the external environment—and monitoring information about the organism’s internal environment. All bilaterally symmetric animals have a sensory system, and the development of any species’ sensory system has been driven by natural selection; thus, sensory systems differ among species according to the demands of their environments. The shark, unlike most fish predators, is electrosensitive—that is, sensitive to electrical fields produced by other animals in its environment. While it is helpful to this underwater predator, electrosensitivity is a sense not found in most land animals. 36.1 | Sensory Processes By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Identify the general and special senses in humans • Describe three important steps in sensory perception • Explain the concept of just-noticeable difference in sensory perception Senses provide information about the body and its environment. Humans have five special senses: olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance and body position), vision, and hearing.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
    Fundamentals of Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter 12 Nervous System The nervous system is the main system to communicate and coordinate body activities by sending electrical impulses. Nervous system forms a communication network in whole body. Endocrine system communicates through chemical messengers – hormones. 12 pairs of Cranial nerves arise from brain Brain (Part of PNS) Central NS 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from spinal Spinal nerve cord nerve cord (Part of PNS) Somatic sensory Afferent Division Visceral sensory Peripheral NS Somatic NS Efferent Division Sympathetic Autonomic NS Parasympathetic Neuron A neuron has a cell body. Many smaller branched appendages are called Dendrites. Dendrites bring in information (nerve impulse) to the cell body. A single longer appendage is called Axon. It takes information away from cell body. It branches at the end into terminal knobs. A terminal knob secretes a chemical called Neurotransmitter in the gap to the next neuron or muscle membrane. 3-types of neurons (on basis of function) Specialized nerve cells are called Neurons. Sensory neurons bring information from sense organs like eyes to CNS. Sensory = Affrent. Somatic Sensory = coming from body wall - skin, muscles and joints; Visceral Sensroy = coming from internal organs - viscera Motor neurons take information from CNS to effectors like muscles or glands. Motor = Effrent. Somatic Motor – going to skeletal muscles and Visceral Motor – going to smooth or cardiac muscles. Inter-neurons receive information from sensory neurons and
    [Show full text]
  • Dorsal Root Injury—A Model for Exploring Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies in Spinal Cord Injury
    cells Review Dorsal Root Injury—A Model for Exploring Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies in Spinal Cord Injury Håkan Aldskogius * and Elena N. Kozlova Laboratory of Regenertive Neurobiology, Biomedical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of spinal cord injury is fundamental for our possibility to develop successful therapeutic approaches. These approaches need to address the issues of the emergence of a non-permissive environment for axonal growth in the spinal cord, in combination with a failure of injured neurons to mount an effective regeneration program. Experimental in vivo models are of critical importance for exploring the potential clinical relevance of mechanistic findings and therapeutic innovations. However, the highly complex organization of the spinal cord, comprising multiple types of neurons, which form local neural networks, as well as short and long-ranging ascending or descending pathways, complicates detailed dissection of mechanistic processes, as well as identification/verification of therapeutic targets. Inducing different types of dorsal root injury at specific proximo-distal locations provide opportunities to distinguish key components underlying spinal cord regeneration failure. Crushing or cutting the dorsal root allows detailed analysis of the regeneration program of the sensory neurons, as well as of the glial response at the dorsal root-spinal cord interface without direct trauma to the spinal cord. At the same time, a lesion at this interface creates a localized injury of the spinal cord itself, but with an initial Citation: Aldskogius, H.; Kozlova, neuronal injury affecting only the axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons, and still a glial cell response E.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Propioceptores Articulares Y Musculares*
    Biomecánica, VII, 13 (79-93), 1999 TEMAS DE ACTUALIZACIÓN Propioceptores articulares y musculares* JOSÉ A. VEGA Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo Resumen La función de los mecanorreceptores de las articulaciones y músculos se considera asociada a la propiocepción. Sin embargo, existen evidencias de que la propiocepción no sólo depende del morfotipo de mecanorreceptor presente en dichos tejidos sino también de las propiedades de las neuronas sensitivas primarias y las fibras sensitivas asociadas a ellos, así como de su proyección sobre el asta posterior de la médula espinal. Este artículo resume las bases morfológicas de la propiocepción a nivel del sistema nervioso periférico, analizando: a) las neuronas sensitivas primarias propioceptivas; b) los tipos de fibras nerviosas sensitivas que llegan a los propioceptores; c) la inervación sensitiva de articulaciones y músculos; d) los morfotipos de mecanorreceptores asociados a la propiocepción; e) los datos recientes obtenidos a partir de animales deficientes en factores clave para el desarrollo del sistema propioceptor. Palabras clave: propiocepcion, mecanorreceptores, ganglios sensitivos, fibras nerviosas sensitivas Summary The function of mechanoreceptors associated with joints and muscles are hypothesized to signal primarily propioception. However, increasing evidences suggest that proprioception depends not only on the morphotype of mechanoreceptors, but also the type of primary sensory neuron and nerve fibre, as well as the synapsis in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This article summarizes the morphological basis for proprioception in the peripheral nervous system analyzing: a) the proprioceptive primary sensory neurons; b) the types of sensory nerve fibres supplying proprioceptors; c) the sensory innervation of joints and muscles; d) the morphotypes of mechanoreceptors which subserves to proprioception; e) the recent data obtained form animals deficient in key factors for normal development of the prorioceptive systme.
    [Show full text]
  • Índice De Denominacións Españolas
    VOCABULARIO Índice de denominacións españolas 255 VOCABULARIO 256 VOCABULARIO agente tensioactivo pulmonar, 2441 A agranulocito, 32 abaxial, 3 agujero aórtico, 1317 abertura pupilar, 6 agujero de la vena cava, 1178 abierto de atrás, 4 agujero dental inferior, 1179 abierto de delante, 5 agujero magno, 1182 ablación, 1717 agujero mandibular, 1179 abomaso, 7 agujero mentoniano, 1180 acetábulo, 10 agujero obturado, 1181 ácido biliar, 11 agujero occipital, 1182 ácido desoxirribonucleico, 12 agujero oval, 1183 ácido desoxirribonucleico agujero sacro, 1184 nucleosómico, 28 agujero vertebral, 1185 ácido nucleico, 13 aire, 1560 ácido ribonucleico, 14 ala, 1 ácido ribonucleico mensajero, 167 ala de la nariz, 2 ácido ribonucleico ribosómico, 168 alantoamnios, 33 acino hepático, 15 alantoides, 34 acorne, 16 albardado, 35 acostarse, 850 albugínea, 2574 acromático, 17 aldosterona, 36 acromatina, 18 almohadilla, 38 acromion, 19 almohadilla carpiana, 39 acrosoma, 20 almohadilla córnea, 40 ACTH, 1335 almohadilla dental, 41 actina, 21 almohadilla dentaria, 41 actina F, 22 almohadilla digital, 42 actina G, 23 almohadilla metacarpiana, 43 actitud, 24 almohadilla metatarsiana, 44 acueducto cerebral, 25 almohadilla tarsiana, 45 acueducto de Silvio, 25 alocórtex, 46 acueducto mesencefálico, 25 alto de cola, 2260 adamantoblasto, 59 altura a la punta de la espalda, 56 adenohipófisis, 26 altura anterior de la espalda, 56 ADH, 1336 altura del esternón, 47 adipocito, 27 altura del pecho, 48 ADN, 12 altura del tórax, 48 ADN nucleosómico, 28 alunarado, 49 ADNn, 28
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Proprioceptive Sensory Innervation of the Mouse Soleus: a Whole-Mount Muscle Approach
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology Faculty Publications Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology 1-25-2017 Analysis of Proprioceptive Sensory Innervation of the Mouse Soleus: A Whole-Mount Muscle Approach Martha Jean Sonner Wright State University Marie C. Walters Wright State University David R. Ladle Wright State University - Main Campus, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ncbp Part of the Medical Cell Biology Commons, Medical Neurobiology Commons, Medical Physiology Commons, Neurosciences Commons, and the Physiological Processes Commons Repository Citation Sonner, M. J., Walters, M. C., & Ladle, D. R. (2017). Analysis of Proprioceptive Sensory Innervation of the Mouse Soleus: A Whole-Mount Muscle Approach. PLOS ONE, 12 (1), e0170751. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ncbp/1104 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RESEARCH ARTICLE Analysis of Proprioceptive Sensory Innervation of the Mouse Soleus: A Whole- Mount Muscle Approach Martha J. Sonner, Marie C. Walters, David R. Ladle* Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 a1111111111 Muscle proprioceptive afferents provide feedback critical for successful execution of motor a1111111111 a1111111111 tasks via specialized mechanoreceptors housed within skeletal muscles: muscle spindles, supplied by group Ia and group II afferents, and Golgi tendon organs, supplied by group Ib afferents.
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Glia of a Tiny Nematode: Studying Glial Diversity Using Caenorhabditis Elegans
    Advanced Review The many glia of a tiny nematode: studying glial diversity using Caenorhabditis elegans Karolina Mizeracka1,2 and Maxwell G. Heiman1,2∗ Glia constitute a major, understudied population of cells in the nervous system. Currently, it is appreciated that these cells exhibit vast morphological, functional, and molecular diversity, but our understanding of glial biology is limited. Some key unanswered questions include how glial diversity is generated during devel- opment and what functions distinct glial subtypes serve in the mature nervous system. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contains a defined set of glia, which have clear morphological and molecular differences, and thus provides a simplified model for understanding glial diversity. In addition, recent experiments suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of glial diversity in C. elegans are conserved with those in mammals. In this review, we summarize the surprising diversity of glial subtypes present in this simple organism, and high- light current thinking about what roles they perform in the nervous system. We emphasize how genetic approaches may be used to identify the mechanistic ori- gins of glial diversity, which is key to understanding how glia function in health and disease. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. How to cite this article: WIREs Dev Biol 2015. doi: 10.1002/wdev.171 INTRODUCTION a subtype (i.e., astrocytes) and is tied to anatomi- cal identity. For example, different brain regions can Glia Exhibit Vast Morphological, Molecular, be distinguished based solely on the morphology of and Functional Diversity their astrocytes.1,2 Further, expression profiling of glia nce thought to be passive ‘scaffolding’ of the in mice has led to an appreciation of their molec- Obrain, glia have emerged over the last decade as ular diversity,3–5 which likely corresponds to func- morphologically, functionally, and molecularly diverse tional diversity.
    [Show full text]